Method For Quantitative Comparison Research Articles

The DIKWP (Data, Information, Knowledge, Wisdom, Purpose) Revolution: A New Horizon in Medical Dispute Resolution

The doctor–patient relationship has received widespread attention as a significant global issue affecting people’s livelihoods. In clinical practice within the medical field, applying existing artificial intelligence (AI) technology presents issues such as uncontrollability, inconsistency, and lack of self-explanation capabilities, even raising concerns about ethics and morality. To address the problem of doctor–patient interaction differences arising from the doctor–patient diagnosis and treatment, we collected the textual content of doctor–patient dialogues in outpatient clinics of local first-class hospitals. We utilized case scenario analysis, starting from two specific cases: multi-patient visits with the same doctor and multi-doctor interaction differences with the same patient. By capturing the external interactions and the internal thought processes, we unify the external expressions and internal subjective cognition in doctor–patient interactions into interactions between data, information, knowledge, wisdom, and purpose (DIKWP) models. We propose a DIKWP semantic model for the doctor–patient interactions on both sides, including a DIKWP content model and a DIKWP cognitive model, to achieve transparency throughout the entire doctor–patient interaction process. We semantically–bidirectionally map the diagnostic discrepancy space to DIKWP uncertainty and utilize a purpose-driven DIKWP semantic fusion transformation technique to disambiguate the uncertainty problem. Finally, we select four traditional methods for qualitative and quantitative comparison with our proposed method. The results show that our method performs better in content and uncertainty handling. Overall, our proposed DIKWP semantic model for doctor–patient interaction processing breaks through the uncertainty limitations of natural language semantics in terms of interpretability, enhancing the transparency and interpretability of the medical process. It will help bridge the cognitive gap between doctors and patients, easing medical disputes.

Making Automotive Radar Sensor Validation Measurements Comparable

Virtual validation of radar sensor models is becoming increasingly important for the safety validation of Light Detection and Rangings (lidars). Therefore, methods for quantitative comparison of radar measurements in the context of model validation need to be developed. This paper presents a novel methodology for accessing and quantifying validation measurements of radar sensor models. This method uses Light Detection and Rangings (lidars) and the so-called Double Validation Metric (DVM) to effectively quantify deviations between distributions. By applying this metric, the study measures the reproducibility and repeatability of radar sensor measurements. Different interfaces and different levels of detail are investigated. By comparing the radar signals from real-world experiments where different objects are present, valuable insights are gained into the performance of the sensor. In particular, the research extends to assessing the impact of varying rain intensities on the measurement results, providing a comprehensive understanding of the sensor’s behavior under these conditions. This holistic approach significantly advances the evaluation of radar sensor capabilities and enables the quantification of the maximum required quality of radar simulation models.

Bubble nucleation and jetting inside a millimetric droplet

In this work we present experiments and simulations on the nucleation and successive dynamics of laser-induced bubbles inside liquid droplets in free-fall motion, i.e. a case where the bubbles are subjected to the influence of a free boundary in all directions. Within this spherical millimetric droplet, we have investigated the nucleation of secondary bubbles induced by the rarefaction wave that is produced when the shock wave emitted by the laser-induced plasma reflects at the drop surface. Interestingly, three-dimensional clusters of cavitation bubbles are observed. Their shape is compared with the negative pressure distribution computed with a computational fluid dynamics model and allows us to estimate a cavitation threshold value. In particular, we observed that the focusing of the waves in the vicinity of the free surface can give rise to explosive cavitation events that end up in fast liquid ejections. High-speed recordings of the drop/bubble dynamics are complemented by the velocity and pressure fields simulated for the same initial conditions. The effect of the proximity of a curved free surface on the jetting dynamics of the bubbles was qualitatively assessed by classifying the cavitation events using a non-dimensional stand-off parameter ${\Upsilon\hskip -1,05em -\,}$ that depends on the drop size, the bubble maximum radius and the relative position of the bubble inside the drop. Additionally, we studied the role of the drop's curvature by implementing a structural similarity algorithm to compare cases with bubbles produced near a flat surface to the bubbles inside the drop. Interestingly, this quantitative comparison method indicated the existence of equivalent stand-off distances at which bubbles influenced by different boundaries behave in a very similar way. The oscillation of the laser-induced bubbles promotes the onset of Rayleigh–Taylor and Rayleigh–Plateau instabilities, observed on the drop's surface. This phenomenon was studied by varying the ratio of the maximum radii of the bubble and the drop. The specific mechanisms leading to the destabilisation of the droplet surface were identified.

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE RELIABILITY OF MIXED CARGO TRANSPORTATION UNDER DYNAMIC CHANGE OF CONDITIONS

Topicality. Military threats determined the significant pace of changes in the risks of mixed cargoes transportation and proved the need for new methods of ensuring the reliability of transportation. First of all, there was the problem of assessing the levels of transportation reliability along individual routes and modeling a possible change of routes with the choice of safer options and ways of transportation. A particularly important function of such a model, due to the rapid pace of changes in risks, is the possibility of its practical application in real-time conditions.Aim and tasks. The purpose of the work is to develop a mathematical model of mixed cargo transportation in the conditions of dynamic changes in risks to increase the reliability of the transportation process, analyze alternative options for transportation, and identify opportunities for changing the route even in the process of cargo transportation. Achieving the goal of the study made it necessary to set and solve the following tasks: to implement the possibility of analyzing alternative transportation options and proposing route changes in real time; prove the capabilities of the developed model on the example of specific enterprises; to ensure reliability forecasting of the next cargo transportation stages; implement the possibility of optimizing multi-purpose tasks to ensure reliability, minimize the cost and time of transportation; to stratify the reliability of cargo transportation according to the level of threats probability.
 Materials and methods. Various general and special methods of knowledge were used in the work: the method of quantitative and qualitative comparison for the stratification of the cargo transportation reliability depending on the risks at individual stages; methods of vector analysis to take into account the probability of the cargo transportation risk at each stage of mixed transportation; the method of induction and deduction made it possible to consider the reliability of the transportation as the reciprocal of the transportation risk probability; the task fragmentation method allows to include probable stages of transportation in different transport routes; a method of mathematical formalization of the problem for the formation of a model of mixed cargo transportation using water transport in conditions of dynamic changes in risks.
 Research results. A mathematical model of mixed cargo transportation in conditions of dynamic changes in risks was developed to increase the reliability of transportation, analyze alternative transportation options, and identify opportunities for changing the route during cargo transportation. To solve this, the following tasks were developed: a mathematical model capable of analyzing alternative transportation options and proposing route changes in real life was developed; proven possibilities of the model on the example of specific enterprises; forecasting of the reliability the next cargo transportation stages is ensured; the possibility of optimizing multi-purpose tasks to ensure reliability, minimizing the cost and time of transportation has been implemented; stratification of the reliability cargo transportation by the level of probability threats was carried out.
 Conclusion. Using the model, the activities of enterprises that transported their products through the ports of the Sea of Azov were analyzed. Due to the decrease in the reliability of cargo transportation through the Kerch Strait, alternative routes for the transportation of mixed cargo are proposed, for the use of "river-sea" vessels at certain stages. Approbation of the model for increasing the efficiency of the transport and logistics process of enterprises proved its effectiveness. The use of the developed mathematical model for the analysis of enterprise activity indicated an implicit advantage of increasing the level of transportation reliability, in particular, in relation to identifying the possibility of reducing warehouse stocks with a significant saving of working capital at the same time. The presented results of the research make it possible to ensure the proper reliability of transportation of mixed cargoes, even in conditions of significant dynamic changes in the level of threats on transportation routes.

New Design of Avionics Technologies for the VSO-10 Glider

The aim of the paper is to analyze the technical-economic assessment of aircraft instruments that are used on board non-motorized aircraft and then to assess the instrument equipment designs. The paper contains a comparison of the content of flight instruments in the cockpits of aircraft used for training, recreation or sports purposes. The benefit of the paper is to evaluate the optimal design of changes to the technical solution in connection with the economic indicators. The proposed instrument equipment designs will differ in terms of the content of the instrument panel of the VSO-10 sports key, where the new instrument equipment will differ mainly in terms of price and purpose of use. The proposals involve the replacement of devices with analog display for more modern and cost-effective ones with the preservation of existing functions. Quantitative comparison methods are based on technical aspects such as weight, accuracy and economic aspects such as the price of the equipment with assembly. All three created designs are compared in terms of weight and finances.

Implementation of the Multy Attribte Utily Theory Method in the Decision Support System for Determining Smart Indonesia Program Assistance (PIP) at SDN 4 Cisalada

The Smart Indonesia Program (PIP) is one of the government's programs as Poor Student Assistance (BSM). The government program is in the form of cash assistance given to children aged 6-21 years who are still in the world of education. Currently, pip selection at SDN 4 Cisalada from the school is less targeted to have problems in determining potential beneficiaries of assistance where not all students who come from poor families can receive the Smart Indonesia Program (PIP). for this resulting in the injustice of students who should be entitled to PIP funding assistance. To avoid existing problems for the selection of prospective recipients of the Smart Indonesia Program (PIP) requires a Decision Support System (SPK). The Multi Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) method is a quantitative comparison method that usually combines measurements of different risk and profit costs. Design and Build using the Waterfall method in the process of working on it, the design is made using a flowmap and modeling using Unified Model Language (UML) including Use Case Diagrams, Activity Diagrams, Sequence Diagrams and Class Diagrams. As for programming, it uses PHP and the database uses MySQL. The results of the research that has been carried out by the researcher, it can be concluded by the application of the Decision Support System in determining the determination of PIP assistance in schools using the Multy Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) method, for the school can be more objective in assessing the determination of PIP recipients, so as to minimize the risk of misuse and distribution of PIP funds to students not appropriately receiving them. Which is in the nature of providing recommendations for decisions to the school.

Economic growth, motorization level, traffic safety: are they related (experience of EU countries)

The purpose of the research paper is to observe and analyze how the economic growth of EU countries is accompanied by the growth of motorization rate and fatalities during the last decades in terms of inventory number of motor vehicles and accidents in road traffic. The research methodology was statistical analysis from the year 2000 to the year 2019 of economic growth, motorization rate in the EU countries, and the accidents. In the research paper, the quantitative analysis and comparison methods are applied. The research paper shows that in the EU countries of higher income levels, the rate of increase in motor vehicles is lower than the decline in fatalities per motor vehicle, and in countries of low-income levels the rate of increase in motor vehicles is higher than the decline in fatalities per motor vehicle. The research paper demonstrates that countries with different levels of economic development have different motorization levels and there are differences on decline in fatalities per motor vehicle level. This is the first paper that analyses different EU countries' motorization rates and fatalities during the last decades.

Management of structural changes in the system of economic formation of sustainable development

Purpose. To create an algorithm of the system of preparation and decision-making of management of structural changes in the system of formation of economy of sustainable development and mathematical formalization for its block of an efficiency estimation of a choice of strategic administrative decision set and to propose a systematic approach to the analysis of trends in structural changes towards the introduction of a sustainable economy. Methodology. The set of general and special methods of cognition was used for scientific research. The method of comparison and scientific analysis was used to develop the algorithm of the system of preparation and decision-making of structural change management in the system of formation of the economy of sustainable development. The method of mathematical formalization was used to develop a mathematical model for selecting the most effective solutions using the specified algorithm. The method of economic modeling is used for the analysis of the indicative approach to decision-making of a systemic nature and the choice of the integral value of the resulting index. The method of comparative analysis, quantitative and qualitative comparison is used for analyzing the existing trends in economic indicators and identifying, when using them, trends in structural changes for the implementation of a sustainable economy. Findings. An algorithm for the system of preparation and decision-making for managing structural changes for the formation of an economy of sustainable development and a mathematical algorithm for the implementation of the block for assessing the effectiveness of choosing a set of strategic management decisions of the specified algorithm have been developed. The analysis of trends in structural changes for the implementation of the concept of a sustainable economy using a systematic approach has been conducted. A significant unevenness of the structure of financial resources aimed at the implementation of the Development Strategy in 20212023 in the regions of Ukraine has been revealed. Originality. For the first time, an algorithm and a mathematical model for evaluating the effectiveness of management decisions for the management of structural changes in the system of sustainable development economy have been proposed. The use of the forecast of dynamic change in indicators and factors of influence on them for development of effective management strategy is improved. For the first time, it has been proposed to use not indicators of achieving a particular goal, but an integral indicator of a complex systemic achievement of a result to determine the achievement of a certain level of sustainable development of a country, Practical value. The developed algorithm and mathematical approach can be used for scientific research and practical tasks of finding effective management decisions. Since a comprehensive systemic analysis of indicators for all sustainable development goals requires significant computing resources, for operational analysis it is proposed to use indicators that are not included in the main group of indicators determined by the adopted methods. For a practical example of an operational indicative approach, the analysis and forecast of the dynamics of changes in the populations income were used including the available average monthly income, the structure of the populations income, the structure of expenses and savings, and others applying the time series method and taking into account non-random influences.

Simultaneous Determination and Comparison of Phenolic Bioactives among Three Main Kinds of Edible Chrysanthemums.

In this study, we report a simple and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection method for simultaneous and quantitative analysis and comparison of major phenolic compounds dominant phytochemicals in Chrysanthemum morifolium, Florists chrysanthemum and snow chrysanthemum (Coreopsis tinctoria or C. tinctoria). The chromatographic separation was achieved using a reversed phase C18 column with a mobile phase of water [containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)] and acetonitrile. The major phenolic compounds were completely separated within 16min at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min. Flavonoid and phenolic acid profiles of the ethanol extracts of the three flowers were analyzed. The results revealed that C. tinctoria possessed the highest amount of flavonoids (flavanomarein, flavanokanin, marein and okanin) and relative lower content of phenolic acid (chlorogenic acid and 3,5-dicafeoylquinic acid). The total content of the four flavonoids in C. tinctoria reached 53.99 ± 1.32mg/g. In particular, the marein content in C. tinctoria was as high as 36.50mg/g. Flavanomarein was only detected in C. tinctoria, whereas chlorogenic acid and 3,5-dicafeoylquinic acid were abundant in Chrysanthemum morifolium and Florists chrysanthemum. The content of marein in Chrysanthemum morifolium was slightly higher than that in Florists chrysanthemum, whereas no okanin was detected in Florists chrysanthemum under these high-performance liquid chromatography conditions. The results indicated phenolic components differ significantly depending on the cultivar, especially between C. tinctoria and common commercially available chrysanthemums. The method adopted in this study is helpful for quality control of different chrysanthemum species as well as their products, which is essential for usage and functionality clarification.

The use of information and communication technologies affects mental health and quality of life of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic

Quality of life is a multidimensional concept. The World Health Organization estimates that the quality of life is affected by physical and mental health, social relations, and the physical environment. The purpose of the study was to determine which of these factors have affected the quality of life of older adults living in an institutional environment during the COVID-19 pandemic and how the use of ICT affects the mental health of older adults. Methods: Quantitative method, description method, and comparison method were used. With the questionnaire as a measuring instrument, we collected opinions from 128 older adults living in an institutional environment. Univariate and multivariate statistical methods were used. Results: The regression function was reliable only between the association with mental health and quality of life, so we confirmed one hypothesis. Mental health is the only factor that affects the quality of life. Discussion and conclusion: We find that superior mental health affects the quality of life of older adults living in institutional settings during the COVID-19 pandemic and that ICT has a significant impact on mental health, meaning that greater emphasis should be placed on strengthening the mental health of older people living in institutional environments, especially during the COVID-19 epidemic, when several measures have been taken to contain it. In the future, more attention needs to be paid to equipping homes with ICT and encouraging and helping employees so older adults can use ICT as well.

EPMA-based mass balance method for quantitative fission product distribution comparison between TRISO particles

EPMA-based mass balance method for quantitative fission product distribution comparison between TRISO particles

Development of a method for quantitative comparison of the luminance of self-glowing crystals – the basic elements of a low current source

This work is devoted to the development of a method for the quantitative comparison of the luminosity of weakly luminous samples, such as self-glowing crystals. A self-glowing crystal is an efficient scintillator, whose self-luminescence is due to the decay of a radioactive isotope introduced into the crystal matrix during its growth. Such crystals can be used as low current sources with a service life of 50 years or more. This technique takes into account the luminescence spectra of the samples under study, the spectral functions of the spectrometer and photodetector. Information on the luminescence spectra of samples can be obtained based on their cathodoluminescence spectra. Thanks to the calculations performed according to this technique, it becomes possible to estimate the optical radiation power of a self-glowing crystal, which can be converted into an electric current using a photodiode. Also, the proposed technique can be applied to assess the luminosities of any materials under the influence of radioactive radiation.

Efficiency evaluation of the weighted mean calculation of the forest fire hazard class

Nowadays, cost-optimization of aerial patrolling plays a key role in the context of limited aerial forest protection funding. Forest Fire Danger Class is the main indicator that regulates the work of forest fire services. Usually, it’s calculated by the nearest weather station data. Some information systems use the mean of several nearby weather stations to estimate large areas, such as the surveyed area of aerial forest protection. The idea of using the mean weighted index with the weather stations weighting factor is not new. Even though, this idea isn’t widespread due to the calculation complexity and questionable efficiency in practice, this study proposes a scientifically substantiated method of quantitative comparison of two approaches and the direct calculation method of the economic impact when transition to using the mean weighted Forest Fire Danger Class calculation algorithm. The first time such an indicator was used to obtain derivatives of analytical information products. A long-term analysis of forest fire rate showed that the weighted mean of the Forest Fire Danger Class value is 6.7% greater in correlation with the number of forest fires than the usual mean value. The use logarithmic transformation of the forest fire occurrence frequency and population density allows statistical criteria to be reasonably used.

Quantitative analyzes of virtual water net exports under the impacts of natural changes and human activities in the last 20 years in Shandong Province, China

Abstract Virtual water trade in a region is affected by both nature and by humans. To study the contribution of human activities on virtual water trade quantitatively, an innovative method of quantitative comparison and analysis is put forward. At first, climates are adjusted into a unified standard. Then the impacts of increment and reduction of foreign water are studied. Additionally, the impacts of water management policy are studied according to the comparable water quotas. Results show that with the development of the economy, an N-shaped trend and inverted U-shaped trend exist with regard to the net exports of agricultural and industrial virtual water, respectively. The net imports of virtual water have beneficial effects to water environments in water deficient areas, while net exports have negative effects. In 1997, the net exports of agricultural and industrial virtual water reduced by 20.13% and 49.67% respectively due to the cut-off of the Yellow River channel compared with that under average Yellow River water diversion. In 2017, they increased by 1.32% and 41.99% respectively because of the South-to-North Water Transfer (SNWT) project and reduced by 10.01% and 20.39% respectively under the effects of the most stringent water management policy.

Permselectivity improvement of PEBAX® 2533 membrane by addition of glassy polymers (Matrimid® and polystyrene) for CO2/N2 separation

AbstractTwo series of novel blend membranes based on poly(ether‐block‐amide) (PEBAX® 2533) and 5 and 10 wt% of two glassy polymers (Matrimid® and polystyrene [PS]) were prepared using a new mixed solvent with a low boiling point for CO2/N2 separation. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction analyses were used to characterize the samples. A decrease in membrane crystallinity was observed by the addition of glassy polymers. The gas permeability measurements were performed to obtain CO2/N2 permselectivity of membranes. The maximum performance was found for the membrane with 5 wt% Matrimid content, for which CO2 permeability and CO2/N2 selectivity increased by 21% and 76%, respectively. Three permeation models were used to predict the CO2 permeability of blend membranes. The Maxwell model showed acceptable coincidence with the experimental data at 5 wt% content of the glassy polymer. For 10 wt% content of glassy polymer, the Lewis‐Neilson model showed the most accurate predictions for CO2 permeability. A method for quantitative comparison of membrane performance was also proposed by defining the geometric closeness to the Robson upper bound limit. Finally, it was found that an increase in the feed pressure improved the membrane performance at high pressures.

Sistem Keputusan dengan Metode Multi Attribute Utility Theory dalam Penilaian Kinerja Pegawai

In an agency, it takes an employee who is able to carry out the work in accordance with the objectives in achieving a target becomes an assessment by the leaders. Not only attendance, but also leadership, commitment, cooperation, discipline, service orientation, integrity and ability to perform the task given also need to be used as an indicators . The purposes aim to motivate employees to be passionate in doing every activity and to have a positive influence on their work in facing challenges of globalization. Decision Support System is a need. It is called a Multi Attribute Utility Theory method is a quantitative comparison method that usually combines measurements of different risk costs and benefits. The data processed for employee performance assessment in this study as many as 20 samples sourced from the Population and Civil Registration Office of Pesisir Selatan Regency. This based on several specified criteria and weights. There are 6 data that are used in it. Such as service orientation, integrity, commitment, discipline, cooperation and employee performance goals. The result is able to support employee decisions using predetermined criteria. So that highest value is in the 6th alternative with a value of 1.8 and the lowest value on the 16th alternative with a value of 0. Later it will be a consideration for Population and Civil Registry Office of South Coast Regency to assess its employees in certain period. Employee performance assessment is proven to be able to help the South Coast Population and Civil Registration Office.

No paradox here? Improving theory and testing of the nuclear stability–instability paradox with synthetic counterfactuals

This article contributes to both the theoretical elaboration and empirical testing of the ‘stability–instability paradox’, the proposition that while nuclear weapons deter nuclear war, they also increase conventional conflict among nuclear-armed states. Some recent research has found support for the paradox, but quantitative studies tend to pool all international dyads while qualitative and theoretical studies focus almost exclusively on the USA–USSR and India–Pakistan dyads. This article argues that existing empirical tests lack clearly relevant counterfactual cases, and are vulnerable to a number of inferential problems, including selection on the dependent variable, unintentionally biased inference, and extrapolation from irrelevant cases. The limited evidentiary base coincides with a lack of consideration of the theoretical conditions under which the paradox might apply. To address these issues this article theorizes some scope conditions for the paradox. It then applies synthetic control, a quantitative method for valid comparison when appropriate counterfactual cases are lacking, to model international conflict between India–Pakistan, China–India, and North Korea–USA, before and after nuclearization. The article finds only limited support for the paradox when considered as a general theory, or within the theorized scope conditions based on the balance of resolve and power within each dyad.

Overcoming the Model‐Data‐Fit Problem in Porous Media: A Quantitative Method to Compare Invasion‐Percolation Models to High‐Resolution Data

AbstractInvasion percolation (IP) models offer a computationally inexpensive way to simulate multiphase flow in porous media, but only very few studies have compared their results to actual laboratory experimental image data. One reason might be the difficulty in quantitative assessment: IP models do not have a notion of experimental time but only have an integer counter for simulation steps that imply a time order. Previous experiments‐to‐model comparison studies have either used perceptual similarity or spatial moments as measures of comparison. In this work, we present an objective and quantitative comparison method that overcomes the limitations of the traditional approaches. First, we perform a volume‐based time matching between real‐time experiments and IP model results. Then, we evaluate the quality of fit using a diffused version of the so‐called Jaccard coefficient, which is known from image recognition. We demonstrate our method's applicability on a laboratory‐scale experimental video of gas injection in homogeneous, saturated sand, comparing it to a Macro‐IP model's simulation results. We consider random realizations of the initial entry pressure field to capture the sand's inherent pore‐scale heterogeneity. We find that our proposed method is reliable and intuitive in identifying realistic model realizations. The “strictness”of the method can be adjusted to relevant scales of interest via the blurring (diffusion) radius of the compared images. Beyond the application presented here, our comparison method can be used to compare any high‐resolution space‐time model output to experimental data given as raster images, thus providing valuable insights for model development in many research areas.

Two‐Dimensional Quantitative Comparison of Density Distributions in Detrital Geochronology and Geochemistry

AbstractDetrital geochronology provides insight into a broad range of Earth Science questions. However, detrital zircon U‐Pb age distributions are inherently univariate, and thus quantitative comparison methods are limited to one‐dimension (1D) and subject to nonunique results due to overlapping age groups. We developed two‐dimensional (2D) quantitative comparison measures for bivariate kernel density estimates (KDEs) and cumulative distribution functions (CDFs). These methods are extensions of 1D quantitative comparison measures commonly used in detrital geochronology: Similarity, Likeness, and Cross‐correlation of KDEs and Kolmogorov‐Smirnov (K‐S) and Kuiper tests of CDFs. We demonstrate the efficacy of these methods by applying them to a global compilation of detrital and igneous zircon univariate U‐Pb data (n = 767,660) and bivariate U‐Pb and Hf (i.e., εHfT) data (n = 114,311) parsed geographically into eight continental landmasses demarcated by Paleozoic sutures. The 2D quantitative comparison measures behave in a similar fashion to their 1D counterparts in terms of sensitivity and consistency regardless of parameterization (e.g., kernel bandwidth and discretization interval). Results show that the detrital record reliably reflects the igneous record for both univariate U‐Pb and bivariate εHfT distributions between 4,400 and 0 Ma. In contrast, 1D and 2D quantitative comparison results differ over the narrower Ediacaran‐Cambrian time interval due to nonunique univariate zircon U‐Pb age groups; the 2D quantitative results consistently identify continental landmasses involved in the formation of Gondwana. We implemented the 2D methods in a new MATLAB‐based graphical user interface, DZstats2D, which is available as open‐source code and as standalone applications for macOS and Windows.

RMSE is not enough: Guidelines to robust data-model comparisons for magnetospheric physics

The magnetospheric physics research community uses a broad array of quantitative data-model comparison methods (metrics) when conducting their research investigations. It is often the case, though, that any particular study will only use one or two metrics, with the two most common being Pearson correlation coefficient and root mean square error (RMSE). Because metrics are designed to test a specific aspect of the data-model relationship, limiting the comparison to only one or two metrics reduces the physical insights that can be gleaned from the analysis, restricting the possible findings from modeling studies. Additional physical insights can be obtained when many types of metrics are applied. We organize metrics into two primary groups: 1) fit performance metrics, often based on the data-model value difference; and 2) event detection metrics, which use a discrete event classification of data and model values determined by a specified threshold. In addition to these groups, there are several major categories of metrics based on the aspect of the data-model relationship that the metric assesses: 1) accuracy; 2) bias; 3) precision; 4) association; 5) and extremes. Another category is skill, which is a measure of any of these metrics against the performance of a reference model. These can be applied to a subset of either the data or the model values, known as reliability and discrimination assessments. In the context of magnetospheric physics examples, we discuss best practices for choosing metrics for particular studies.