Reagent Method Research Articles

The Application for Using Grain Colloid Reagent and Traditional Methods to Detect the Latent Fingerprint on non-pours Surfaces

Abstract: To distinguish the fingerprints we utilize numerous strategies a portion of these are checked and obviously, the unique finger impression can demonstrate the wrongdoing and perceive the crook, in this paper research we foster another strategy by utilizing GCR colloid fluid, which contains a blend between zinc carbonate and some unique surfactants with crystal violet The GCR it was applied on the non-pours surface, this method it was effective for developing the latent fingerprint on another side we have developed latent fingerprint on the non-pours surfaces by using some chemical materials like black Ferric oxide powder and white powder (Talcum).

PHARMACOGNOSTICAL, PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF HYDROALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF HORDEUM VULGARE LINN SEED

Plants have served human beings as a natural source for treatments and therapies from ancient times, amongst them medicinal herbs have gain attention because of its wide use and less side effects. In the recent years plant research has increased throughout the world and a huge amount of evidences have been collected to show immense potential of medicinal plants used in various traditional systems. Hordeum vulgare Linn seeds (H. vulgare, Commonly known as barley, Family: Poaceae), is an erect annual herb, 50 to 100 cm high, cultivated in the plains as well as in the hilly region of Himalaya, up to an altitude of 4000 m, in Indo- Gangetic area and Madhya Pradesh. It is locally called Jav and its seed used by traditional medical practitioners in the treatment of many diseases including liver diseases. Seeds are useful in vitiated conditions of kapha and pitta, asthma, fever, bronchiotitis, urocystitis, urethritis, gastric disorders, ulcers and anemia etc. The objective of this study was to investigate pharmacognostical, phytochemical features and antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extracts of H. vulgare seed by using DPPH assay method. The different pharmacognostical parameters were evaluated as per standard protocols with some modifications. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenol and flavonoids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. Quantitative analysis of phenolic and flavonoids was carried out by Folins Ciocalteau reagent method and aluminium chloride method respectively. The in vitro antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of the seed was assessed against DPPH method using standard protocols. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, saponins and carbohydrate. The total phenolic and flavonoids content of H. vulgare seed of hydroalcoholic extract was 0.693 and 0.497mg/100mg respectively. The activities of hydroalcoholic leaves extract against DPPH assay method were concentration dependent with IC 50 values of ascorbic acid and extracts 27.82 and 76.92μg/ml respectively. These studies provided information for correct identification of this plant material. The diverse array of phytochemicals present in the plant thus suggests its therapeutic potentials which may be explored in drug manufacturing industry as well as in traditional medicine.

Phytochemical and biological characterization of acetone extracts from the lichen Cladonia coniocraea and Cladonia ramulosa growing in Serbia

A comparative study of aromatic secondary metabolites and antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer potential of two lichen species Cladonia coniocraea and Cladonia ramulosa is presented in this paper. HPLC-UV analysis revealed the presence of depsidone fumarprotocetraric acid and depside sekikaic acid as major aromatic metabolites in both tested species but in different amounts. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by free radical scavenging and reducing power assays. In both assays the extracts showed weak activity (IC50>1000 μg/ml, while absorbances for reducing power were from 0.0118 to 0.1675). The total content of phenol and flavonoid in extracts was examined using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and aluminium chloride method and the obtained values were expressed as pyrocatechol equivalents, and as rutin equivalents, respectively. Further, the antimicrobial activity was estimated by determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration by the broth microdilution method against five bacterial and 10 fungal species. Tested extracts showed similar antimicrobial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 0.156 to 20 mg/ml. Finally, the cytotoxic activity was tested using MTT method on the human epithelial carcinoma (Hela), human lung carcinoma (A549) and human colon carcinoma (LS174) cells. The strongest cytotoxic activity with IC50 value of 185.59 μg/ml expressed extract of C. ramulosa toward Hela cells. Obtained results indicate that these lichens showed the potential for further investigation and possible biopharmaceutical application.

Troponin T and Cardiac Enzyme Levels since Onset of Chest Pain in Patients Suspected of Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) in Punjab, Pakistan

Objective: To early diagnose the patients of AMI by using cardiac markers like CK, CK-MB, to find out the significance of these enzymes in comparison with high sensitive Troponin T hs and to find out the presence of a micro-infarction by using newly developed cTnT hs method. Patients and Methods: This was a cross sectional study, conducted at Punjab Institute of Cardiology and included 545 patients. Blood sample of every patient “Suspected of AMI” was sent to the laboratory for estimation of CK, CK-MB by conventional kit method and a high sensitive Troponin T reagent kit was used for prompt diagnosis of AMI. Patients of varying age were included and demographic details like hypertension, diabetes and smoking, family history of IHD, were collected to find out association with AMI. Results: Out of 545 study participants 62.65% (n=341) were male and 37.43% (n=204) were females, the mean age was 54.8 ± 13.42 years, the most frequent risk factor seen was hypertension (HTN in 72.0 % (n=90), followed by Smoking 45.5% (n=90), Diabetes mellitus (DM) 43.3% (n=90), and frequency of family history was seen 18.8% (n=90) in patients positive for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). 78.8% (n=90) males and 21.2%(n=90) females, indicated more prevalence of AMI in male population with frequency of AMI in patients from 41-60 years of age. There was significant association between hypertension, smoking and diabetes with AMI. Family history was not significantly associated with the incidence of AMI. CPK, CK-MB were performed on patient’s serum sample according to the procedures determined by reagent kits of Roche Diagnostic company on Chemistry Analyzer Hitachi 912. Optimized UV test method was used according to DGKC (German Society of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine) and IFCC. Special Chemistry analyzer Cobas e 411, automated instrument was used for the quantitative measurement of Troponin T by using Chemiluminescence method (Troponin T hs reagent kits of Roche Diagnostic Company). Conclusion: It was concluded that a direct relationship exists between Troponin T and CPK, and CK-MB was more specific with even more closer and linear relationship with Troponin T hs. It was further observed that high sensitive Troponin T reagent method alone was sufficient to make a final diagnosis of AMI. Troponin T hs alone not only reduces the investigation time but reduces the overall cost as well. Keywords: Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Association of rs9679162 Genetic Polymorphism and Aberrant Expression of Polypeptide N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 14 (GALNT14) in Head and Neck Cancer.

Simple SummaryNeoadjuvant chemotherapy was performed before surgery. Because the tumor itself and the surrounding vascular bed were not damaged, the chemotherapy we performed could have good drug delivery. After the operation, the volume of the tumor can be reduced to facilitate surgery or radiotherapy. However, neoadjuvant chemotherapy also delays the patient’s time to receive main therapy. The physician must make sure that it has a good response and does not allow disease progression in the patient during neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Therefore, predicting the treatment response of neoadjuvant chemotherapy can shorten the treatment time, reduce the harm of chemotherapy side effects, and avoid the occurrence of drug resistance. The results of this study showed that GALNT14-rs9679162 and mRNA expression were associated with post-treatment survival in head and neck cancer. It can be used as an indicator to predict the treatment response of neoadjuvant chemotherapy.The polypeptide N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 14 (GALNT14) rs9679162 and mRNA expression were associated with treatment outcome in various cancers. However, the relation of GALNT14 and head and neck cancer were nuclear. A total of 199 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) were collected in this study, including oral SCC (OSCC), oropharyngeal SCC (OPSCC), laryngeal SCC (LSCC), and others. The DNA and RNA of cancer tissues were extracted using the TRI Reagent method. The rs9679162 was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing methods in 199 DNA specimens, and the mRNA expression was analyzed using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) methods in 68 paired RNA specimens of non-cancerous matched tissues (NCMT) and tumor tissues. The results showed that the genotype of TT, TG, and GG appeared at 30%, 44%, and 26%, respectively. Non-TT genotype or G alleotype were associated with alcohol, betel nut, and cigarette using among patients with OSCC, and it also affected the treatment and survival of patients with OSCC and LSCC. High GALNT14 mRNA expression levels increased lymphatic metastasis of patients with HNSCC, and treatment and survival in patients with OPSCC. Overall, the GALNT14-rs9679162 genotype and mRNA expression level can be used as indicators of HNSCC treatment prognosis.

Liposome-Encapsulated Bioactive Guttiferone E Exhibits Anti-Inflammatory Effect in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated MH-S Macrophages and Cytotoxicity against Human Cancer Cells.

Background Guttiferone E is a naturally occurring polyisoprenylated benzophenone exhibiting a wide range of remarkable biological activities. But its therapeutic application is still limited due to its poor water solubility. This study is aimed at preparing guttiferone E-loaded liposomes and assessing their in vitro cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory effect. Methods Liposomes containing guttiferone E were prepared by the thin film hydration method, and the physicochemical characteristics were determined using dynamic light scattering, laser Doppler velocimetry, and atomic force microscopy. The cytotoxicity was assessed by the MTT assay. The fluorometric cyclooxygenase (COX) activity assay kit was used to assess the COX activity while the nitric oxide production was evaluated by the Griess reagent method. Results The liposomes with a mean size of 183.33 ± 17.28 nm were obtained with an entrapment efficiency of 63.86%. Guttiferone E-loaded liposomes successfully decreased the viability of cancer cells. The overall IC50 values varied between 5.46 μg/mL and 22.25 μg/mL. Compared to the untreated control, guttiferone E-loaded liposomes significantly reduced the nitric oxide production and the activity of COX in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion This study indicates that liposomes can be an alternative to overcome the water insolubility issue of the bioactive guttiferone E.

Comparison of Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.)) Extraction with Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Microwave-Assisted Extraction Methods Using Response Surface Methodology

Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.)) is one of the herbaceous plants that grow, and flowers throughout the year. Pegagan has been used for hundreds of years, especially in the dermatology, and cosmetology industries. Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.)) has distinctive bioactive components, namely triterpene ester glycoside compounds in the form of asiaticoside, and madecoside as well as triterpene group compounds in the form of asiatic acid, and madecasic acid. There are various extraction methods to produce the following compounds namely, conventional extraction methods, and modern extraction methods. The two methods have differences in the results obtained. Therefore, the difference in the extraction method will determine the result of the difference in the levels of a compound. So that this research was carried out on the effect of Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.)) extraction using a comparison of the Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE), and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) methods on the total phenol content in the Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.)) extracted. Analysis of the extracteded bioactive content was carried out by analyzing the total phenol content using the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent method and analyzing the data through the Analysis of Response Surface Design expert 11 to see the significance of the research variables. The results obtained from the study are in the form of a comparison of the optimal conditions for the total phenol content, namely, the comparison between the UAE, and MAE methods for Centella asiatica (L.). extracted with ethanol solvent which is more optimal by using the MAE method because in a short time it can produce 1130.7882 mg.

Portable device for on-site detection of ammonia nitrogen

Portable measurement of ammonia nitrogen in water is of great significance for water quality monitoring. It’s beneficial to reduce biological diseases and promote aquatic product safety. Traditional methods such as Nessler’s reagent method suffer from complex operation, time delays and toxic residues. To realize simple and pollution-free detection, this paper develops a low-cost portable device for ammonia nitrogen detection. A test paper was proposed to cooperate the device and offer a chromogenic reaction. The portable device reduces the impact of any ambient light, simplifies the operation, and provides human–computer interaction. The result obtained for the detection range of 0.4–10 mg/L (R2 are 0.990 2 and 0.989 3 for the rang of 0.4–4.5 and 4.5–10 mg/L, respectively) with the detection limit of 0.36 mg/L, and the average recovery of aquaculture water is 100.98–137.75%. The results show that the portable device can provide a great potential for on-site detection ammonia nitrogen concentration.

Hepatoprotective and in Vivo Antioxidant Enzyme Activity of Phenol Rich Leaf Extract of Amaranthus spinosus

This study was designed to evaluate the total phenol content, in vivo and antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective activity of methanol leaf extract of Amaranthus spinosus. 15 wistar albino rats having an average mean weight of 104.64 kg was divided into five groups consisting of three animals each group. Group A served as normal control, group B served as negative control, group C served as positive control while group D and E served as test control administered with different doses of Amaranthus spinosus. Hepatotoxicity was induced using CCL4 injected interperitoneally for groups 2-5. The experimental period lasted for seven days after which the animals were sacrificed and their blood collected for analysis. The phenol content was estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method. The in-vivo antioxidant screening as also estimated determining the concentration in serum of SOD, CAT and MDA and the liver function test was evaluated by also determining the concentration in serum of ALT, AST and ALP spectrophotometrically. The results obtained were presented as mean ± SEM. There was significant increase in the SOD activities of treated groups compared to the negative control group. Result showed a significant (p<0.05) increase in the catalase activity of the groups administered 400 and 200 mg/kg of the extract compared to the negative control group. Also there was a significant (p<0.05) increase of MDA level in the untreated group (negative control) compared with the normal control. Interestingly, other groups treated with the leaf extract at different doses reflected a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the level of MDA with respect to the untreated group. For hepatoprotective activity, the groups treated with different doses of A. spinosus leaf extract were observed to have a very significant (p<0.05) reduction in the levels of these enzymes bringing their values closer to that of the normal control. However, the ALP level of the negative group was not ..............

Design of silicon-containing arylacetylene resins aided by machine learning enhanced materials genome approach

Silicon-containing acetylene resins have a broad application prospect as a type of organic–inorganic hybrid high-temperature resistant resins. However, its processability still needs further improvement to meet processing requirements for low viscosity. We proposed a materials genome approach to design and screen silicon-containing acetylene resins with excellent processing properties and heat resistance. To high-throughput screen the promising resin, we established machine learning models for predicting the properties of processing and heat resistance. Ten latent resins were screened, and one easy-to-synthesize resin was prepared by the Grignard reagent method to verify the materials genome approach. The results showed that the processing properties of the screened resin are improved evidently, with excellent heat resistance maintained. This work generates a fresh way for cost-effective data-driven designs of silicon-containing acetylene resins.

Fruit-peel-degrading Potential of Some Legumes-associated Bacteria

This research aimed at determining the digestive ability of nine legumes-associated bacteria on the peels of some fruits (orange, watermelon, plantain, banana, pineapple and pawpaw). The bacteria were cultivated separately on each peel for 18 hours at 28oC; the amount of glucose released was quantified using Dinitrosalicylic acid reagent method. The results obtained showed that the bacteria degraded all the peels with the highest (0.297 mg/mL) and lowest (0.087 mg/mL) glucose concentrations produced by Rhizobium leguminosarum FUBO001 and Bonitrorhizobium winogradskyi FUBO004 in banana and pawpaw peels, respectively. The Bo. winogradskyi FUBO004 synthesized 0.101 mg/mL as minimum sugar amount in the former peel while Bradyrhizobium nigeriasis FUBO005 produced the highest glucose quantity (0.167 mg/mL) in the latter peel. The lowest amounts of glucose in orange, watermelon, pineapple and plantain peels produced by Bradyrhizobium nigeriasis FUBO003, Rhizobium nigeriasis, R. nigeriasis and Br. nigeriasis FUBO003 were 0.095, 0.132, 0.09 and 0.248 mg/mL respectively. In these peels, the highest amount of the reducing sugar made was 0.131 mg/mL by Br. nigeriasis FUBO005, 0.211 mg/mL by Br. nigeriasis FUBO005, 0.156 mg/mL by Bo. winogradskyi FUBO004 and 0.291 mg/mL by R. nigeriasis. These results suggest that the bacteria catabolized the fruit peels, reflecting their high potential in the conversion of the fruit peels to useful products.

Phytochemistry, biological activities and in silico molecular docking studies of Oxalis pes-caprae L. compounds against SARS-CoV-2

Phytochemicals are directly involved in therapeutic treatment or precursors to synthesize useful drugs. The current study was aimed to evaluate the phytocompounds and their biopotentials using methanolic and n-hexane extracts of various parts of Oxalis pes-caprae. For the phytochemical analysis, standard procedures were used, whereas Aluminum Chloride reagent and Follin-ciocalteau reagent methods were used to determine total flavonoid and phenolic contents. Radical scavenging DPPH, phosphomolybdenum reduction, and reducing power assays were used to assess antioxidative potentials. Antibacterial potential was determined by applying disc diffusion method while cytotoxicity was determined employing brine shrimp assay. FT-IR (Fourier-transform infrared) analysis was utilized to gather spectral information, while molecular docking tools were employed to look at how O. pes-caprae plant-based ligands interact with the target protein COVID-19 3CLPro (PDB:6LU7). Phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins were tested positive in preliminary phytochemical studies. TPC and TFC in different extracts ranging from (38.55 ± 1.72) to (65.68 ± 0.88) mg/g GAE/g and (24.75 ± 1.80) to (14.83 ± 0.92) mg/g QUE/g were used respectively. IC50 value (24.75 ± 0.76 g/mL) by OXFH, total antioxidant capacity (55.89 ± 1.75) mg/g by OXLM, reducing potential (34.98 ± 1.089) mg/g by OXSM, maximum zone of inhibition against B. subtilis (24 ± 0.65 mm) by OXLM and maximum cytotoxicity 96% with LD50 19.66 (μg/mL) by OXSM were the best calculated values among all extracts. Using molecular docking, it was found that Caeruleanone A, 2′,4′-Dihydroxy-2″-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl) dihydrofuro [2,3-h] flavanone and Vadimezan demonstrated best affinity with the investigated SARS CoV-2 Mpro protein. This work provide justification about this plant as a source of effective phytochemicals and their potential against microbes could lead to development of biosafe drugs for the welfare of human being. In future, different in vitro and in vivo biological studies can be performed to further investigate its biomedical potentials.

Determination of physicochemical properties of irradiated sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) fruit oils

Sumac fruit is widely used both in Turkey and in many countries of the world in the food industry, especially in spices and seasonings, and in many other areas. Gamma irradiation is a food preservation method applied in the food industry, especially in the spice industry, in terms of food safety. Gamma irradiation was applied to sumac fruits (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 kGy) to obtain microbiologically safe products, especially for consumer health. After the irradiation process, the extraction of crude oil of sumac fruit samples was performed by the soxhlet method and then free fatty acid content, peroxide number, fatty acid composition and tocol and sterol compositions of these oils were determined. In addition, the total phenolic substance amounts of the samples were determined by using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method and the antioxidant activity values were determined by DPPH•(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil) free radical reduction activity measurement. In parallel with the increase in irradiation dose, free fatty acidity and peroxide values of sumac fruit oil increased. Considering the acid compositions, the main fatty acid of sumac fruits was determined as oleic acid (43.43%). In addition, as the irradiation dose increased; palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) acid ratios of saturated fatty acids and oleic (C18:1) monounsaturated fatty acids increased, while linoleic (C18:2) and linolenic (C18:3) acid as polyunsaturated fatty acids rates were decreased. According to the sterol and tocopherol composition of the sumac oil, it was detected that the most common sterol was β-sitosterol (78.51%) and irradiation did not cause a statistically significant change in the sterol composition, but the tocopherol composition decreased with the increasing irradiation dose. Finally, the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity value of sumac oil samples decreased in parallel with the irradiation dose. As a result, it is recommended to irradiate the sumac fruit at lower doses, such as 5 kGy, without any negative effect on the quality of its oil.

Improvement of On-Site Sensor for Simultaneous Determination of Phosphate, Silicic Acid, Nitrate plus Nitrite in Seawater.

Accurate, on-site determinations of macronutrients (phosphate (PO43−), nitrate (NO3−), and silicic acid (H4SiO4)) in seawater in real time are essential to obtain information on their distribution, flux, and role in marine biogeochemical cycles. The development of robust sensors for long-term on-site analysis of macronutrients in seawater is a great challenge. Here, we present improvements of a commercial automated sensor for nutrients (including PO43−, H4SiO4, and NO2− plus NO3−), suitable for a variety of aquatic environments. The sensor uses the phosphomolybdate blue method for PO43−, the silicomolybdate blue method for H4SiO4 and the Griess reagent method for NO2−, modified with vanadium chloride as reducing agent for the determination of NO3−. Here, we report the optimization of analytical conditions, including reaction time for PO43− analysis, complexation time for H4SiO4 analysis, and analyte to reagent ratio for NO3− analysis. The instrument showed wide linear ranges, from 0.2 to 100 μM PO43−, between 0.2 and 100 μM H4SiO4, from 0.5 to 100 μM NO3−, and between 0.4 and 100 μM NO2−, with detection limits of 0.18 μM, 0.15 μM, 0.45 μM, and 0.35 μM for PO43−, H4SiO4, NO3−, and NO2−, respectively. The analyzer showed good precision with a relative standard deviation of 8.9% for PO43−, 4.8% for H4SiO4, and 7.4% for NO2− plus NO3− during routine analysis of certified reference materials (KANSO, Japan). The analyzer performed well in the field during a 46-day deployment on a pontoon in the Kiel Fjord (located in the southwestern Baltic Sea), with a water supply from a depth of 1 m. The system successfully collected 443, 440, and 409 on-site data points for PO43−, Σ(NO3− + NO2−), and H4SiO4, respectively. Time series data agreed well with data obtained from the analysis of discretely collected samples using standard reference laboratory procedures and showed clear correlations with key hydrographic parameters throughout the deployment period.

Comparative Assessment of Phytoconstituents, Antioxidant Activity and Chemical Analysis of Different Parts of Milk Thistle Silybum marianum L.

Silybum marianum L. is a therapeutic plant belonging to the family Asteraceae, which has exhibited silymarin, a principal component used to cure various physiochemical disorders. The study appraised the phytochemical analysis, antioxidant activity and chemical analysis of an extract from the seed, stem and leaves. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis was evaluated by the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent method and aluminum chloride colorimetric method, respectively. While the antioxidant activity was determined by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and acetate buffer in ferric chloride (FRAP) assay, respectively, the chemical profile was evaluated by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) assay. The study outcomes identified that alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids and catcholic tannins were present in seed, stem and leaves extracts except for saponins and Gallic tannins. Whereas, phenols were absent only in seed extract. Quantitative analysis revealed the presence of phenols and flavonoids in appreciable amounts of 21.79 (GAE/g), 129.66 (QE/g) and 17.29 (GAE/g), 114.29 (QE/g) from the leaves and stem extract, respectively. Similarly, all extracts expressed reasonable DPPH inhibition (IC50) and FRAP reducing power such as 75.98, 72.39 and 63.21% and 46.60, 51.40 and 41.30 mmol/g from the seeds, stem and leaves extract, respectively. Additionally, chemical analysis revealed the existence of 6, 8 and 9 chemical compounds from the seeds, stem and leaves extract, respectively, corresponding to 99.95, 99.96 and 98.89% of the whole extract. The chemical compound, Dibutyl phthalate was reported from all extracts while, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester and Silane, (1,1-dimethylethyl), dimethyl (phenylmethoxy) were reported only from the seed and leaves extract. Moreover, Methyl stearate was also a major compound reported from all extracts except for seed extract. It is demonstrable that extracts from different parts of S. marianum possess significant antioxidant activity, as well as valuable chemical compounds accountable for therapeutic effects that might be incorporated as an alternative to synthetic chemical agents.

In vitro Biological Activities of Different Extracts from Alcea dissecta

Objective: Alcea genus belongs to Malvaceae family and this genus is represented by 85 taxa in the world and 21 taxa in the Flora of Turkey.The flowers of Alcea genus contain plenty of mucilage and are used for the treatment of respiratory diseases such as asthma and cough.Alcea dissecta is known as ‘Govik, Hiro, Hero’ in Turkey, and the flowers and leaves of this species have been used in the treatment of asthma,injury, colds, and gastrointestinal diseases in Turkey. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report on the effect of extraction methods onthe biological activity of this plant. In addition, although this species is being used as a medical plant, there is no study of the antioxidant, antiurease,esterase, and anticholinesterase activity of the plant. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant, anti-urease,esterase, anticholinesterase activities of Alcea dissecta using a variety of extracts.Methods: The antioxidant activities of different extracts were examined by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and CUPRAC methods. The total phenoliccompounds contained in the extracts were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR) method. Anti-urease and anticholinesteraseactivities of different extracts were evaluated by indophenol and Ellman methods respectively. In addition, esterase activities of plant extractswere determined.Results: In the present study, ethanol:water (1:1, v/v) and chloroform extracts obtained maceration method showed stronger DPPH and ABTSradical scavenging activity than other extracts. The chloroform extract obtained Soxhlet method was found to have higher FRAP and CUPRACvalues than other extracts. It was also found that the ethanol extract obtained maceration method showed the most potent anti-urease andanticholinesterase activity. According to the results, the strongest inhibitory effect on both hCA I and II isoenzymes was shown by the petroleumether extract obtained Soxhlet method.Conclusion: As a result, it was determined that different plant extracts have antioxidant, anti-urease, esterase, anticholinesterase activities. Inaddition, the data obtained from this study will shed light on future research on the biological activities of this species.

Evaluation of Phenolic contents, Cytotoxic, and Antioxidant potential of Euphorbia nerrifolia

Objective: The researchers wanted to see how cytotoxic, phenolic, and antioxidant potential of Euphorbia nerrifolia were. Methods: The organic extracts were obtained by extraction of whole dried plant with n-hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol. Phyto-chemical screening was carried out using standard methods. Total phenolics contents were measured by using the Folin–CioEcalteu reagent method. Cytotoxic action was evaluated by brine shrimp lethality bioassay. DPPH radical assay was employed for antioxidant activity. Results: Phytochemical investigations confirmed the presence of anthraquinones, saponins, cardiac glycosides and flavonoids. Highest phenolic content (276.41 ± 64 mg GAE/g dry extract wt) was observed in methanol extract. Significant antioxidant potential was exhibited by methanol extract by means of 78.8% inhibition with IC50 value of 35.71µg/ml). In brine shrimp lethality bioassay, methanol extract demonstrated prominent cytotoxicity at highest level of dose with LD50 471.05. Conclusion: The study concluded that Euphorbia nerrifolia contains significant antioxidant and cytotoxic potential. Further investigation is suggested for the isolation of secondary metabolites responsible for reported biological activities.

Evaluation of heat treatment for inactivation of norovirus genogroup II in foods.

The effective food processing technology is a key step in eliminating human noroviruses in foods mainly due to their stability in diverse environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rising temperatures for inactivation of norovirus genogroup (G) II and murine norovirus 1 in samples of tomato sauce (72-74°C for 1min) and ground meat (100°C for 30min). Spiking experiments were carried out in triplicate using TRIzol® reagent method associated with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) TaqMan™ system combined with previous free RNA digestion. Success rate and efficiency recoveries of both viruses as well limit of detection of a method for each matrix were also conducted. The heat treatment applied here proved to be efficient to reduce the burden of norovirus GII in a range of 1-4 log10 genomic copies per gram (percentage ranging from 0.45 to 104.54%) in both matrices. The experiments in this study showed that the results of norovirus GII and murine norovirus 1 in tomato sauce and ground meat tested during thermal treatments cannot be generalized to other food matrices, since there may be food-specific protective effects, as the presence of different components, that can interfere in virus inactivation. Studies using different food matrices reinforce the importance to investigate viruses' inactivation thermal processes in foods due to the resistance of these viruses to adverse conditions, contributing to food security in food virology.

Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis and in vitro Study of Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Aegle marmelos Fruit with Peel and without Peel: A Comparative Evaluation

Background: Aegle marmelos is an important ethnomedicinal plant that is found commonly in India and other Asian countries. The peel of the fruit is hard and is often discarded as waste. However, a few studies have shown that even the peel has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory attributes. The aim of this research work was to perform a comparative evaluation of Aegle marmelos fruit extracts with the peel (whole fruit) and without the peel. Phytochemical investigations were carried out on the two extracts. Materials and Methods: The Folin-ciocalteu reagent method and the aluminum chloride colorimetric method were used to determine the total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents, respectively. The marmelosin content was measured using the high-performance thinlayer chromatography technique. The antioxidant activity was determined in-vitro using the free-radical scavenging method, and the in vitro antiinflammatory property was determined using the egg albumin denaturation method. The unpaired t-test (with Welch’s correction) was used to determine P values. Any differences that were observed were considered significant if P < 0.05. Results: The total flavonoid content of the extracts was found to be low, while the total phenolic content was high. There were no significant differences in the antioxidant activities of the extracts. The anti-inflammatory activities and marmelosin contents of the extracts were significantly different. Conclusion: The extracts displayed good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract of the fruit without the peel was found to be greater than that of the extract of the fruit with the peel.

Preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant activity of Glochidion ellipticum Wight (Phyllanthaceae)

Introduction and Aim: Reactive oxygen species are implicated in the pathophysiology of several human ailments. Antioxidants from plants are shown to be promising in terms of their health benefits. Glochidion ellipticum Wight is belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae. This study investigated the antioxidant potential of solvent extracts of G. ellipticum leaves in vitro. Materials and Methods: Sequential extraction of the shade dried leaf powder was carried out by maceration using petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol solvents. The solvent extracts were subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis. DPPH, ABTS and Ferric reducing assays were performed to investigate in vitro antioxidant activity of solvent extracts. Total phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts was estimated by Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and Aluminium chloride colorimetric estimation method, respectively. Results: Preliminary phytochemical analysis of solvent extracts revealed the presence of phytoconstituents viz. flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids and tannins in the leaf material. The solvent extracts scavenged both DPPH and ABTS radicals in a concentration-dependent manner with marked and least activity being shown by methanol extract and petroleum ether extract, respectively. In ferric reducing assay also, methanol extract showed marked activity followed by chloroform and petroleum ether extracts. Total phenolic and flavonoid content was highest in methanol and least in petroleum ether extract. Conclusion: The radical scavenging and reducing abilities of extracts observed in this study could be attributed to the presence of secondary metabolites detected in the plant as it is well established that the polyphenolic compounds including flavonoids are excellent antioxidants. A direct correlation was observed between the content of phenolics and flavonoids and the antioxidant activity of extracts. The plant appears to be suitable for developing novel formulations that can be used to manage oxidative damage.