Volume Measurement Methods Research Articles

The study and implementation of liver volume measuring method based on 3-dimensional reconstruction technology

In this paper, a novel liver volume measuring method using 3D reconstruction technology is put forward, it can measure the 3D liver model directly. The 3D liver model which is constructed by Marching Cube algorithm is composed of a number of triangle meshes, and the normal vectors of different directions of all triangle meshes must be modified, then the meshes are traversed and projected onto a projection plane of 3D spatial coordinates one by one. Then, a lot of pentahedrons can be built and the volumes of all pentahedrons are calculated, the final volume of 3D liver model is the algebraic sum of all pentahedron volumes. Compared with the volume integral method which is a traditional volume measurement method in medicine, experimental results show that the proposed method is optimally approximate to the liver volume, and it cannot be affected by the internal of scan image.

What is a litre of sediment? Testing volume measurement techniques for wet sediment and their implications in archaeobotanical analyses at the Late Neolithic lake-dwelling site of Parkhaus Opéra (Zürich, Switzerland)

Volume measurements in archaeobotany are not performed uniformly. The goal of this paper therefore is to test the different known methods and to define the obtained differences, in order to make the density values (remains per litre of sediment) for plant macroremains in the samples comparable between sites. Three methods of volume measurement were tested for a large number of samples of different sizes coming from two late Neolithic layers of the lakeshore site of Parkhaus Opéra (Zürich, Switzerland). The sampled layers were preserved in waterlogged conditions and there were samples rich in sand, loam, lake marl but mostly consisting of organic remains, including uncharred subfossil plant macroremains. In general, the classical volume (that is the upper limit of the sediment in water) measured before and after freezing as pre-treatment gave similar results. But a systematic difference was found between the classical volume measured after freezing and the displacement volume. This difference could be described by a proportionality factor of 1.5. This proportionality factor could be used to make data obtained with different methods of volume measurement comparable, although more evaluations are needed from other sites in order to test the generality of the factor proposed.

Breast volume measurement by mesh projection method based on 3D point cloud data

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore a novel breast volume measuring method by mesh projection based on three-dimensional (3D) point cloud data. Design/methodology/approach – Mesh projection method, a rapid and accurate method to calculate the volume of models described by triangular meshes, was transplanted to calculate breast volume based on 3D point cloud data derived from a [TC]2 3D scanner. A simple landmarking procedure was developed to decide breast boundary. Breast volumes derived from mesh projection method were compared to the results of water displacement by statistical analysis to validate its accuracy. Findings – A novel breast volume measurement method is developed based on mesh projection method. By comparison of water displacement, mesh projection method is proved to be accurate to calculate breast volume. Furthermore, a simple and standard breast boundary landmarking procedure is established, which avoids the arbitrariness of the definition of breast boundary and improves the repetition of landmarking. Practical implications – A simple and convenient tool is provided for bra industries to rapidly and accurately measure breast volume. Originality/value – Mesh projection method is primarily applied to determine breast volume based on 3D point cloud data. Meanwhile, a simple and standard breast boundary landmarking procedure is put forward.

Volume Measurement of Deposits Based on Stereo Vision and SURF

Based on the stereo vision principle, a volume measurement method of deposit is realized. The principle can be applied for the measurement of deposits with messy texture, such as rubbish, construction waste, and small mounds. After camera calibration and image rectification, the disparity of key points are calculated using SURF feature point matching, and the mismatched point pairs are kick out by the epipolar line constrain. Delaunay triangular meshes are created on the final point pairs. Then the volumes of deposit heap are calculated according to the pinhole imaging model. Experiments show that, despite the use of ordinary USB camera, the result is still relatively accurate. If cameras with high quality and high definition are used, the method can be applied to practical applications.

Towards an optimized method of olive tree crown volume measurement.

Accurate crown characterization of large isolated olive trees is vital for adjusting spray doses in three-dimensional crop agriculture. Among the many methodologies available, laser sensors have proved to be the most reliable and accurate. However, their operation is time consuming and requires specialist knowledge and so a simpler crown characterization method is required. To this end, three methods were evaluated and compared with LiDAR measurements to determine their accuracy: Vertical Crown Projected Area method (VCPA), Ellipsoid Volume method (VE) and Tree Silhouette Volume method (VTS). Trials were performed in three different kinds of olive tree plantations: intensive, adapted one-trunked traditional and traditional. In total, 55 trees were characterized. Results show that all three methods are appropriate to estimate the crown volume, reaching high coefficients of determination: R2 = 0.783, 0.843 and 0.824 for VCPA, VE and VTS, respectively. However, discrepancies arise when evaluating tree plantations separately, especially for traditional trees. Here, correlations between LiDAR volume and other parameters showed that the Mean Vector calculated for VCPA method showed the highest correlation for traditional trees, thus its use in traditional plantations is highly recommended.

Precision and Accuracy in Debris-Flow Volume Measurement

Measurements of debris-flow volumes are important for design and maintenance of retention basins and conveyance structures such as bridges and culverts, for analysis of inundation and run-out, and for input into predictive models. While these uses require accurate volume measurements, reported values in the technical literature do not consistently include estimates of accuracy, precision, and error. The purposes of this study are to systematically quantify these parameters so that they can be optimized, and to identify the most trustworthy types of measurements at different expected volume ranges. The most accurate and inexpensive measurement method uses capacity curves for debris retention basins. Precision of capacity curves is dramatically improved by installing finely graduated height scales in the basin to carefully estimate the contained volume after an event. For small-volume events (a few thousand cubic meters), measurement of channel cross sections to estimate debris-flow scour for runoff-generated flows is an accurate, but labor-intensive, method of estimating debris-flow volume. Map measurement of debris deposit extent typically results in underestimation of volume, with large error ranges resulting primarily from difficulty in accurately estimating the thickness of the deposit. Truck counts typically result in overestimation of volume, but accuracy could be considerably improved by accounting for percentage under- or over-loading rather than rounding the count up or down. Analyses or designs that use measured debris volumes should recognize that there are inherent errors: Even in the best case, error can be expected to be at least ±4 percent. In most cases, regardless of the method of volume measurement, error can be expected to be much higher, typically at least ±10–20 percent.

Objective breast volume, shape and surface area assessment: a systematic review of breast measurement methods.

There are many methods of measuring the breast and their clinical applications are well described in the literature. However, there has been no attempt to compare these various methods to allow the user to have a broad overview of the subject. The authors have attempted to summarise all the available methods to measure the breast in this article to provide a useful reference for all. A comprehensive literature search of PubMed was performed, and the resulting articles were screened and reviewed. The data regarding the methods' mechanism, reliability, time and cost were evaluated and compared. A total of 74 articles dating from 1970 to 2013 were included in this study. All of the methods can be classified into those that measure (1) volume, (2) shape and (3) surface area. Each category consists of several methods that work through different mechanisms and they vary in their reliability and feasibility. Based on their mechanism, the volume measurement methods were further grouped into the natural shape methods, the stereological method, the geometrical methods and the mathematical modelling method. More objective breast evaluation can be achieved if all three dimensions (volume, shape and surface area) are considered. In the volume measurements, 3D modelling and the MRI are the most reliable tools. Linear measurement (geometry) and mathematical modelling are less accurate but are more economical. In the shape measurements, besides the traditional linear measurement, 3D methods that can deliver colour-coded maps and Swanson's 2D photographic measurement system are capable of depicting and tracking breast shape changes after surgery. Although the surface area metric has not been used extensively, it has potential in clinical and research applications. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Liquid volume measurement method for the picoliter to nanoliter volume range based on quartz crystal microbalance technology

In this article, a quantitative liquid volume measurement method for the sub-nanoliter range using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is described and experimentally analyzed. The primary measurement device to determine the volume of small liquid droplets is a QCM sensor coated with a surface-attached hydrogel to improve the mechanical coupling of the liquid to the sensor surface. An experimental evaluation of measured volumes in the range of 3 nl to 15 nl in normal room conditions has been performed with three identical sensors prepared with a PDMAA-1%MaBP hydrogel coating with a thickness of 1.5 µm ± 0.12 µm. A linearity of R2 more than 0.87, an average coefficient of variation (CV) within one experimental run of 5.7%, a mean absolute relative bias of 5.5%, and a sensor-to-sensor variation of 6.3% have been experimentally determined. The feasibility of this method has also been experimentally proven for the picoliter volume range down to 200 pl, with an average CV of 5.3% and a mean absolute relative bias of 6.5%. Furthermore, a stability evaluation consisting of 10 experimental series with approximately 150 measurements over the course of one week has been performed. This evaluation showed that the experimental setup, although exhibiting highly consistent performance within one measurement run, is not yet reproducible enough for long-term and repeated use because of undefined swelling and crack formation in the hydrogel layer. The low reproducibility implies a relatively high expanded uncertainty, with k = 2 according to the JCGM ‘Evaluation of Measurement Data—Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement’ (GUM) for the total measurement method of approximately 3.82 nl when measuring a 10 nl liquid droplet. Nevertheless, the QCM method as described here contributes to significant progress beyond the state-of-the-art that might allow new opportunities for precise measurement of sub-nanoliter liquid volumes.

An odor interaction model of binary odorant mixtures by a partial differential equation method.

A novel odor interaction model was proposed for binary mixtures of benzene and substituted benzenes by a partial differential equation (PDE) method. Based on the measurement method (tangent-intercept method) of partial molar volume, original parameters of corresponding formulas were reasonably displaced by perceptual measures. By these substitutions, it was possible to relate a mixture's odor intensity to the individual odorant's relative odor activity value (OAV). Several binary mixtures of benzene and substituted benzenes were respectively tested to establish the PDE models. The obtained results showed that the PDE model provided an easily interpretable method relating individual components to their joint odor intensity. Besides, both predictive performance and feasibility of the PDE model were proved well through a series of odor intensity matching tests. If combining the PDE model with portable gas detectors or on-line monitoring systems, olfactory evaluation of odor intensity will be achieved by instruments instead of odor assessors. Many disadvantages (e.g., expense on a fixed number of odor assessors) also will be successfully avoided. Thus, the PDE model is predicted to be helpful to the monitoring and management of odor pollutions.

Design and validation of a 3D virtual reality desktop system for sonographic length and volume measurements in early pregnancy evaluation.

To design and validate a desktop virtual reality (VR) system, for presentation and assessment of volumetric data, based on commercially off-the-shelf hardware as an alternative to a fully immersive CAVE-like I-Space VR system. We designed a desktop VR system, using a three-dimensional (3D) monitor and a six degrees-of-freedom tracking system. A personal computer uses the V-Scope (Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands) volume-rendering application, developed for the I-Space, to create a hologram of volumetric data. Inter- and intraobserver reliability for crown-rump length and embryonic volume measurements are investigated using Bland-Altman plots and intraclass correlation coefficients. Time required for the measurements was recorded. Comparing the I-Space and the desktop VR system, the mean difference for crown-rump length is -0.34% (limits of agreement -2.58-1.89, ±2.24%) and for embryonic volume -0.92% (limits of agreement -6.97-5.13, ±6.05%). Intra- and interobserver intraclass correlation coefficients of the desktop VR system were all >0.99. Measurement times were longer on the desktop VR system compared with the I-Space, but the differences were not statistically significant. A user-friendly desktop VR system can be put together using commercially off-the-shelf hardware at an acceptable price. This system provides a valid and reliable method for embryonic length and volume measurements and can be used in clinical practice.

Is there an association between olfactory bulb volume and the Keros type of fossa olfactoria?

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the volume of the olfactory bulb (OB), the depth of the olfactory sulcus (OS), the depth of the fossa olfactoria (FO), and the height of the OB. A total of 54 patients participated (9 women and 45 men; mean [SD] age, 27 [38] y; range, 20-45 y). Magnetic resonance imaging was performed with a 1.5-T system (slice thickness, 1 mm). Measurements of the right and left OB volumes were performed through manual segmentation of the coronal slices. We measured the depth of the FO on the basis of Keros classification on coronal magnetic resonance images. The depth of the OS was measured on the coronal plane at the posterior tangent through the orbital globes. The height of the OB was measured on the coronal plane of the cribriform plate at the highest portion of the OB. The mean (SD) right OB volume was measured to be 52.21 (13.73) mm3 with a range between 33.90 and 95.70 mm3. The mean (SD) left OB volume was measured to be 53.98 (13.31) mm3 with a range between 31.20 and 94.10 mm3. Type 1, type 2, and type 3 Keros ratios of the FO bilaterally were 12.9% (7/54), 68.5% (37/54), and 3.7% (2/54), respectively. There was no significant relationship between the OB volume and ipsilateral Keros type of FO (right side: P = 0.208; left side: P = 0.164). Similarly, there was no significant relationship between the OB volume and depth of OS on both sides (right side: P = 0.073; left side: P = 0.065). There was no significant association between the Keros type of the right FO and depth of the OS (right side: P = 0.812; left side P = 0.863). We conclude that there is no statistical correlation between the OB volume and depth of the FO (Keros type). From the current study, it may be concluded that the depth of the FO may develop largely independent from OB volumes. The individuals without smell disorder have a wide range in OB volume. The method of OB volume measurement that we described is a valid measure of real OB volumes with high reproducibility.

Contralateral breast volume measurement during chest CT for postmastectomy breast reconstruction.

Successful breast reconstruction after mastectomy may be guided by knowledge of the contralateral breast volume. Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction based on a CT examination was used to determine the volume of the contralateral normal breast before postmastectomy breast reconstruction. Seventeen female patients scheduled for postmastectomy breast reconstruction using silicon implant prostheses were using noncontrast CT scans of the chest for metastatic work-up. The CT scans were used to measure the volume of contralateral normal breast. The volume estimates were used to specify the proper implant size for cosmesis. The estimated CT volume was correlated with volume estimates obtained using water displacement, as well as anthropometric measurements performed by a plastic surgeon. Breast volume estimates obtained from CT scans were highly correlated with volumes measured by the two nonradiological methods, yielding a positive linear correlation coefficient (r = 0.99). Volume measurement of the intact breast should be added to reports of routine chest CT studies in patients who undergo mastectomy. CT imaging is a feasible method for contralateral normal breast volume measurement in these patients.

Methods and importance of volume measurement in reconstructive and aesthetic breast surgery

Volume measurement of the breast allows for better surgical planning and implant selection in breast reconstructive and symmetrization procedures. The safety and accuracy of tumor removal, in accordance with oncoplastic principles, may be improved by knowing the true breast- and breast tumor volume. The authors discuss the methods of volume measurement of the breast and describe the method based on magnetic resonance imaging digital volume measurement in details. The volume of the breast parenchyma and the tumor was determined by processing the diagnostic magnetic resonance scans, and the difference in the volume of the two breasts was measured. Surgery was planned and implant selection was made based on the measured volume details. The authors conclude that digital volume measurement proved to be a valuable tool in preoperative planning of volume reducing mammaplasty, replacement of unknown size implants and in cases when breast asymmetry is treated.

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Volume: A Novel Method for Volume Measurement in Kidney Cancer

The role of volumetric estimation is becoming increasingly important in the staging, management, and prognostication of benign and cancerous conditions of the kidney. We evaluated the use of three-dimensional reconstruction volume (3DV) in determining renal parenchymal volumes (RPV) and renal tumor volumes (RTV). We compared 3DV with the currently available methods of volume assessment and determined its interuser reliability. RPV and RTV were assessed in 28 patients who underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for kidney cancer. Patients with a preoperative creatinine level of <1.2 mg/dL with available scans were selected. RPV and RTV were then assessed using 3DV, as well as cylindrical approximation for RPV and spherical approximation for RTV as described previously in the literature. Measures of the same quantity from each method were then compared. In addition, interuser reliability was determined for 3DV. Calculated volumes differed widely in comparison with 3DV. For example, cylindrical volumes for the contralateral kidney pre- and postsurgery overestimated 3D reconstruction volumes by 15% to 102% and 12% to 101%, respectively. In addition, volumes obtained from 3DV displayed high interuser reliability regardless of experience. 3DV provides a highly reliable way of assessing kidney volumes. Given that 3DV takes into account visible anatomy, the differences observed using previously published methods can be attributed to the failure of geometry to accurately approximate kidney or tumor shape. 3DV provides a more accurate, reproducible, and clinically useful tool for urologists looking to improve patient care using analysis related to volume.

Volume Measurement Method for Irregular Objects Based on Shape from Shading

In this paper, we propose a volume measurement method for irregular objects. And three cameras were used in the image acquisition system. In order to reduce the intensity level and be more coincident with the 3D reconstruction method, a method called Histogram Acceleration has been used. Instead of using the regular shape from shading method, the relation between intensity and the missed 3D information was found. This method is valid within a certain error range. Its showed by experiment that this method has a good performance when dealing with objects with a smooth and convex surface.

Monte Carlo Method with Heuristic Adjustment for Irregularly Shaped Food Product Volume Measurement

Volume measurement plays an important role in the production and processing of food products. Various methods have been proposed to measure the volume of food products with irregular shapes based on 3D reconstruction. However, 3D reconstruction comes with a high-priced computational cost. Furthermore, some of the volume measurement methods based on 3D reconstruction have a low accuracy. Another method for measuring volume of objects uses Monte Carlo method. Monte Carlo method performs volume measurements using random points. Monte Carlo method only requires information regarding whether random points fall inside or outside an object and does not require a 3D reconstruction. This paper proposes volume measurement using a computer vision system for irregularly shaped food products without 3D reconstruction based on Monte Carlo method with heuristic adjustment. Five images of food product were captured using five cameras and processed to produce binary images. Monte Carlo integration with heuristic adjustment was performed to measure the volume based on the information extracted from binary images. The experimental results show that the proposed method provided high accuracy and precision compared to the water displacement method. In addition, the proposed method is more accurate and faster than the space carving method.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a new large animal spirometry device using mainstream CO2 flow sensors

A spirometry device equipped with mainstream CO2 flow sensor is not available for large animal anaesthesia. To measure the resistance of a new large animal spirometry device and assess its agreement with reference methods for volume measurements. In vitro experiment and crossover study using anaesthetised horses. A flow partitioning device (FPD) equipped with 4 human CO2 flow sensors was tested. Pressure differences were measured across the whole FPD and across each sensor separately using air flows (range: 90-720 l/min). One sensor was connected to a spirometry monitor for in vitro volume (3, 5 and 7 l) measurements. These measurements were compared with a reference method. Five anaesthetised horses were used for tidal volume (VT) measurements using the FPD and a horse-lite sensor (reference method). Bland-Altman analysis, ANOVA and linear regression analysis were used for data analysis. Pressure differences across each sensor were similar suggesting equal flow partitioning. The resistance of the device increased with flow (range: 0.3-1.5 cmH2 O s/l) and was higher than that of the horse-lite. The limits of agreement for volume measurements were within -1 and 2% in vitro and -12 and 0% in vivo. Nine of 147 VT measurements in horses were outside of the ± 10% limits of acceptance but most of these erroneous measurements occurred with VTs lower than 4 l. The determined correction factor for volume measurements was 3.97 ± 0.03. The limits of agreement for volume measurements by the new device were within ± 10% using clinically relevant range of volumes. The new spirometry device can be recommended for measurement of VT in adult Warmblood horses.

Volume quantification by contrast-enhanced ultrasound: an in-vitro comparison with true volumes and thermodilution

BackgroundContrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has recently been proposed as a minimally- invasive, alternative method for blood volume measurement. This study aims at comparing the accuracy of CEUS and the classical thermodilution techniques for volume assessment in an in-vitro set-up.MethodsThe in-vitro set-up consisted of a variable network between an inflow and outflow tube and a roller pump. The inflow and outflow tubes were insonified with an ultrasound array transducer and a thermistor was placed in each tube. Indicator dilution curves were made by injecting indicator which consisted of an ultrasound-contrast-agent diluted in ice-cold saline. Both acoustic intensity- and thermo-dilution curves were used to calculate the indicator mean transit time between the inflow and outflow tube. The volumes were derived by multiplying the estimated mean transit time by the flow rate. We compared the volumes measured by CEUS with the true volumes of the variable network and those measured by thermodilution by Bland-Altman and intraclass-correlation analysis.ResultsThe measurements by CEUS and thermodilution showed a very strong correlation (rs = 0.94) with a modest volume underestimation by CEUS of −40 ± 28 mL and an overestimation of 84 ± 62 mL by thermodilution compared with the true volumes. Both CEUS and thermodilution showed a high statistically significant correlation with the true volume (rs = 0.97 (95% CI, 0.95 - 0.98; P<0.0001) and rs = 0.96 (95% CI, 0.94 - 0.98; P<0.0001, respectively).ConclusionsCEUS volume estimation provides a strong correlation with both the true volumes in-vitro and volume estimation by thermodilution. It may therefore represent an interesting alternative to the standard, invasive thermodilution technique.

Re-evaluation of Evans blue dye dilution method of plasma volume measurement.

To simplify the method of plasma volume measurement by Evans blue dye dilution we used, for the first time, the same venous site for injection of dye and collection of samples. In a series of 49 studies the dye decay between 10 and 35 min after injection was highly linear (r = 0.991 +/- 0.01), indicating that contamination of samples is very unlikely. We repeated the measurements after eight weeks in nine patients; the mean difference was 16.4 +/- 19.6 ml, indicating a high degree of reproducibility. We found that extrapolation of the dye decay curve to time zero is required for accurate estimates of plasma volume. There was good agreement between the estimates of plasma volume obtained by extrapolation from only three samples taken at 10, 20 and 30 min after dye injection with the results obtained using all six samples. We also found good agreement between the estimates of plasma volume obtained by using standard curves constructed from four standard dilutions of 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/l and those obtained by the use of standard curves constructed from the blank and only one standard dilution of 10 mg/l. We therefore conclude that the Evans blue technique can be simplified with minimal loss of accuracy, by using only one venous site for injection and withdrawal, withdrawing only three samples between 10 and 30 min after injection and using a two point calibration line.

The Development of an Unbiased, Semiautomated Method for Perioperative Tumor Volume Measurement Using VelocityAI in Glioblastoma

mm expansion was used to create both PTVs. HFSRT was delivered concomitant with temozolomide (TMZ) (75 mg/m daily), followed by adjuvant TMZ (150-200 mg/m in 5/28 days). Two patients also received additional concurrent bevacizumab (10 mg/kg every 2 weeks). Response was assessed based on the Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology criteria. Electronic medical records were reviewed for acute toxicity, dexamethasone dosage, disease response, progression free survival (PFS) and median survival (MS). Results: Median age at diagnosis was 65 years (range, 50-82 years) and median pre-radiation KPS Z 60 (range, 40-70). The median pre-operative maximum dimension of the gross tumor on MRI was 5.4 cm (range, 1.9-8.5 cm). Three patients had gross total resection, 4 had subtotal resection, and 5 had biopsy only. The treatment was well tolerated without RTOG grade 3/4 acute toxicities. All patients were on dexamethasone at start of radiation and no increase in dosage was required in any of the patients during treatment. Three (30%) patients had dose taper during and another 3 had taper shortly after completion of radiation. Of the 8 patients with available follow-up data, 1 (13%) had partial response, 6 (75%) stable disease, and 1 (13%) progression of disease after HFSRT. With median follow-up of 8 months (range, 4-15 months), 2/8 (25%) of the patients had died. MS has not yet been reached. Median PFS was reached at 8 months from completion of HFSRT. Conclusions: The HFSRT regimen with concurrent TMZ was safe, well tolerated and convenient for patients with the poorest GBM prognosis, rendering a shorter overall treatment time with no increase in steroid requirement during treatment. Compared to the historical median survival of 5-9 months in patients with RPA class V-VI, HFSRT appeared to have done well, likely owing to the more aggressive radiation fractionation and concurrent TMZ. Further clinical trial exploring this HFRT in GBM patients with poorest prognosis is warranted. Author Disclosure: J.C. Ye: None. M. Yondorf: None. S.C. Pannullo: None. J.A. Boockvar: None. T.H. Schwartz: None. P.E. Stieg: None. B. Parashar: None. D. Nori: None. K.C. Chao: None. A. Wernicke: None.