Solvent Method Research Articles

Optimising microalgal dyes extraction design for stable dye-sensitized solar cells: Chromatographic insights on bio-deterioration and longevity.

The demand for sustainable energy solutions has increased interest in natural microalgal dyes as photosensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). This study addresses the critical issue of maximizing dye integrity and yield during extraction, particularly the degradation that occurs at temperatures above 60°C. Our investigation of dye extraction from Asterarcys quadricellulare and Scenedesmus sp. using hot solvent methods revealed significant findings. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis identified essential pigments, including Chlorophyllide a and β-carotene. Our research found that temperatures above 60°C reduce chlorophyll (Chl) stability and extraction efficiency. Using multiple wavelengths in a photodiode array (PDA) detector improves Chl identification by targeting distinct absorption peaks, resolving overlap with other compounds, and confirming purity. This approach also helps validate extraction methods and ensures accurate quantification. Since high temperatures are detrimental to Chl stability, this method is crucial for reliable analysis and longer dye storage. Ethanol outperformed methanol in extraction efficiency, while the stability of the dyes was tied to specific derivatives. Notably, Scenedesmus sp. showed better preservation of chlorophyll compounds, influenced by extraction temperature and solvent characteristics. This research underscores the potential for optimising natural dye extraction methods, offering a pathway to enhance the sustainability and cost-effectiveness of DSSC production, thus contributing to greener energy technologies.

Isolation, Purification, and Characterization of Lentinus edodes Polysaccharides Extracted With Subcritical Water Enhanced With Deep Eutectic Solvent.

The Lentinus edodes polysaccharide (LEP) was extracted with a new subcritical water extraction (SWE) enhanced with deep eutectic solvent (DES) method and then purified with a DEAE-52 cellulose column and a Sephadex G-100 column. Two purified polysaccharides (LEP1 and LEP2) were obtained, and their structure, antioxidant activity, and immunomodulatory activity were analyzed. LEP1 and LEP2 were composed of mannose, glucose, and galactose with a molar ratio of 1:12.97:7.84 and 1:51.18:5.29, respectively. The molecular weights were 9.878×104 and 1.976×104Da, respectively. Interestingly, both LEP1 and LEP2 were mainly composed of →4)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ and →6)-α-d-Galp-(1→ with different molar ratio. Besides, both LEP1 and LEP2 had strong DPPH free radical scavenging activity and Fe2+ chelating capacity. Moreover, they could reduce the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and regulate the activities of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in HepG2 cells, demonstrating strong antioxidant activity. Furthermore, both LEP1 and LEP2 could improve the phagocytic capacity, nitric oxide (NO) release, and the content of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in RAW264.7 cells, exhibiting significant immunostimulatory activity. It was worth noting that LEP2 exhibited stronger biological activities than LEP1. Therefore, the SWE enhanced with DES is an ideal method for extracting polysaccharides, which can be further applied to extract other polysaccharides.

Phytochemicals Analysis and Antioxidant (IC50) Value of Dried and Fresh Mangrove (Rhizopora racemosa) Leaves Extract for Herbal Drink Base

The use of mangrove leaves as a functional ingredient is associated with secondary metabolites such as steroids, saponins, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, antioxidants, magnesium, sodium, potassium and calcium. This research determined the total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidants (IC50) in dry and fresh mangrove leaf infusion extracts. The method used was infusion extraction. The materials used are fresh mangrove leaves and dried leaves (dried in the oven). The data obtained then discussed descriptively based on the average obtained in the calculations. The research results showed that the type or condition of leaves used has an influence on TPC, TFC and Antioxidants (IC50). Oven drying can produce higher levels of secondary metabolites compared to fresh leaf infusion (TPC, 36 mg GAE/g; TFC 4.12 mg QE/g; IC50 225,706 ppm). Dried leaf extraction has better potential in producing secondary metabolic compounds and antioxidants. The choice of extraction method and type of solvent is highly recommended for further research objectives, because it suits research interests. It is recommended that when making functional drinks (tea) from mangrove leaves, to add other sources of ingredients such as dried lemon or mint leaves so that the resulting flavor is fresher and provides a better linking assessment of preferences.

Comparative analysis of solvent-based and solvent-free (melting) methods for fabricating 3D-printed polycaprolactone-hydroxyapatite composite bone scaffolds: physicochemical/mechanical analyses and in vitro cytocompatibility.

The study conducts a comparative analysis between two prominent methods for fabricating composites for bone scaffolds-the (solid) solvent method and the solvent-free (melting) method. While previous research has explored these methods individually, this study provides a direct comparison of their outcomes in terms of physicochemical properties, cytocompatibility, and mechanical strength. We also analyse their workflow and scalability potentials. Polycaprolactone (PCL) and hydroxyapatite (HA) composites were prepared using solvent (chloroform) and melting (180°C) methods, then 3D-printed using an extrusion-based 3D printer to fabricate scaffolds (8 × 8 × 4mm). Rheology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), accelerated degradation, mechanical/compression test, wettability/contact angle, live/dead assay, and DNA quantification (Picogreen) assays were evaluated. The study finds that scaffolds made via the solid solvent method have higher mechanical strength and degradation rate as compared to those from the melting method, while both methods ensure adequate cytocompatibility and homogenous hydroxyapatite distribution, supporting their use in bone tissue engineering. This research investigates the utility of chloroform as a solvent for PCL composite in a direct comparison with the melting method. It also highlights the differences in workflows between the two methods and their scalability implications, emphasizing the importance of considering workflow efficiency and the potential for automation in scaffold fabrication processes for bone tissue engineering applications.

Lubricity potentials of Azadirachta indica (neem) oil and Cyperus esculentus (tiger nut) oil extracts and their blends in machining of mild steel material.

Friction amongst the cutting tool and workpiece in metal machining produces heat that reduces tool life and workpiece integrity. Consequently, non-biodegradable soluble mineral oil is predominantly used as a lubricant to enhance machining operations. Nevertheless, recent investigations focus on environmentally friendly biodegradable oils for lubrication. Therefore, this study examines the lubricity potential of neem oil, tiger nut oil, and their blends in machining mild steel. It also evaluates the performance characteristics of individual bio-oils and their blends against conventional soluble mineral oil and dry-drilling methods. Neem and tiger nut oils were extracted using pressing and solvent methods, followed by an analysis of their physiochemical properties. The experimental design utilized the I-Optimal custom design and simplex lattice design (SLD) for the individual and blended oils respectively. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied for optimization, with feed rate, oil type, and spindle speed as independent variables, and cutting temperature, surface finish, depth of cut, chip thickness, chip thickness ratio, cutting speed, and material removal rate as response variables. The optimal cutting conditions were predicted at a spindle speed of 695rpm, feed rate of approximately 0.4735, and neem oil being the cutting fluid. The predicted response values were cutting temperature - 33.5°C, surface roughness - 2.65μm, depth of cut - 41.4825mm, chip thickness - 0.18951mm, chip thickness ratio - 269.586, cutting speed - 17.4695m/min, and material removal rate - 2.38025E-05. Results indicated neem oil surpassed tiger nut oil and conventional oils in minimizing cutting temperatures and enhancing surface quality, achieving a desirability value of 0.85428 under optimal conditions. Moreover, an 80/20 blend of neem and tiger nut oils exhibited improved performance, attaining a desirability value of 0.992, underscoring its potential as an effective cutting fluid. The findings advocate for the use of bio-based cutting fluids in machining operations, indicating environmental and economic advantages while promoting future research into alternative agro-based solutions. However, limitations regarding material applicability and the necessity for further investigation into the micro-structural effects of cutting fluids on diverse engineering materials are acknowledged.

Pyrolysis of Microalgae over Ni/Al-SBA-15 and Ni/Ga-SBA-15 Catalysts Prepared Using a Low-Acidity Solvent and Ultrasonic-Assisted Sol-Gel Method

Pyrolysis of Microalgae over Ni/Al-SBA-15 and Ni/Ga-SBA-15 Catalysts Prepared Using a Low-Acidity Solvent and Ultrasonic-Assisted Sol-Gel Method

Green Production Pathways, Instability, and Stability of Resveratrol: A Systematic Review

Resveratrol (RES) is a nonflavonoid polyphenolic compound present in various plant species. Extensive research has confirmed the diverse biological activities of RES, rendering it highly promising for multiple industries. However, its stability is influenced by intrinsic factors, such as structure, and extrinsic factors, including light exposure, oxygen exposure, elevated temperature, and pH variations. RES also faces challenges related to low solubility, rapid metabolism, and limited bioavailability, which impede its application in the food and medical sectors. The objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive overview of the most up‐to‐date advancements in green and efficient RES production pathways and to evaluate RES instability and strategies for stabilization. The green and efficient production of RES is mainly achieved through plant extraction and biosynthesis. The RES plant extraction methods include deep eutectic solvent (DES) methods, ultrasound‐assisted, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and enzyme‐assisted extraction technology. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are compared in this paper. The biosynthesis of RES can produce a high yield in a short period, and the use of genetic engineering and other techniques to improve and optimize the yield has brought the possibility of the mass production of RES. More importantly, RES can be stabilized or protected by encapsulation, combined with other natural compounds, structurally modified and synthesized by chemo‐enzymatic and other methods, which is of great significance for food, medicine, and clinical applications.

Optimizing extraction techniques for enhanced polyphenol yield from Rheum emodi and Urtica dioica: Comparative analysis of solvent systems and methods

Optimizing extraction techniques for enhanced polyphenol yield from Rheum emodi and Urtica dioica: Comparative analysis of solvent systems and methods

One-step fabrication of dual-network cellulose-based hydrogel sensors with high flexibility and conductivity under ZnCl2 solvent method for flexible sensing properties.

Flexible smart sensing materials are gaining tremendous momentum in wearable and bionic smart electronics. To satisfy the growing demand for sustainability and eco-friendliness, biomass-based hydrogel sensors for green and biologically safe wearable sensors have attracted significant attention. In this work, we have prepared MCC/PAA/AgNWs/CNTs hydrogel sensors with excellent conductive sensing properties by a simple physical blending method. The ZnCl2 solvent system was used to dissolve the MCC, followed by introducing acrylic acid to polymerize under UV illumination. Subsequently, CNTs and AgNWs were introduced into the hydrogel network to obtain hydrogel with excellent conductive sensing and antibacterial properties. Here, the physical and chemical interactions between the components significantly improved the mechanical properties of the hydrogels, exhibiting good tensile strength (0.45MPa), elongation at break (558%) and adhesion properties. Hydrogel presented outstanding electrical conductivity and significantly elongation sensitive (GF=4.73 when elongated 90-120%). Additionally, the hydrogel was also found to have significant antimicrobial activity against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and the antibacterial effect was almost 100%. With high sensitivity, stability, and reproducibility, these hydrogel strain transducers can detect various human movements, including finger flexion, wrist movement, joint motion, and heartbeat.

An outlook towards nano-sponges: A unique drug delivery system and its application in drug delivery

Nanosponges represent a recent breakthrough in the field of nanotechnology. Initially designed for topical drug delivery, they have evolved to facilitate oral drug delivery using water-soluble and biodegradable polymers. Nanosponges are porous structures with dimensions akin to viruses, boasting an average diameter of less than 1µm. Their diminutive size and porous nature enable them to effectively bind to poorly soluble drugs, thereby enhancing their bioavailability. These nanosponges can circulate within the body and selectively interact with specific target sites, releasing drugs in a controlled manner upon reaching their intended destinations. Various techniques have been reported for nanosponge preparation, including the emulsion solvent method, solvent method, ultrasound-assisted method. Nanosponges offer a highly advantageous approach to targeted drug delivery, with the added benefit of minimizing side effects. One of their key advantages lies in their ability to enhance the solubility of poorly soluble drugs and accommodate higher drug loads compared to other nanocarriers. This review provides insights into the formulation methods, excipients employed, nanosponge significant advantages they offer in transforming the undesirable properties of drugs into desirable ones.

Enhanced Oral Absorption and Bioavailability of Ivermectin Through Amorphous Solid Dispersion Techniques

The purpose of this study was to develop a high-loading amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) of ivermectin to significantly enhance its oral absorption and bioavailability. Using a solvent method, we formulated a novel ternary ASD with polyvinylpyrrolidone PVPK30 and Poloxamer 188 (P188) in a 1:0.5:1.5 ratio of drug to PVPK30 to P188. We characterized the physicochemical properties of five ASD formulations through in vitro dissolution tests. The selected formulation, SD3, was further assessed using X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and pharmacokinetic studies in rats. Notably, SD3 enhanced drug loading more than 30-fold compared to commercial tablets. SD3 exhibited significantly faster dissolution rates and maintained an amorphous state that remained stable after two months of storage at 4°C. Pharmacokinetic analysis at a 20 mg/kg oral dose in rats showed that SD3 achieved the highest maximum concentration (Cmax), plasma exposure (AUC), and oral bioavailability compared to the pure drug and commercial tablets. The assessment of the oral absorption rate constant (Ka) revealed an increased Ka and intestinal permeability through this ASD, elucidating the possible mechanism behind these improvements.

Development of solid dispersion system from milk thistle dry extract by solvent method

Introduction. Silymarin is one of the main components used in preparations for hepatotropic therapy. Silymarin is contained in the dry extract of seeds and fruits of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.), however it has poor bioavailability due to the crystalline state and low solubility of silymarin flavolignans in water at room temperature, as well as their poor absorption. One of the methods for increasing the bioavailability of medicinal substances consists in their introducing into solid dispersion systems (SDS). The most suitable method for obtaining SDS with extracts is the solvent method, since it does not require the use of a high temperature regime during the obtaining process of SDS.Aim. To develop the technology for solid dispersion system from milk thistle dry extract by solvent method to increase the bioavailability of this phytosubstance.Material and methods. The obtaining of the solid dispersion systems from milk thistle dry extract by solvent method was carried out with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K-29/32), polyvinylpyrrolidone vinyl acetate 6 : 4 (PVPVA 64), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), gelatin and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). The quality indicators of the SDS: particle size distribution, bulk density, residual humidity and hygroscopicity were carried out according to the methods of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation (GP RF) XV edition. The quantitative determination of biologically active substances (BAS) was carried out in accordance with the GP RF XV ed. by the amount of flavolignans in terms of silybin.Results and discussion. During the development of solid dispersion systems by solvent method, SDS samples from milk thistle dry extract (MTDE) with different polymers were studied. As a result of studying the particle size distribution, several SDS samples were selected. The SDS samples were compared with the MTDE sample. The "Dissolution" test showed that the micronization of MTDE in form of SDS by solvent method, containing polyvinylpyrrolidone vinyl acetate – PVP VA 64 is the best alternative for increasing the silybin releasing-degree from the extract and increasing its bioavailability. According to the content of the sum of flavolignans in terms of silybin, the selected SDS sample meets the requirements of the normative documentation for milk thistle dry extract. In addition, the conditions for the development of SDS do not significantly affect the quantitative content of silybin compared with the content of the control sample of MTDE. The technological characteristics of SDS have been investigated and their qualitative improvement compared to the MTDE sample has been established. The interaction between the polymer carrier and the milk thistle extract was evaluated by the IR-fourier spectroscopy method.Conclusion. The SDS from milk thistle dry extract was developed by solvent method. For the developed SDS, quality indicators such as the content of the sum of flavolignans in terms of silybin, residual humidity, bulk density, particle size distribution and hygroscopicity were determined. The solid dispersion system from milk thistle extract was analyzed by IR-fourier spectroscopy. The physico-chemical compatibility between the milk thistle extract and the polymer-carrier polyvinylpyrrolidone vinyl acetate is shown. The development of the SDS from milk thistle dry extract significantly increased the bioavailability of the phytosubstance by increasing the silybin releasing-degree of the SDS by 3 times compared with the control sample of MTDE.

Novel synthesis of Graphene/ZnO nanomaterial composite using hot solvent method for enhanced light absorption

Novel synthesis of Graphene/ZnO nanomaterial composite using hot solvent method for enhanced light absorption

Theoretical Analysis of Self-Shrinkage Spheroidization of Irregular Degradable Polymer Powder under Thermodynamic Nonequilibrium State

Laser three-dimensional (3D) printing offers significant advantages in integrating the shape and function of regenerative tissues through biomimetic manufacturing. However, its effectiveness is limited by the lack of specialized biopolymer powders—while solvent methods that use residual solvents produce powders with poor biocompatibility, mechanical methods result in irregularly shaped crystals. In this study, a biopolymer powder spheroidization and shaping technology, which utilizes the evolution of irregular powders into spheres with minimal surface free energy in the molten state, is proposed based on the thermodynamic principle of minimum energy. Initially, the motion trajectory and temperature field of the poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) powder during spheroidization were quantitatively assessed and optimized using Stokes’ law and Fourier's principle. Subsequently, the cohesive forces and aggregation kinetics of the polymer chains were calculated using molecular dynamics. Finally, based on these calculations, a phase-field model was constructed to simulate the evolution of the spheroidization rate and deduce the optimal parameters for the process. This precise approach enhances PLLA spheroidization control for laser 3D printing, improves part densification and surface quality, and offers a clean and efficient path for preparing high-quality PLLA spheroidized powder for laser 3D printing.

Improving water barrier properties of starch based bioplastics by lignocellulosic biomass addition: Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial properties.

Global population growth has led to an increase in the demand for polymers, along with concerns about environmental pollution caused by solid polymers (such as consumer plastics), as well as the threat of global warming resulting from the production of polymer feedstock. Therefore, the polymer industry must develop sustainable and innovative strategies. The present study focuses on testing the potential of corn starch (CS) to produce bioplastic films and the impact of olive pits powder (OPP) addition, a natural agricultural waste material mainly containing lignocellulose, as filler on their properties. The developed bioplastic films containing starch, plasticizer, crosslinker and different amounts of OPP natural filler were prepared by casting solvent method according to a "green chemistry" process. The chemical, morphological, and thermal characterization of the prepared films was investigated using transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-rays diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The physico-chemical, optical, water and oxygen barrier properties of the developed bioplastic films were evaluated as a function of OPP concentrations. Moreover, attention was paid to evaluate their biodegradability and their antibacterial activity. The addition of OPP from 10 to 70% w/w led to an improvement of oxygen and water barrier properties (contact angle, water adsorption and moisture adsorption) due to specific interactions between starch matrix and lignocellulosic biopolymers present in OPP filler. The soil-biodegradability tests revealed that the control film was totally decomposed and the weight loss of all other films was upper than 70% after only 14days of exposure to soil. Antibacterial tests showed that the developed bioplastic films had an affective activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria strains.

Modulating the assembly of starch-lecithin inclusion complexes and its underlying mechanism for controlling starch digestibility under the dense system

Starch-lipid inclusion complexes were used to regulate starch digestibility by changing the binding affinity of digestive enzymes such as α-amylase and α-glucosidase. However, when above a critical aggregation concentration (CAC) of starch and lipid molecules, they tended to self-assemble into double helices or normal micelles respectively, rather than interacting with each other to form starch-lipid complexes. Thus, how to enhance the complexation efficiency under a dense system is the key approach for the improvement of starch bioaccessibility and nutritional function. Herein, based on the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) reverse solvent method, the effect of water/DMSO ratios and starch chain structures on the interaction and assembly behaviors between starch and lecithin molecules in high concentrations were systematically investigated. The results revealed that water/DMSO in a ratio of 1.5:1 promoted the interactions between cavities of starch helices and long alkyl chains of lecithin molecules, with higher level of complexed lecithin content, relative crystallinity (RC), enthalpy (ΔH) (Tp＞100°C), ordered-aggregation structures and resistant starch (RS) content. In this kind of solvent, starch samples with higher content of amylose and longer chains (degree of polymerization (DP) of B2 chains and B3+ chains) is advantageous to the formation of VII-type inclusion starch-lecithin complexes, with a rise in RS from 14.17% to 43.64%. It provided an effective method to modulate starch digestibility under the dense system of starch and lecithin via modulating the water/DMSO ratios and starch fine structures and lay the foundation for the large-scale preparation and application of starch-lecithin complexes.

Optimizing polylactic acid composites: Role of sodium lignosulfonate-modified carbon nanotubes in mechanical and interfacial performance

In this study, researchers synthesized sodium lignosulfonate (LS) modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (L-MWCNTs) using a deep eutectic solvent (DES) method and incorporated them into polylactic acid (PLA) composite films using a solvent evaporation method. The nanofiller content ranged between 0.5 % and 1.5 % by mass. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the uniform dispersion of LS on the surface of MWCNTs, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that L-MWCNTs were homogeneously distributed within PLA matrix without notable aggregation. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated enhanced thermal stability, with an 8.4 % increase in residue at 800 °C. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the successful integration of L-MWCNTs into the composite films, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed a significant increase in crystallinity (Xc) from 47.4 % to 68.9 %. With increasing L-MWCNT content, ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) transmittance decreased from 75.9 % to 28.9 %, and oxygen (O2) permeability was reduced by 22.4 %. At an L-MWCNT content of 1.5 %, the composite films exhibited an increase of 49.7 % and 194.5 % in tensile strength and elongation at break compared to pure PLA. These results unveil that PLA/L-MWCNT composite films possess excellent mechanical strength, thermal resistance, and barrier properties, enabling their suitability for advanced applications in packaging, medical, and electronic industries.

Simulation of Solvatochromic Phenomena in Xanthione Using Explicit Solvent Methods.

Xanthione is a sulfated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon which exhibits unique anti-Kasha properties and substantial sensitivity to its medium. Due to this sensitivity however, this makes xanthione-based systems very difficult to simulate. Further, xanthione's is understood to be come more photostable in the presence of a highly polar medium, however whether these photophysical properties could be taken advantage of for certain applications remains to be seen. In clarifying long-held beliefs of specific solvent effects, we apply a rigorous theoretical solvent analysis in both implicit and explicit solvent mediums to elucidate a more complete description of solvent polarity sensitivity in xanthione using both quantum chemical and molecular dynamics techniques. Not only was it found that explicit solvation methods are vital in an accurate description of the system, only a handful of explicit solvent molecules in the simulation are required to yield an appropriate electronic description. This short work is vital to devising future applications for xanthione-based and other quantum technologies, and is an important foundation stone on this journey.

Carbon dioxide capture in large-scale CCGT power plant from flue gases obtained from various fuel mixtures

In this study, the thermodynamic analysis of a combined cycle gas turbine integrated with post-combustion carbon capture and storage using the solvent method is performed. The syngas obtained from the gasification of sewage sludge is mixed with methane and nitrogen-rich natural gas fuels at different proportions, used in the gas turbine, and the properties of fuel and flue gases are analyzed. The flue gas obtained from the fuel mixture is passed through the post-combustion carbon capture and storage at various load conditions to assess the heat and electricity required for the carbon capture process. The solvent used for the carbon capture from flue gases enables CO2 capture with the high efficiency of 90%. With the calculated results, the load conditions of flue gas using fuel mixtures are identified, which reduces the heat and power demand of post-combustion carbon capture and storage and provides the possibility to achieve neutral emission. The impact of selected operating conditions of post-combustion carbon capture and storage on the CO2 emission reduction process and on the power plant performances is investigated. Considering the factors of electricity generation, energy efficiency, heat supply to the consumers, operating load of post-combustion carbon cap-ture and storage and CO2 emission, the 50% mixture of syngas with both fuels performs better. Also, the use of a mixture of 2-amino-2methyl-1-propanol and piperazine with reboiler duty 3.7 MJ/kgCO2 in post-combustion carbon capture and storage slightly enhanced the performance of the power plant compared to the use of monoethanolamine with reboiler duty 3.8 MJ/kgCO2.

Efficient degradation of DDBAC in water by a heterogeneous Vis/H2O2 catalytic system based on MIL-53(Fe)

In this study, the iron-based metal–organic framework MIL-53(Fe) was successfully prepared by a solvent method and used as a photocatalyst for the efficient degradation of DDBAC under visible light. The morphology, structure and photocatalytic properties of MIL-53(Fe) were investigated by SEM, XRD, XPS and UV–vis DRS characterization methods. The optimum conditions for the degradation of DD pathways of DDBAC were analyzed in combination with DFT calculations. Based on molecular orbital theory and free radical quenching experiments, it was demonstrated that hydroxyl radicals were the main contributors in the oxidative degradation of DDBAC. The toxicity of DDBAC and its intermediates was evaluated by culturing Chlorella vulgaris, and the results showed that the Vis/MIL-53(Fe)/H2O2 system was capable of solution detoxification.