Infusion Method Research Articles

Use of ice teas formulated with black teas prepared with different infusion methods and grape juice in the production of water kefir beverages

In this research, ice teas formulated with black teas prepared with cold and hot infusion methods and grape juice were subjected to fermentation with water kefir grains. The fermentation process lasted 48 h at 25 °C, followed by a 14-day storage period at 4 °C. As a result of fermentation with water kefir grains, a decrease in pH and total soluble solid content of ice teas and an increase in titratable acidity were detected. At the end of fermentation, the CO2 amount was determined to be 1.86 g/100 mL in teas prepared with a cold infusion and 2.23 g/100 mL in teas prepared with a hot infusion. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of ice teas prepared with the hot infusion method gave higher values. The duration of storage led to a decrease in the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content for both formulations. While the glucose, fructose, and sucrose values of teas prepared with the cold infusion method were 4.109%, 4.804%, and 2.312% at the end of fermentation, these values were found to be 4.649%, 5.528%, and 1.273% in the teas prepared with the hot infusion method. The analysis of the phenolic components showed that the main phenolic components were gallic acid, quercetin, epicatechin, and rosmarinic acid. It was found that the number of Lactobacillus spp. was 7.55 to 8.14, the number of Lactococcus spp. was 6.80 to 7.36, the total number of mesophilic and aerobic bacteria was 7.57 to 8.27, and the yeast count was 5.22 to 5.90 in ice teas made with different infusion methods and while they were stored. As a result of sensory analysis with produced water kefir beverages, panelists showed a significant preference for the hot infusion formulation. As a result, the produced ice tea formulations could be used as a fermentation medium by the microorganisms in water kefir grains, and ice teas with functional properties were produced.

THE INFLUENCE OF MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE LAYERED COMPOSITE

The share of composites in today's aerospace industry is steadily increasing. Layered composites are the most popular in aviation. There are a number of methods of their manufacture, each with specific characteristics. One of the most popular simple methods are the technique using a hydraulic press to apply pressure, the vacuum bag method and the infusion method. They are all widely used and useful in individual and mass production, and allow the same types of composites to be made, but due to the differences, the resulting composites, despite having the same structure, may have different properties. In order to verify this observation, an experimental study of the same carbon fabric-reinforced polymer layered composites made by the methods mentioned above was carried out. The mechanical properties of the composites were studied, with a particular focus on their resistance to low-energy impact loading. The results of the study indicate that the composites produced by the infusion method have the best mechanical properties, and with the selected manufacturing technology parameters, the method using a hydraulic press produced the composite with the lowest surface mass.

THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS LOCATION AND SOLVENT TO SAMBILOTO (Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees) PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILES

Background: Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees) is one of the traditional medicines that contain multiple phytochemical compounds. Phytochemical compounds can be influenced by growing location. Every location has its characteristic that affects the metabolic process of phytochemical compounds. Apart from that, the extraction solvent also plays an essential role in attracting compounds in sambiloto. The solvent is related to the polarity and can affect the phytochemical profile. Objective: This research aims to determine the effect of the growing location and extraction solvent of sambiloto on its phytochemical profile. Methods: Sambiloto from Denpasar (Dps), Sukoharjo (Skj), and Sleman (Slm) was extracted (1:10 w/v) using ultrasonic-assisted extraction in methanol 100% (MeOH100) and methanol 50% (MeOH50). In water solvents, extraction is carried out using the infusion method. Fingerprint analysis using HPTLC-Densitometry. The data obtained was analyzed further using principal component analysis (PCA). Results: Fingerprint analysis obtained peak data that varied in each extraction solvent. There are four major peaks in the chromatogram profile of each solvent. The peak chromatogram for each solvent also shows differences at each location. PCA analysis shows that the phytochemical content of sambiloto extract is divided into three main clusters. The distribution of the clusters is based on variations in the extraction solvent. Variations in growing location for each sambiloto also influence its phytochemical profile. However, these variations are still in the same quadrant for each solvent. Conclusion: The solvent determines more variations in the phytochemical profile of sambiloto extract than the growing location.
 Keywords: Sambiloto; Solvent; Location; Phytochemical; Principal Component Analysis

Rapid detection of Salmonella in milk by labeling-free electrochemical immunosensor based on an Fe3O4–ionic liquid-modified electrode

Electrochemical sensors show distinct advantages over other types of sensors in the rapid detection of microorganisms. Here, we attempted to construct a label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on an Fe3O4–ionic liquid (IL)-modified electrode to rapidly detect Salmonella in milk. The excellent ionic conductivity of the IL facilitated sensor construction, and the large surface area of nano-Fe3O4 provided numerous sites for subsequent experiments. An antibody was fixed on the Fe3O4–IL complex with polyglutamic acid modification by a simple infusion method. The microstructure of the Fe3O4–IL composites was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, and the elements and structures of the composites were analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Under optimized experimental conditions, the detection range of the constructed sensor was 3.65 × 102–3.65 × 108 CFU mL−1, and the LOD was 1.12 × 102 CFU mL−1 (S/N = 3). In addition, the prepared electrochemical immunosensor is convenient for detecting foodborne pathogens because of its outstanding stability, good selectivity, and repeatability.

A Review of Extraction Methods for Obtaining Bioactive Compounds in Plant-Based Raw Materials

In recent years, the usage of lignocellulosic biomasses in food supplements has become popular. The studies about the development of reliable and short-term methods in the extraction of these active components in lignocellulosic biomasses and the usage of eco-friendly solvents have increased gradually. Traditional extraction methods take a long time and use a large amounts of organic solvents. In addition, the damages of used organic solvents to the environment are high considerably. For this reason, the need for technologies that reduce the extraction time and reduce the use of organic solvents and environmentally friendly "green chemistry" solvents is increasing day by day. In this review, traditional and modern extraction methods were examined and general application areas of these methods were introduced. Traditional extraction methods include maceration, pressing, infusion, digestion, percolation, decoction, reflux, tincture, distillation, and soxhlet methods, and modern extraction methods including pressurized liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasonic assisted extraction, microwave assisted extraction, pulsed electric field extraction, enzyme assisted extraction methods, and their variation parameters were investigated. It has been seen that modern extraction methods are performed in less amount of sample, lower volume of solvent, lower energy consumption, and shorter extraction times compared to traditional methods. Within the scope of the study, considering all these, it has been determined that modern extraction methods are more applicable to nature-friendly methods than traditional methods.
 Traditional extraction methods including maceration, pressing, infusion, digestion, percolation, decoction, reflux, tincture, distillation, and soxhlet methods and modern extraction methods including pressurized liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasonic assisted extraction, microwave assisted extraction, pulsed electric field extraction, enzyme assisted extraction methods and their variation parameters were investigated. It has been seen that modern extraction methods are performed in less amount of sample, lower volume of solvent, lower energy consumption and shorter extraction times compared to traditional methods. Within the scope of the study, considering all these, it has been determined that modern extraction methods are more applicable nature-friendly methods than traditional methods.

Interfacial properties of carbon fiber‐reinforced biobased resin composites by single fiber fragmentation, fiber push‐out, and interlaminar shear strength

AbstractThe present study examines the interfacial properties of carbon fiber biobased resin composites by comparing the test methods such as the single fiber fragmentation test, fiber push‐out test, and interlaminar shear strength test. The composites were fabricated using a cold vacuum‐assisted resin infusion method for the preparation of fiber push‐out and interlaminar shear test specimens. The interfacial adhesion from the three different test methods is analyzed and compared to determine their relative effectiveness in evaluating interfacial adhesion. Plasma treatment is performed on the carbon fibers and the interfacial shear stress is evaluated by conducting the push‐out test. The surface characterization of the carbon fibers is done by scanning electron microscopy and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy to investigate the influence of the plasma treatment on the fiber surface. Plasma treatment resulted in significant improvement in the interfacial adhesion between the fiber and matrix.Highlights Analysis and comparison of interfacial adhesion by several test methods. Single fiber fragmentation and push‐out tests with IFSS of 40.5 and 42.2 MPa. Plasma surface treatment improved the IFSS by 88.1%. Surface characterization of treated and untreated fibers by SEM and XPS.

The Influence of Pressure in the Infusion Method Upon Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites

The Influence of Pressure in the Infusion Method Upon Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites

Pengaruh Infusa Batang Pisang Kepok Kuning terhadap Daya Hambat Pertumbuhan Bakteri Escherichia Coli secara In Vitro

Diarrheal disease is one of the main causes of morbidity and death worldwide. Diarrheal disease is an infection caused by pathogenic bacteriaEscherichia Coli. Kepok banana stems have antibacterial properties that can inhibit bacterial growthE. coli. The purpose of this study was to determine the diameter of the inhibition zone on bacterial growthE. coli. This study used the infusion method by taking the kepok banana stem as the research sample. The inhibition of kepok banana stem infusion was tested by the methodKirby Bauer diffusion using disc paper. This study used kepok banana stem infusion with various concentrations. The concentration used starts from 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100% with 4 repetitions. The positive control used chloramphenicol and distilled water as negative controls. This research is included in the type of researchTrue experimentalby design Posttest-Only With Control group Design. The results in this study stated that no inhibition zone was formed against bacterial growthEscherichia coli.These results are shown by the results of measuring the diameter of inhibition after 24 hours of incubation which is 0 mm and chloramphenicol as a positive control has an average inhibition of 27.6 mm and it is stated that chloramphenicol is sensitive to bacteria E.Coli. This can be caused by the small content of antibacterial substances that can dissolve in aquadest (infusion method). The conclusion is that the infusion of kepok banana stems does not have the effectiveness of inhibiting the growth of bacteria Escherichia Coli.Suggestions for future researchers to conduct this research using samples from other parts of the banana tree and can also use a different extraction method.

Pengaruh Infusa Batang Pisang Kepok Kuning (Musa Paradisiaca Formatypica) Terhadap Daya Hambat Pertumbuhan Bakteri Escherichia coli Secara In Vitro

Diarrheal disease is one of the main causes of morbidity and death worldwide. Diarrheal disease is an infection caused by pathogenic bacteriaEscherichia Coli. Kepok banana stems have antibacterial properties that can inhibit bacterial growthE. coli. The purpose of this study was to determine the diameter of the inhibition zone on bacterial growthE. coli. This study used the infusion method by taking the kepok banana stem as the research sample. The inhibition of kepok banana stem infusion was tested by the methodKirby Bauer diffusion using disc paper. This study used kepok banana stem infusion with various concentrations. The concentration used starts from 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100% with 4 repetitions. The positive control used chloramphenicol and distilled water as negative controls. This research is included in the type of researchTrue experimentalby design Posttest-Only With Control group Design. The results in this study stated that no inhibition zone was formed against bacterial growthEscherichia coli.These results are shown by the results of measuring the diameter of inhibition after 24 hours of incubation which is 0 mm and chloramphenicol as a positive control has an average inhibition of 27.6 mm and it is stated that chloramphenicol is sensitive to bacteria E.Coli. This can be caused by the small content of antibacterial substances that can dissolve in aquadest (infusion method). The conclusion is that the infusion of kepok banana stems does not have the effectiveness of inhibiting the growth of bacteria Escherichia Coli.Suggestions for future researchers to conduct this research using samples from other parts of the banana tree and can also use a different extraction method.

External validation of a pharmacokinetic model for target-controlled infusion of cefazolin as a prophylactic antibiotic.

This study aimed to evaluate the predictive performance of previously constructed cefazolin pharmacokinetic models and determine whether cefazolin administration via the target-controlled infusion (TCI) method may be possible in clinical practice. Twenty-five gastrectomy patients receiving cefazolin as a prophylactic antibiotic were enrolled. Two grams of cefazolin was dissolved in 50 mL of normal saline to give a concentration of 40 mg mL-1 . Before skin incision, cefazolin was administered using a TCI syringe pump, and its administration continued until the end of surgery. The target total plasma concentration was set to 100 μg mL-1 . Total and unbound plasma concentrations of cefazolin were measured in three arterial blood samples collected at 30, 60 and 120 min after the start of cefazolin administration. The predictive performance of the TCI system was evaluated using four measures: inaccuracy, divergence, bias and wobble. Total (n = 75) and unbound (n = 75) plasma concentration measurements from 25 patients were included in the analysis. The pooled median (95% confidence interval) biases and inaccuracies were 6.3 (4.0-8.5) and 10.5 (8.6-12.4) for the total concentration model and -10.3 (-16.8 to -3.7) and 22.4 (18.2-26.7) for the unbound concentration model, respectively. All unbound concentrations were above 10μg mL-1 . Administration of cefazolin by the TCI method showed a clinically acceptable performance. Applying the TCI method by setting the total concentration as the target concentration rather than the unbound concentration is effective in maintaining a constant target concentration of cefazolin.

Response of trigger type to crash box energy absorption performance

In this study, carbon fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites were produced to investigate the trigger effect on energy absorption performance. Production was carried out by vacuum infusion method. Three types of trigger geometry were opened on the composite crash boxes produced and a comparison sample without trigger was prepared. The quasi-static compression tests of these four different samples were carried out and the energy absorption performances of the samples were evaluated with the obtained data. In addition, the damages of the samples were examined, and it was revealed how they changed with the trigger. Accordingly, the sample described as S-2, and the triggered sample, which consists of four symmetrical slits downwards from its upper surface, exhibited the best performance.

Comparing Continuous and Intermittent Infusion Effects on Serratus Anterior Plane Blocks in Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

The programmed intermittent bolus infusion (PIBI) of local anesthetic produces wider sensory blockade and better analgesia than continuous infusion (CI). We designed this trial to compare the effects of these two different infusion methods combined with Serratus Anterior Plane Blocks (cSAPBs) on postoperative pain relief in patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. We randomly allocated 66 patients under going elective video-assisted thoracoscopic unilateral lung resection surgery to two groups (PIBI group and CI group, n=33 per group). After the surgical operation, the patients received ultrasound-guided ipsilateral SAPB, we randomized them to receive either automated intermittent boluses or continuous infusion of 0.3% ropivacaine. Tramadol consumption during the 48 hours following surgery was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included cumulative tramadol consumption during the first 24-h and the second 24-h periods after surgery, pain scores, patient satisfaction, blocked dermatomes, and adverse events. During 48h, tramadol consumption in the PIBI group was significantly lower than in the CI group (190 mg [125, 305] vs 220 mg [170, 480], p= 0.034). As compared to the CI group, the PIBI group consumed less tramadol during the first 24 hours (145 mg [87.5, 210] vs 190 mg [140, 400], p=0.012). The dermatomes anesthetized to the pinprick and cold test were significantly more abundant in the PIBI group than in the CI group (3 [3,4] vs. 5 [4,5], p<0.001). Both groups had similar VAS scores at rest and when moving (p>0.05). Additionally, the PIBI group showed greater patient satisfaction. Both groups experienced similar adverse events (p>0.05). Compared with CI, PIBI administration regimen (0.3% ropivacaine 5 mL/h) for cSAPBs resulted in lower tramadol consumption, superior analgesia during the initial 12 h after the operation, and higher patient satisfaction. PIBI combined with cSAPBs was a better choice for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery.

Retrospective review of intermittent and continuous infusion vancomycin for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia.

Vancomycin is commonly administered as an intermittent infusion (IIV), although vancomycin's stability at room temperature permits administration continuously over 24h (CIV). At our institution, CIV has been the preferred infusion method for over 20years due to ease of administration and simplicity of therapeutic drug monitoring. The purpose of this study was to examine the outcomes associated with IIV compared to CIV. This was a retrospective study of patients who received vancomycin for MRSA bacteremia. The primary outcomes were the time to therapeutic goal and frequency of adverse drug reactions on IIV compared to CIV. Secondary outcomes evaluated all-cause readmission, relapse, and mortality 30days after completion of therapy. Sixty-three patients were included. Significantly fewer patients were able to achieve a therapeutic goal on IIV compared to CIV (52.4% vs. 82.5%, p < 0.01). Patients on IIV took 3.6days, on average, to reach the target goal, compared to 1.9days when patients were switched to CIV (95% confidence interval, 0.48-3.04, p < 0.01). Six patients experienced adverse events on IIV, and 15 patients experienced adverse events on CIV (IIV 9.5%, CIV 23.8%, p = 0.035). One patient experienced relapse of infection, and six patients (9.5%) were readmitted 30days after completion of therapy. There were no deaths in the cohort. For MRSA bacteremia, CIV enabled patients to achieve the AUC/MIC goal significantly faster than when patients received IIV. Furthermore, patients who were unable to achieve a therapeutic trough on IIV became therapeutic once switched to CIV.

Comparation of the Aqueous Extraction Methods of the Tarenaya Aculeata Leaves in Relation to the Chemical Composition and Photoprotector, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Potentials

Medicines and cosmetics based on natural products have been in demand since ancient times. This study aimed to compare extracts and fractions of T. aculeata, obtained by different extraction methods, in addition to evaluating the antioxidant, antibacterial and photoprotective capacity of the samples. The chemical differentiation of the content different extracts and fractions were evaluated using statistical programs and the levels of phenolic compounds and tannins were evaluated using spectroscopic methods. The results of the statistical analysis showed greater similarity in the extracts obtained by the infusion and decoction methods. The toxicity assay by Artemia Salina showed that the aqueous extracts obtained by all methodologies are non-toxic, promising for its use as a cosmetic, and antioxidant activity was more evident for the fractions. Broad-spectrum antibacterial activity was attributed to both extracts and fractions. In order to obtain a sustainable photoprotective product, the aqueous extracts were selected and incorporated into a commercial cream in order to obtain a multifunctional product, the aqueous extract obtained by the infusion method being the one that presented the best sun protection factor results (17.27), with good results of stability.

ANALISIS UJI EDX PADA MATERIAL BERPENGUAT KARBON KEVLAR DENGAN METODE VACUUM INFUSION DAN VACUUM BAGGING

This study aims to determine the comparison of specific characteristics of bending testing of carbon fiber kevlar material made using two manufacturing methods, namely the vacuum infusion manufacturing method and the vacuum bagging manufacturing method which is then continued with EDX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray) testing to determine the elements contained in the specimen. The results of the analysis of the average bending test results show that the specimen with the vacuum infusion manufacturing method is the method with the best results compared to the vacuum bagging manufacturing method, indicated by the average result of 253.68 MPa for the vacuum infusion method, while for the vacuum bagging method it is shown with an average result of 187.87 MPa. The EDX test results show that the micro-composition of specimens with the vacuum infusion method has a content of O2 and N of 16.83% so that it has a better density because it contains few voids, while for specimens with the vacuum bagging method has a content of O2 and N of 49.78% so that it has a less good density because it contains more voids

Recent Advancement in Agarwood Induction Technology: A Comprehensive Review for the Transformation of Artificial Agar Resin Induction Methods

Agarwood is a high valued resinous wood containing aromatic constituents of sesquiterpenes and phenyl-ethylchromones. They are typically found in the wood tissue of Thymalaeaceae family trees such as Aquilaria and Gyrinops species once they have been physically or chemically damaged or diseased by microbial pathogens. However, the natural occurrence based agarwood production is inadequate to fulfill the worldwide market demand as it never reach to the potential yield. As a result, recent advancements in artificial agarwood induction technology have led to the efficient production of agarwood resin, surpassing conventional methods. These technologies include mechanical, biological, and chemical methods, as well as combinations of these techniques such as fungal inoculation, nailing, drilling, partly trunk pruning, aeration method, agar-wit, C-A kits, Agar-sit, Bottle dipping, ChemJet, Pinhole infusion, Automated transfusion, Agar-Bit and Bamboo stick method. While interdisciplinary approaches have pros and cons, chemical inducers have shown rapid invasion inside particular tree species trunks to produce superior agarwood resin at consistent rate. Therefore, diverse forms of inducers can be utilized to develop this finest fragrance resinous wood in cultivated trees within a short period of time compared to the natural approach and almost similar in the quality compared to the natural agarwood formations. The objective of this review paper was to presents a comprehensive collection of agarwood resin inducing methods and their potential to enhance the total production and the quality of agarwood in the final harvest. The application of these techniques has significant implications to the agarwood industry as it seeks to meet the growing global demand for this highly sought-after and valuable product leading to a high profitable business. Therefore, this review article serves as a valuable collection of resource for the researchers and industry professionals who are ambitious to develop their agarwood industry to a new level.

Investigation on Composites Reinforced with Multi-Layer Carbon Fiber and Silicone Rubber Against Impact test and Shoot Strength.

The aim of this study is to examine the durability of composite materials reinforced with carbon fiber and the effects of silicone rubber on the composites' tensile strength, bending, firing, impact, and density. The silicon fiber was mixed with resin using a magnetic stirrer at 250 rpm, with a temperature of 40o C for 30 minutes. Furthermore, the composite production process was carried out using a vacuum infusion method with carbon fiber sheet variations of 6, 8, and 10. Tensile strength shows a proportional increase with the number of carbon fiber layers. Flexural strength indicates the opposite. The impact test was conducted in accordance with the ASTM E 23 standard, the firing test was performed using a 9x19 mm caliber bullet with a distance of 10 m, and the density was found by employing ASTM 792-13. The greatest density was 1,274 grams/cm3, and it was gotten from the sample with 10 fiber layers. Following this, the results of the impact test (Izod) showed that the specimen with 6 layers of carbon fiber had the highest impact strength of 0.040 Joule/mm. While the shoot test results indicated that the composite with 6 layers of carbon had smaller shot holes. There was no significant absorption in the water absorption test.

Continuous vs. intermittent terlipressin infusion for portal hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Portal hypertension, a major complication of chronic liver disease, often leads to life-threatening variceal bleeding, managed effectively with vasoactive drugs like terlipressin. However, the most optimal method of terlipressin administration, continuous versus intermittent infusion, remains a subject of debate, necessitating this systematic review and meta-analysis for evidence-based decision-making in managing this critical condition. This systematic review and meta-analysis adhered to the PRISMA standards and explored multiple databases until 6 April 2023, such as MEDLINE through PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and CENTRAL. Independent reviewers selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that met specific inclusion criteria. After assessing study quality and extracting necessary data, statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager (RevMan), with results presented as risk ratios (RR) or mean differences. Five RCTs (n=395 patients) were included. The continuous terlipressin group had a significantly lower risk of rebleeding (RR=0.43, P=0.0004) and treatment failure (RR=0.22, P=0.02) and fewer total adverse effects (RR=0.52, P<0.00001) compared to the intermittent group. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in mean arterial pressure (P=0.26), length of hospital stays (P=0.78), and mortality rates (P=0.65). This study provides robust evidence suggesting that continuous terlipressin infusion may be superior to intermittent infusions in reducing the risk of rebleeding, treatment failure, and adverse effects in patients with portal hypertension. However, further large-scale, high-quality RCTs are required to confirm these findings and to investigate the potential benefits of continuous terlipressin infusion on mortality and hospital stays.

Aktivitas antioksidan dan uji sitotoksik infusa daun jarak pagar (Jatropha curcas)

Antioxidants are crucial in preventing cell damage caused by oxidation from oxidants. The use of antioxidants from natural products such as Jatropha curcas leaves can counteract free radicals due to the presence of secondary metabolites. The main aims of the study were to determine the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of the infusion of J. curcas leaves. The sample was extracted using the infusion method. A qualitative phytochemical screening was carried out using the test tube method, antioxidant assay using the DPPH method and cytotoxic using the BSLT method. The results showed that the infuse of J. curcas leaves contained secondary metabolites such as polyphenols and tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. In the antioxidant activity test, infuse of J. curcas leaves and vitamin C (control) the IC50 was 58.90±2.34 ppm and 8.78±0.21 ppm respectively. The infused cytotoxic test contained an active toxic compound in shrimp larvae with an LC50 of 200.28 ppm (LC50 ≤ 1000 ppm). Based on the results of the study, infuse of J. curcas leaves showed potential as an antioxidant and anticancer agent with a strong classification.

Testing the Bending Strength of Carbon Fiber Composites using the vacuum infusion and vacuum bagging method on the UAV Skywalker 1900 Fuselage Material

The purpose of this study was to determine the bending strength of carbon fiber composite materials with lycal epoxy resin on the Skywalker 1900 UAV. Composites will be made for test specimens with carbon fiber combined with lycal resin using vacuum infusion printing and vacuum bagging methods. From these two methods a sample of specimens will be made for testing using a bending test using the three point bending method to determine the bending strength value of the fuselage material. As for another test, namely microphotos, the process of observing this microstructure can find out how the shape, size, and distribution of second phase particles have an important role in knowing the properties of the material itself. The results of the test specimens were compared between vacuum infusion printing and vacuum bagging and then the best value was sought between the two methods. The results were obtained after testing where the two methods of printing and micro-photos obtained the best results in vacuum bagging. In the vacuum bagging process, the highest value was found in specimen b2 with a bending stress value of 1201.90Mpa and the lowest yield was found in specimen i1 with a bending stress value of 1017.74Mpa. Then the micro photo test can be seen in the vacuum bagging printing process, the penetration of the resin in bagging to the fiber is better.