Penetration Test Method Research Articles

ОГЛЯД МЕТОДІВ ПРОВЕДЕННЯ ТЕСТУВАННЯ НА ПРОНИКНЕННЯ ДЛЯ ОЦІНКИ ЗАХИЩЕНОСТІ КОМП’ЮТЕРНИХ СИСТЕМ

Предметом статті є аналіз найбільш розповсюджених методів проведення тестування на проникнення в комп’ютерні системи. Результати. Проаналізовано міжнародні стандарти і керівництва з інформаційної безпеки, розглянуті методології проведення тестування на проникнення, проаналізовано нормативні акти різних країн в яких закріплено вимоги з проведення даного виду тестування. Наведено перелік найбільш розповсюджених міжнародних методологій проведення пентестінгу, надано їх короткий опис. Проаналізовано методи проведення пентестінгу, визначені основні переваги і недоліки таких методів. Висновок. Запропоновано класифікацію методів тестування на проникнення для оцінки захищеності комп’ютерних систем.

Use of the Cone Penetration Testing (CPT) method to interpret late Quaternary tide-dominated successions: A case study from the eastern China coastal plain

We evaluate the applicability of cone penetration testing (CPT), calibrated using adjacent cores, as a tool for the sedimentological and stratigraphic examination of late Quaternary tide-dominated successions in the eastern China coastal plain. The results indicate that the sedimentary facies and sequence-stratigraphic surfaces can be readily distinguished using CPT profiles in the Qiantang River incised-valley system because of their distinctive mechanical behavior. The lithologic character of the various facies, which is controlled mainly by sediment supply, dynamic processes and post-depositional diagenesis, is the key factor affecting how well the CPT technique works. Within this particular macrotidal environment, which is dominated by non-cohesive sand and silt in the tidal channels, the accumulation of fluid mud is rare. Consequently, the tidal-channel deposits exhibit the geotechnical properties of coarse-grained sediments, and can be easily distinguished from the mud-dominated facies. However, in the nearby Changjiang delta system which is characterized by very high suspended-sediment concentrations and an abundance of fine-grained cohesive sediments, the presence of channel-bottom fluid muds makes it difficult to recognize channel deposits, because of the lack of a sharp lithologic contrast at their base. Consequently, the CPT method might not be as universally effective in tide-dominated systems as it appears to be in wave-dominated settings. Care is needed in the interpretation of the results from tide-dominated successions because of the widespread presence of fluid muds, the heterolithic nature of tidal deposits, the rheological similarity between adjacent facies, and the averaging of geotechnical properties between the alternating finer and coarser layers.

SAISAN: An Automated Local File Inclusion Vulnerability Detection Model

Communicating and delivering services to the consumers through web applications are now become very popular due to its user friendly interface, global accessibility, and easy manageability. Careless design and development of web applications are the key reasons for security breaches which are very alarming for the users as well as the web administrators. Currently, Local File Inclusion (LFI) vulnerability is found present commonly in several web applications that lead to remote code execution in host server and initiates sensitive information disclosure. Detection of LFI vulnerability is getting very critical concern for the web owner to take effective measures to mitigate the risk. After reviewing literatures, we found insignificant researches conducted on automated detection of LFI vulnerability. This paper has proposed an automated LFI vulnerability detection model, SAISANfor web applications and implemented it through a tool. 265 web applications of four different sectors has been examined and received 88% accuracy from the tool comparing with the manual penetration testing method.

Influence of coarse particles on the physical properties and quick undrained shear strength of fine-grained soils

Soils are generally classified as fine-grained or coarse-grained depending on the percentage content of the primary constituents. In reality, soils are actually made up of mixed and composite constituents. Soils primarily classified as fine-grained, still consists of a range of coarse particles as secondary constituents in between 0% to 50%. A laboratory scale model test was conducted to investigate the influence of coarse particles on the physical (e.g., density, water content, and void ratio) and mechanical (e.g., quick undrained shear strength) properties of primarily classified fine-grained cohesive soils. Pure kaolinite clay and sand-mixed kaolinite soil (e.g., sand content: 10%, 20%, and 30%) having various water contents (60%, 65%, and 70%) were preconsolidated at different stress levels (0, 13, 17.5, 22 kPa). The quick undrained shear strength properties were determined using the conventional Static Cone Penetration Test (SCPT) method and the new Fall Cone Test (FCT) method. The corresponding void ratios and densities with respect to the quick undrained shear strength were also observed. Correlations of the physical properties and quick undrained shear strengths derived from the SCPT and FCT were also established. Comparison of results showed a significant relationship between the two methods. From the results of FCT and SCPT, there is a decreasing trend of quick undrained shear strength, strength increase ratio (Su/Po), and void ratio (e) as the sand content is increased. The quick undrained shear strength generally decreases with increased water content. For the same water content, increasing the sand content resulted to a decrease in quick undrained shear strength due to reduced adhesion, and also, resulted to an increase in density. Similarly, it is observed that the change in density is distinctively noticeable at sand content greater than 20%. However, for sand content lower than 10%, there is minimal change in density with respect to water content. In general, the results showed a decrease in quick undrained shear strength for soils with higher amounts of sand content. Therefore, as the soil adhesion is reduced, the cone penetration resistances of the FCT and SCPT reflects internal friction and density of sand in the total shear strength.

Relationship between resistivity and soil strength based on geoelectric data

Geoelectric method was applied in geophysical research to know the relationship between resistivity with soil strength based on geoelectric data has been conducted at Cassa Villa Jimbaran, Badung, Bali. The study lies in the position of 8°46'50,6 LS and 115°10'02,6 BT. The data was collected by injecting an electric current inside the Earth's surface using a Wenner configuration with a path length of 148.8 meters. The data was processed using SiberTool Software to export *.d2d to *.dat file. Therefore, it can be read by Res2dinv software. The further data was processed using Res2dinv for data inversion. Thus, it was able to show the contour of the cross-section of the trajectory. The research result was obtained resistivity value at position 51.15 was 6, 40 - 11, 98 ?m. The data of the soil strength was applied Standard Penetration Test (SPT) method by drilling and taking soil samples then testing in the laboratory. The soil sample was taken at position 51.15. The soil strength test result was obtained about 6 - 5, 3 (kg/cm) ^2 at a depth of 0, 58 - 20, 0 meters. The two magnitudes were analyzed to find the relationship in the form of the two poly nomialorde y=-60,811 x^2+1433,4 x-8442,4 with correlation coefficient value 0, 9799. It means there was a correlation between resistivity values with soil strength. It is as well as to define the soil strength value can be reviewed based on resistivity especially limestone soil.

Comparative analysis of methods of pile-bearing capacity evaluation using CPT logs from tropical soils

This study presents the results of a comparative analysis of the performance of eight direct cone penetration test (CPT) methods in predicting the ultimate load-carrying capacity of a 300 mm diameter end-bearing pile, evaluated at defined soil depths using CPT logs obtained for various locations in the south-east and south-south regions of Nigeria. The methods used are the Schmertmann (1978), LCPC (Bustamante & Gianeselli 1982 - Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chausees), De Ruiter and Beringen (1979), Tumay and Fakhroo (1982), Price and Wardle (1982), Philipponnat (1980), Aoki and De Alencar (1975), and the Penpile methods (Clisby et al 1978). The results of univariate analysis of variance indicated that the interactions between location and treatment (methods of pile capacity prediction), depth and treatment, and location and depth were statistically significant for cohesionless soils, but that the interaction between depth and treatment was not statistically significant for cohesive soils. Also, post-hoc tests (Least square difference and Bonferroni methods) showed that the LCPC and Philipponnat methods are best suited for cohesionless soils, while the LCPC, Tumay and Fakhroo (1982) and De Ruiter and Beringen (1979) methods are recommended for cohesive soils.

Repair Welding of the Massive Cast

Abstract The rebuilding technologies are used to develop surface of ladle. Among many welding methods currently used to obtain surface layer without defects one of the most effective way of rebuilding is using metal arc welding. This additional material gives more possibilities to make expected quality of rebuild surface. Chemical composition, property and economic factors allow to use metal wire. Because of these reasons, solid wire gives opportunity to be wildly used as material to rebuild or repair the surface in different sectors of industry. The paper shows a few ways to rebuild the surface in the massive cast with the use of metal active gas welding for repair. The work presents studies of defect in the massive cast. It contains the pictures of microstructures and defects. The method of removing defects and the results of checking by visual and penetrant testing methods are shown. The paper describes the methodology of repair the ladle with metal active gas welding, preheating process and standards nondestructive testing method.

Study on Verification of Evaluation Indexes of Shear Resistance of Asphalt Mixtures Based on GTM Method

The high temperature performance of asphalt mixtures can’t be evaluated comprehensively by present widely-used rutting tests. In this paper uniaxial penetration test and GTM(Gyratory Testing Machine) method are adopted in order to test, evaluate and make correlation analysis of shear resistance performance of asphalt mixtures at high temperature. Combined with verification results of field investigation, this paper finds the shear strength in uniaxial penetration test at 60℃ and index GSF in GTM method can objectively show the shear resistance performance of asphalt mixture at high temperature and can be used to test the high-temperature stability of asphalt mixtures. Besides, there is a good linear correlation between both and the correlation coefficient R is 0.9597. For the surface or medium layer of asphalt mixture in highways, the shear strength should be no less than 0.7MPa in the uniaxial penetration test at 60℃ and the shear safety factor GSF shall be no less than 1.3 in GTM method.

Effect of Tile Thickness and Projectile Velocity on the Ballistic Performance of Boron Carbide Against 12.7 mm AP

The high hardness combined with its lower density makes boron carbide an attractive candidate for armour material. The ballistic performance of hot pressed boron carbide tiles were evaluated using standard Depth of Penetration (DOP) test method against hard steel armour piercing (AP) projectile of 12.7 mm caliber. Aluminium alloy 2024-T351 was used as backing material. The effect of tile thickness on ballistic efficiency was studied for tile thickness from 7.1 mm to 14.6 mm. Also projectile velocity effect was studied for velocities between 700 to 825 m/s. The ballistic efficiency with respect to tile thickness was initially found to increase and then decreases. Results on ballistic efficiency along with results of post ballistic analysis have been presented.

Evaluation of liquefaction potential of soil using the shear wave velocity in Tehran, Iran

Shear-wave velocity (VS) offers a means to determine the seismic resistance of soil to liquefaction by a fundamental soil property. Iwasaki’s (1982) method is used to measure the liquefaction potential index for both of them. It follows the general format of the Seed-Idriss (1685) simplified procedure based on standard penetration test blow count and shear wave velocity (VS) on the basis of Andrus et al. (2004) using case history data from 43 boreholes in soils ranging from fine sand, silty sand, gravely sand to profiles including silty clay layers and the average soil shear wave velocity (VS30) in the south Tehran. Liquefaction resistance curves were established by applying a modified relationship between the shear-wave velocity and cyclic stress ratio for the constant average cyclic shear strain. The study area is the south-east of Tehran and the route of Tehran Metro Line 7. It is observed that there is not a perfect agreement between the results of the two methods based on five empirical relationships assuming cemented and non-cemented condition for soils. Moreover, the liquefaction potential index (PL) value in the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) method is more than that of the VS method. Liquefaction potential index (PL) values based on shear wave velocity (VS) using five empirical relationships in two un-cemented and cemented soil show that the used relations are overestimated and most of them have shown non-liquefaction condition for soils in the studied area.

Defects Appearing in the Surfacing Layers of Abrasion Resistant

Abstract The surfacing technologies are used for constitution of protection layer against wear and is destined for obtaining coating with high hardness. Among many weldings methods currently used to obtain the hard surface layer one of the most effective way of hardfacing is using flux cored arc welding. This additional material gives more possibilities to make expected hard surface layer. Chemical composition, property and economic factors obtained in flux cored wire are much richer in comparison to these obtained with other additional materials. This is the reason why flux cored wires give possibilities of application this kind of material for improving surface in different sectors of industry. In the present paper the imperfection in the layers was used for hardfacing process in different situations to show the possible application in the surface layer. The work presents studies of imperfection of the welds, contains the picture of microstructures, macrostructures and shows the results of checking by visual and penetrant testing methods.

Prediction of chloride content in concrete using ANN and CART

Chloride-induced corrosion of concrete structures in marine areas is a serious problem and is generally affected by several factors. Chloride concentration is an important parameter for estimating the corrosion state of concrete. In this research, first chloride concentration at various depths of concrete specimens was measured using the accelerated chloride penetration test method under laboratory conditions, simulating a marine environment after 4·5 and 9 months. Then the obtained experimental dataset of 162 in 9 months of exposure was used to develop classification and regression trees (CARTs) and an artificial neural network (ANN) as subsets of artificial intelligence methods. Environmental condition, penetration depth, water-to-cementitious material ratio and silica fume mass were considered as input parameters, and chloride concentration was taken as the output parameter. Finally, results for the two methods were compared with the experimental observations to evaluate their accuracy in phases of training and testing. As a further aspect to the study, prediction of chloride concentration as a function of the exposure time and unavailable testing parameters was carried out. The results showed that ANN and CART have good ability and accuracy for predicting the chloride concentration in concrete under marine environment conditions. In the present research, the ANN method showed more accuracy.

Identification Of Liquefaction Hazard In The Coastal Area Of Merak-Anyer, Banten Based On Cpt And Spt Data

The coastal area of Merak-Anyer, Banten is located in the high seismic zone therefore it is highly susceptible to seismic hazard such as liquefaction. Earthquake triggered liquefaction could cause destructions to buildings and infrastructures, thus it can hinder evacuation efforts during an earthquake event. Knowledge of the spatial distribution of liquefaction hazard potential in the coastal area is required as part of the hazard mitigation measures. This paper presents the results of the liquefaction hazard susceptibility analysis in Merak-Anyer, Banten based on geotechnical investigation. Liquefaction analysis was carried out using cone penetration test (CPT) and N-SPT methods with earthquake magnitude of 7, peak ground acceleration of 0.25 g and local groundwater level. Analysis results showed that all investigation points in the coastal area of Merak-Anyer are prone to liquefaction and its associated settlement. The high liquefaction zone includes the areas of Rencana Pelabuhan Cilegon, Cigading, Mercu Suar dan Cinangka which correlates with the occurrence of loose sand – loose silt at the surface to the depth of 10 m with cone resistance (qc) < 10 MPa and N-SPT <10.

Bearing capacity of batter piles embedded in sandy soil

This paper introduces an attempt to examine the effect of batter angle of a single pile model on its ultimate vertical load capacity. A 32-steel solid pile models are used in this research. Three lengths of piles are selected (300, 400, and 500 mm) for embedment ratios (depth to width, L/D) = 15, 20 and 25, respectively. Batter pile is embedded in three different relative densities of sand (loose, medium and dense sand bed). The constant rate penetration test (CRPT) method was selected using a manufactured driving hammer to install the pile models in a steel box with dimensions 1000, 750 and 700 mm. The vertical load is conducted monotonically by a special hydraulic apparatus. The results indicate there is an optimum batter angle 20° that gave a higher load capacity. Pile load capacity is highly affected by relative density and less affected by L/D ratio.

미생물을 혼입한 콘크리트의 전기적 염화물 침투 저항 및 강도 특성 평가

In recent years, river sand depletion has caused the increase of sea sand use. Chloride which exists in the sea sand promotes the rebar corrosion and causes degradation of durability in the RC concrete structures. In case of offshore RC structures, chloride causes the rebar corrosion and the salt damage which generates concrete cracks, although high quality river aggregates are used for the building construction. In this study, the concretes were produced by using a microorganism and the compressive strength test and the chloride ion penetration test were performed. Two tests(compressive strength, chloride ion penetration resistance) were carried out for performance evaluation of concrete. <TEX>${\phi}100mm{\times}200mm$</TEX> size specimens were made and 5 types of mixing water(2F-1, 5B, Urea medium, Marine broth medium and Ordinary water) were used to make concrete specimens and compressive strength test. All specimens were cured for 7, 28days. To evaluate chloride ion penetration resistance, <TEX>${\phi}100mm{\times}200mm$</TEX> specimens were cut and <TEX>${\phi}100mm{\times}50mm$</TEX> samples were prepared. The electrical chloride ion penetration testing method were performed in order to measure the chloride ion resistance and the test was progressed according to the contents of ASTM C1202-12. SEM and porosimeter analysis were performed in order to identify the microstructures of specimens. As a result of the tests, 2F-1 group had superior compressive strength and chloride ion penetration resistance to the others. Through this research, it was tried to examine the potential for reducing the defects of concrete and applying the micro-organism as a natural admixture material.

Performance Assessment of Hard Rock TBM and Rock Boreability Using Punch Penetration Test

Rock indentation tests are often called punch penetration tests and are known to be related to penetration rates of drilling equipment and hard rock tunnel boring machines (TBMs). Various indices determined from analysis of the force-penetration plot generated from indentation tests have been used to represent the drillability, boreability, and brittleness of rocks. However, no standard for the punch penetration test procedure or method for calculating the related indices has been suggested or adopted in the rock mechanics community. This paper introduces new indices based on the punch test to predict the performance of hard rock TBMs. A series of punch tests was performed on rock specimens representing six rock formations in Korea with different dimensions, i.e., the core specimens had different lengths and diameters. Of the indices obtained from the punch tests, the peak load index and mean load index showed good correlations with the cutting forces measured in full-scale linear cutting machine tests on the same rock types. The indices also showed good linear correlations with the ratio of uniaxial strength to Brazilian tensile strength, which indicates the brittleness of rock. The scale effect of using core specimens was investigated, and a preferred dimension for the punch test specimens is proposed. This paper also discusses the results of the punch test and full-scale rock cutting tests using LCM. The results of this study confirm that the proposed indices from the punch tests can be used to provide a reliable prediction of the cutting forces that act on a disc cutter. The estimated cutting forces can then be used for optimization of cutter-head design and performance prediction of hard rock TBMs.

Soil classification analysis based on piezocone penetration test data — A case study from a quick-clay landslide site in southwestern Sweden

Cone penetration test (CPT) and piezocone penetration test (CPTu) methods can be effective in site characterization and are important for soil profiling and classification. Extensive experience exists that relates CPT and CPTu results to soil type/state and these are often the preferred in-situ tools for subsurface investigations, soil exploration and the evaluation of different engineering soil properties, compared with conventional laboratory testing. In this study, eight methods, consisting of traditional and nontraditional ones, for soil classification and prediction of soil type and state using CPTu data were examined and tested. The CPTu data not only provide valuable information on soil types, but also can be used for deriving correlations with engineering soil properties for the purposes of hazard analyses and design of foundations. We carried out and established a region-specific correlation between CPTu data and soil properties for three location test points in southwestern Sweden at a quick-clay landslide site. First, an analysis of the available CPTu data was performed and then classification of the soils was made. After determination and identification of the soil profiles, the results were further evaluated using the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) and converted to CPT–SPT charts. We summarize results from each of these methods, including a description of the available charts and their performance for soil classification. From CPTu data, we provide high-resolution soil profiles from the three test points. Our work allowed the detection of potential sensitive fine-grained clays, which are responsible for landslides in the study area, however, in most cases occurring above coarse-grained materials. These materials were also detected in the CPTu data and show good correspondence with available reflection seismic profiles from the site.

A new and openly accessible database of tests on piles driven in sands

This paper reviews the critical need to develop better load test databases for piles driven in sand before reporting on the significantly augmented, openly accessible, Zhejiang University/Imperial College London (ZJU-ICL) database. Key quality parameters, the population of current entries and the reporting format are described before offering preliminary results obtained from comparisons between axial capacities calculated by various predictive approaches and site measurements. The results confirm that the offshore industry-standard ‘Main Text’ American Petroleum Institute RP2GEO procedures are less reliable and have larger coefficients of variation than alternative cone penetration test (CPT) methods, among which the ICP (Imperial College piles) and UWA (University of Western Australia) procedures appear to give the least bias and scatter. It is also shown that the ‘simplified’ ICP variant proposed by some practitioners is over-conservative and that its use could be discontinued. The new pile capacity and stiffness database offers broad scope for evaluating potential prediction biases relating to a wide range of soil and pile parameters. The submission of further high-quality tests for inclusion in regularly updated versions of the ZJU-ICL database is encouraged.

Determination of the transportable moisture limit of iron ore fines for the prevention of liquefaction in bulk carriers

In 2013, over 500 million metric tons of Iron Ore Fines (IOF) were transported around the world using bulk carriers. Under certain conditions IOF, while being transported, can possibly undergo liquefaction. Since 2006, there has been eight reported bulk carrier casualties possibly caused by the liquefaction of IOF. The objective of this study is to evaluate, compare and verify the limitations and relevance of the Proctor/Fagerberg, Flow Table and Penetration test methods that are used to determine the Transportable Moisture Limit (TML) of IOF. The TML is the maximum gross water content that bulk cargoes, including IOF, may contain while being transported at sea without being at risk of liquefying. A thorough literature review, along with laboratory research, was carried out to compare the TML results from the three leading test methods to determine whether they produce reliable results when testing IOF. The study concludes that the three test methods, as stated in the 2012 International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes Code, are unverified and therefore not appropriate for testing IOF. This is due to the variation in the results produced by the three test methods and also due to the difference in the physical properties of IOF when compared with the materials that were originally intended for testing. It is noted that the TML alone may not control the potential liquefaction of IOF and further studies, regarding the physical properties and system variables, which cause the material to liquefy, are required to determine the liquefaction potential of IOF.

A new penetration test method: protection efficiency of glove and clothing materials against diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI).

Reported cases of allergic contact dermatitis caused by methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) have increased and thereby increased the need for adequate skin protection. Current standardized permeation and penetration test methods give information about efficacy of protective materials against individual components of the polyurethane systems. They do not give information of what kind of clothing materials workers should wear against splashes when handling mixed MDI-polyurethane formulations, which contain MDI, its oligomers, and polyols. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a sensitive penetration test method that can be used to select clothing that is protective enough against uncured splashes of MDI-polyurethane, still easy to use, and also, to find affordable glove materials that provide adequate protection during a short contact. The penetration of MDI through eight representative glove or clothing materials was studied with the developed test procedure. One MDI hardener and two polymeric MDI (PMDI)-polyol formulations representing different curing times were used as test substances. The materials tested included work clothing (woven) fabric, arm shields (nonwoven fabric), old T-shirt, winter gloves, and gloves of nitrile rubber, leather, vinyl (PVC), and natural rubber. A drop (50 µl) of test substance was added to the outer surface of the glove/clothing material, which had Tape Fixomull attached to the inner surface as a collection medium. After penetration times of 5 or 20min, the collecting material was removed and immediately immersed into acetonitrile containing 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-piperazine for derivatization. The formed urea derivatives of 2,4'-MDI and 4,4'-MDI were analysed using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric and UV detection. The precision of the test method was good for the material with high penetration (work clothing fabric) of MDI, as the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 14 and 20%. For the arm shield with a low penetration (the nonwoven fabric), the precision was lower with RSDs of 35 and 50%. For two clothing materials, the penetration was high (134-577 µg cm(-2)). Low penetration (<0.5 µg cm(-2)) was shown by the arm shield and the natural rubber glove. Three glove materials showed no detectable MDI penetration (<0.002 µg cm(-2)). Two affordable glove materials (natural rubber and nitrile rubber) and one clothing material (dust proof arm shield) that can provide adequate protection during short contact with solvent free PMDI formulations were found. The new test procedure should be standardized in order to get a new international penetration standard.