Extraction Method Research Articles

Exploration of Polysaccharides and Oligosaccharides from Jali (Coix Lacryma-jobi) and Its Potential as Prebiotic

Jali (Coix lacryma-jobi) is a cereal plant widely used as a functional food because it contains carbohydrate compounds, such as polysaccharides and oligosaccharides with a positive impact on the digestive system. This study was divided into two stages, namely extraction Jali and prebiotic analysis. The extraction method used was hot water extraction and alkali extraction according to their solubility in solvents. The prebiotic activity of oligosaccharide and polysaccharide extracts from jali was evaluated using in-vitro analysis. Therefore, this study aimed to explore polysaccharides and oligosaccharides in jali and their potential to act as prebiotic. The results showed that the extraction process affected the types of oligosaccharides, namely Fructooligosaccharides (FOS), as well as polysaccharides, including α-glucan and arabinoxylan. In this study, FOS and α-glucan were obtained by heating at 80 °C for 60 minutes, while arabinoxylan was extracted by heating at 80 °C for 120 minutes. The results of crude extracts of FOS and arabinoxylan were tested for HPLC analysis, while α-glucan was explored using FTIR. The jali seeds exhibited a remarkable FOS content of 40.78%, while their arabinoxylan composition included 22.4% arabinose and 4.8% xylose. In addition, the FTIR analysis revealed the presence of (14) (16) -α-D-glucan bond in jali seeds. The results showed that the extraction from the polysaccharide group, namely α-Glucan and Arabinoxylan, as well as from the oligosaccharides (FOS) had potential as prebiotic for the growth of Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus casei. However, the highest results were based on OD and SCFA from the FOS extract. The addition of FOS affected the growth of Bifidobacterium longum more significantly (OD 0,871) compared to Lactobacillus casei (OD 0,725). Bifidobacterium longum exhibited SCFA levels of 243,827 mmol/L, while Lactobacillus casei showed levels of 140,942 mmol/L.

Terpenoids, a Rising Star in Bioactive Constituents for Alleviating Food Allergy: A Review about the Potential Mechanism, Preparation, and Application.

Food allergies affect approximately 2.5% of the global population, with a notable increase in prevalence observed each year. Terpenoids, a class of natural bioactive constituents, have been widely utilized in the management of immune- and inflammation-related disorders, and their potential in alleviating food allergies is increasingly being recognized. This article summarizes various terpenoids derived from plant, fungal, and marine sources. Among them, triterpenoids, such as oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, and lupeol, possess the highest proportion and bioactivity in alleviating food allergy. Additionally, the mechanisms by which terpenoids may mitigate allergic diseases were categorically outlined, focusing on their roles in epithelial mucosal barrier function, immunomodulatory effects during the sensitization phase, inhibition of effector cells, oxidative stress, and regulation of microbial homeostasis. Finally, the advantages and limitations of natural extraction and artificial synthesis methods were compared, and the application of terpenoids in the food industry were also discussed. This article serves as a useful reference for the development of methods or functional foods based on terpenoids, which could represent a promising avenue for alleviating food allergy.

Latest trends in the environmental analysis of PFAS including nontarget analysis and EOF-, AOF-, and TOP-based methodologies.

Ubiquitous environmental occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) underscores the critical need to broaden investigative efforts in effective screening, risk assessment, and remediation. Owing to thebroad spectrum of PFAS, various analytical techniques have been extensively utilized to attain inclusivity, with notable attention given to methods such as extractable organic fluorine (EOF), adsorbable organic fluorine (AOF), and the total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay. These techniques expand the scope of PFAS analysis by estimating perfluoroalkyl acid precursors or the total organochlorine fraction. This review offers a comprehensive comparative overview of up-to-date methodologies, alongside acknowledging the inherent limitations associated with their applications. When coupled with target analysis via low-resolution tandem mass spectrometry, these techniques offer a potential estimation of total PFAS concentrations. Yet, analytical challenges such as the limited availability of reference analytical standards, partial PFAS adsorption, and the entrapment of fluorinated inorganic anions on adsorbent materials often restrict the comprehensiveness of PFAS analysis. So, integrating nontarget analysis using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) tools fortifies these PFAS mass balance approaches, enabling the development of a more holistic approach for anenvironmental analysis framework. This review provides additional insights into the comparative advantages of PFAS analytical approaches and explores various data prioritization strategies in nontarget screening methods. It advocates for the necessary optimization of PFAS extraction methods, asserting that integrating the nontarget approach would foster the establishment of a comprehensive monitoring framework across diverse environmental matrices. Such integration holds promise for enhancing scientific comprehension of PFAS contamination across diverse environmental matrices.

Comparative extraction of antioxidant proteins from whole frogs (Rana ridibunda Pollas).

The forest frog (Rana ridibunda Pollas) is a traditional medicinal source rich in active protein compounds. In order to extract these compounds, six extraction methods were employed, including freeze-thaw and stirring techniques. Three different solvents were utilized in this process: 0.15 M sodium chloride (NaCl), 0.05 M phosphate buffer (PB), and 0.05 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The objective was to identify the most effective extraction method. The extraction efficiencies, protein content, structure, and physicochemical properties of the extracts were compared. Additionally, antioxidant activity and free amino acid composition were analyzed. The highest-scoring extract, denoted as M1, obtained through freeze-thaw extraction using 0.15 M NaCl, exhibited an extraction rate of 7.79 ± 0.71% and a protein content of 60.36 ± 2.12%. M1 also showed antioxidant activity against DPPH˙, ABTS+˙, and ˙OH free radicals, with IC50 values of 0.41, 0.41, and 0.39 mg mL-1, respectively. The freeze-thaw extraction method utilizing 0.15 M NaCl has been identified as effective for extracting proteins from dried forest frogs, confirming their potential as a source of antioxidant proteins for scientific research and application.

Cytotoxic activity of water and ethanol extract of Curcuma caesia (black turmeric) on breast cancer cell line

Breast cancer is one of the cancers with the highest incidence and mortality rate in the world. Curcuma caesia (Black turmeric) is known to have neuroprotective, anthelmintic, sunscreen activity, anti-diabetic and also anti-cancer activity. This study aimed to determine the phytochemical content and possible cytotoxic activity of C. caesia water extract (EWCC) and C. caesia ethanol extract (EECC) on breast cancer cell lines. Samples were extracted using two extraction methods, maceration technique using 96% ethanol as solvent and double boiling using water as a solvent. The phytochemical content, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) of each extract were determined using spectrophotometer method. Cytotoxic activity was measured using MTT assay on MCF-7 and 4T1 breast cancer cell lines (24 hrs and 48 hrs). Results showed that EWCC and EECC contained flavonoids, alkaloids, and polyphenols. The values of TPC and TFC were 106.08 mg GAE/100 g and 4.32 mg QUE/g for EECC, respectively, and 73.29 mg GAE/100 g and 3.40 mg QUE/g for EECC, respectively. Meanwhile, the cytotoxic activity test found that EWCC did not provide cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 and 4T1 cells. In the MCF-7 cell line, EECC exhibited IC50 values of 212.90 µg/mL at 24 hrs and 311.91 µg/mL at 48 hrs. Similarly, in the 4T1 cell line, EECC exhibited IC50 values of 161.06 µg/mL at 24 hrs and 150.89 µg/mL at 48 hrs. From these results, it can be concluded that EECC has cytotoxic activity in MCF-7 and 4T1 breast cancer cell models, so this extract can be studied more deeply to determine its pathway of action.

Optimization of aqueous extraction methods for Japanese taro (Colocasia esculenta (L) Schott)) tuber: analysis of antioxidant activity, total flavonoid content, and luteolin content

Japanese taro (Colocasia esculenta (L) Schott)) is one of the edible plants that contain phytochemicals such as flavonoids, phenolics, triterpenoids, tannins, and vitamin C which are beneficial to the health of the human body. The compound is also known to have antioxidant activity. Proper extraction can produce quality extracts. This study aims to optimize the extraction method on Japanese taro tubers. Taro tuber was extracted using water with three different temperatures (room temperature, 40℃, and 60℃). The ABTS (2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) method was used to determine the antioxidant activity of the aqueous extract, in addition to determining the total flavonoid content by colorimetric test, and also analyzing the luteolin content by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) Densitometry. The total flavonoid content of Taro extracts at room temperature (TERT), 40℃ (TE 40), and 60℃ (TE 60) were 13.97±3.52 mg QE/gr extract; 7.99±2.10 mg QE/gr extract; and 5.98±0.49 mg QE/gr extract, respectively. Luteolin content of TERT, TE40, and TE60 were 0.27%±0.08; 0.25%±0.06; and 0.31%±0.05, respectively. Antioxidant IC50 values of TERT, TE40, and TE60 were 120.32, 137.03, and 159.37 µg/mL, respectively. The study shows that the greater the temperature in the extraction process, the less flavonoid and antioxidant compounds content. While there is a slight difference in determining luteolin levels, optimum luteolin content is obtained at 60°C for 6 hours.

A comparison of extraction methods for preparation of glucosinolate-containing extracts from Brassica juncea antagonistic toward Ditylenchus dipsaci

Summary The stem and bulb nematode, a globally distributed pest, primarily affects onions and garlic, causing significant yield losses. Chemical treatments are a practical and effective method for controlling plant-parasitic nematodes to protect high-value crops. However, to minimise environmental damage, chemicals of natural origin need to be investigated. Brown mustard (Brassica juncea) plant is an annual plant in the Brassicaceae family, which is rich in bioactive compounds called glucosinolates. These bioactive compounds play a major role in the defence of Brassica plants against biotic stress factors in nature. Based on this point, efforts to develop plant protection products from the brown mustard plant are ongoing. In this study, the most suitable pre-extraction and extraction conditions were determined to ensure the maximum preservation of glucosinolate content and biological activity, to process brown mustard on an industrial scale. For this purpose, steam treatment was applied before extraction at 3 bar (=3 × 105 Pa) pressure for 1 and 3 min. Four different temperatures (room temperature, 40, 55 and 70°C) and two different methanol concentrations (70% and 80%) were tested to optimise glucosinolates extraction from brown mustard. It was found that sinigrin was the most abundant glucosinolate, with extraction yields 1184.4 ± 14.4 mg kg−1 at 55°C for 3 min, and 2624.2 ± 98.5 mg kg−1 at 70°C/70% MeOH for 1 min. However, nematode immobility was higher at 55°C/70% MeOH for 3 min. It was determined that the application of hot steam for 3 min at 3 bar pressure as a pre-extraction process provided optimal conditions for methanolic extraction. The results may contribute significantly to the development of potential plant protection products with further studies.

Underutilized Feature Extraction Methods for Burn Severity Mapping: A Comprehensive Evaluation

Underutilized Feature Extraction Methods for Burn Severity Mapping: A Comprehensive Evaluation

Improved Visual SLAM Algorithm Based on Dynamic Scenes

This work presents a novel RGB-D dynamic simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) method that improves accuracy, stability, and efficiency of localization while relying on deep learning in a dynamic environment, in contrast to traditional static scene-based visual SLAM methods. Based on the classic framework of traditional visual SLAM, we propose a method that replaces the traditional feature extraction method with a convolutional neural network approach, aiming to enhance the accuracy of feature extraction and localization, as well as to improve the algorithm’s ability to capture and represent the characteristics of the entire scene. Subsequently, the semantic segmentation thread was utilized in a target detection network combined with geometric methods to identify potential dynamic areas in the image and generate masks for dynamic objects. Finally, the standard deviation of the depth information of potential dynamic points was calculated to identify true dynamic feature points, to guarantee that static feature points were used for position estimation. We performed experiments based on the public datasets to validate the feasibility of the proposed algorithm. The experimental results indicate that the improved SLAM algorithm, which boasts a reduction in absolute trajectory error (ATE) by approximately 97% compared to traditional static visual SLAM and about 20% compared to traditional dynamic visual SLAM, also exhibited a 68% decrease in computation time compared to well-known dynamic visual SLAM, thereby possessing absolute advantages in both positioning accuracy and operational efficiency.

Effect of Different Extraction Techniques on Phenolic Profile and Phytochemical Potential of Gymnema inodorum Leaf Extract.

The therapeutic potential of plant extracts has attracted significant interest, especially regarding indigenous species with health-promoting properties. Gymnema inodorum, native to Northern Thailand, is recognized for its rich phytochemical profile; however, the impact of various extraction techniques on its phenolic composition and bioactivity remains underexplored. Optimizing extraction methods is essential to enhance the pharmacological efficacy of this plant's bioactive compounds. This study investigated the influence of four extraction methods-ethanol maceration, ethanol reflux, aqueous decoction, and microwave-assisted extraction-on the bioactive profile of G. inodorum leaves, with a focus on the phenolic content and biological activities. Antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, while the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified by colorimetric methods. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) quantified gymnemic acid and key phenolic compounds. Among the methods, ethanol reflux yielded the highest antioxidant activities (DPPH and ABTS scavenging), with a total phenolic content of 82.54 mg GAE/g and flavonoid content of 31.90 mg QE/g. HPLC analysis identified sinapic acid, myricetin, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid as major phenolics. Furthermore, the ethanol reflux extract displayed potent anti-diabetic activity, with IC50 values of 13.36 mg/mL for α-amylase and 7.39 mg/mL for α-glucosidase, as well as strong anti-inflammatory activity (IC50 of 1.6 mg/mL) and acetylcholinesterase inhibition (IC50 of 1.2 mg/mL). These findings suggest that ethanol reflux extraction is a highly effective method for producing bioactive-rich G. inodorum extracts, with substantial pharmacological potential for developing herbal remedies and nutraceuticals, particularly in enhancing therapeutic approaches for diabetes and other health-related conditions.

Hydrogel-Forming Microneedles and Applications in Interstitial Fluid Diagnostic Devices.

Hydrogel-forming microneedles are constructed from or coated with polymeric, hydrophilic materials that swell upon insertion into the skin. Designed to dissolve or disintegrate postinsertion, these microneedles can deliver drugs, vaccines, or other therapeutics. Recent advancements have broadened their application scope to include the collection, transport, and extraction of dermal interstitial fluid (ISF) for medical diagnostics. This review presents a brief introduction to the characteristics of dermal ISF, methods for extraction and sampling, and critical assessment of the state-of-the-art in hydrogel-forming microneedles for ISF diagnostics. Key factors are evaluated including material composition, swelling behavior, biocompatibility, and mechanical strength necessary for effective microneedle performance and ISF collection. The review also discusses successful examples of dermal ISF assays and microneedle sensor integrations, highlighting notable achievements, identifying research opportunities, and addressing challenges with potential solutions. Despite the predominance of synthetic hydrogels in reported hydrogel-forming microneedle technologies due to their favorable swelling and gelation properties, there is a significant variety of biopolymers and composites reported in the literature. The field lacks consensus on the optimal material, composition, or fabrication methods, though emerging evidence suggests that processing and fabrication techniques are critical to the performance and utility of hydrogel-forming microneedles for ISF diagnostics.

Methods for Detection, Extraction, Purification, and Characterization of Exopolysaccharides of Lactic Acid Bacteria-A Systematic Review.

Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are large-molecular-weight, complex carbohydrate molecules and extracellularly secreted bio-polymers released by many microorganisms, including lactic acid bacteria (LAB). LAB are well known for their ability to produce a wide range of EPSs, which has received major attention. LAB-EPSs have the potential to improve health, and their applications are in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Several methods have been developed and optimized in recent years for producing, extracting, purifying, and characterizing LAB-produced EPSs. The simplest method of evaluating the production of EPSs is to observe morphological features, such as ropy and mucoid appearances of colonies. Ethanol precipitation is widely used to extract the EPSs from the cell-free supernatant and is generally purified using dialysis. The most commonly used method to quantify the carbohydrate content is phenol-sulfuric acid. The structural characteristics of EPSs are identified via Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. The molecular weight and composition of monosaccharides are determined through size-exclusion chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography. The surface morphology of EPSs is observed via scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, whereas thermal characteristics are determined through thermogravimetry analysis, derivative thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry. In the present review, we discuss the different existing methods used for the detailed study of LAB-produced EPSs, which provide a comprehensive guide on LAB-EPS preparation, critically evaluating methods, addressing knowledge gaps and key challenges, and offering solutions to enhance reproducibility, scalability, and support for both research and industrial applications.

“SAVE” - Shock Assisted Viable Extraction: A Minimally Manipulative Method of Processing Regenerative Cells for Clinical Use

Abstract Background Extraction of adipose derived stem cells (ASC) from the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) has gained significant attention lately in the realm of regenerative medicine. However, finding highly efficient methods of extraction that also comply with United States regulations has prevented widespread clinical use. Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate a novel ASC extraction device to quantify viable ASC extraction and processing efficiency. Methods SVF extracted from abdominal fat samples and processed using a novel shock-assisted viable extraction (SAVE) device was tested for stem cell count and viability. Additionally, time required for processing was recorded. Results Twelve adipose samples were utilized for this study. After a mean time of three minutes, cell count yield ranged of 47,400 to 189,400 of viable regenerative cells per cc, with an average of 122,464 viable regenerative cells per cc. Conclusions SAVE is a novel fat processing technique with high stem cell extraction that shows promise from a regulatory, yield, time efficiency, and cost perspective.

Development of a Process for Polyphenol Extraction and the Production of a Functional Powder for Food Fortification

The valorisation of co-products from food supply chains is consistent with the objectives of the national recovery and resilience plan (NRRP), which favours issues relating to the “green revolution and ecological transition”. The nutraceutical characteristics (antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-cancer, etc.) of grape pomace extracts are due to the presence of polyphenols. The objective of the following research was to develop an innovative extraction process in order to produce a special powder with high technological and nutraceutical value (polyphenols). For the experimentation, red grape pomace from Cabernet Sauvignon grapes was used. The first phase of the experimentation allowed the development of the extraction methods; the second involved the use of a pilot system for the extraction, filtration, and distillation phases. The result obtained is a powder with compositional characteristics suitable for the fortification of alcoholic and non-alcoholic food matrices, due to its colouring and antioxidant and nutraceutical properties.

Gaussian Opacity Fields: Efficient Adaptive Surface Reconstruction in Unbounded Scenes

Recently, 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) has demonstrated impressive novel view synthesis results, while allowing the rendering of high-resolution images in real-time. However, leveraging 3D Gaussians for surface reconstruction poses significant challenges due to the explicit and disconnected nature of 3D Gaussians. In this work, we present Gaussian Opacity Fields (GOF), a novel approach for efficient, high-quality, and adaptive surface reconstruction in unbounded scenes. Our GOF is derived from ray-tracing-based volume rendering of 3D Gaussians, enabling direct geometry extraction from 3D Gaussians by identifying its levelset, without resorting to Poisson reconstruction or TSDF fusion as in previous work. We approximate the surface normal of Gaussians as the normal of the ray-Gaussian intersection plane, enabling the application of regularization that significantly enhances geometry. Furthermore, we develop an efficient geometry extraction method utilizing Marching Tetrahedra, where the tetrahedral grids are induced from 3D Gaussians and thus adapt to the scene's complexity. Our evaluations reveal that GOF surpasses existing 3DGS-based methods in surface reconstruction and novel view synthesis. Further, it compares favorably to or even outperforms, neural implicit methods in both quality and speed.

Preservation of strawberries using jellyfish gelatin-based biodegradable films and coatings under refrigerated storage.

This study investigated the applicability of the biodegradable films and coatings prepared from gelatin extracted from jellyfish Acromitus flagellatus using two extraction methods; conventional hot water extraction and microwave-assisted extraction, for the preservation of strawberries under refrigerated storage (4 °C), compared to biodegradable films and coatings prepared from analytical grade cold water fish skin gelatin and porcine skin gelatin. After 21 days of storage, uncoated strawberries (control group) exhibited visual decay and fungal attacks while coated or film-wrapped strawberries exhibited a better appearance. Coating or wrapping with gelatin films significantly reduced the weight loss of strawberries and the changes in color, hardness, moisture content, pH, titratable acidity, and total soluble solids of coated/film-wrapped fruits during storage were minimal compared to the uncoated fruits. Of the treated groups, the weight loss of gelatin-coated strawberries was significantly lower compared to the fruits wrapped with corresponding gelatin films, in all gelatin types. Furthermore, strawberries coated or wrapped with jellyfish gelatin-based films exhibited comparable properties to the fruits that were coated or wrapped with other two types of gelatin films, indicating the potential use of gelatin extracted from jellyfish in biodegradable films or coating applications in the food industry.

Valorization of Bioactive Compounds from Lingonberry Pomace and Grape Pomace with Antidiabetic Potential.

In recent years, increased attention has been paid to the recovery of bioactive compounds from waste and by-products resulting from the agro-industrial sector and their valorization into new products, which can be used in the health, food, or agricultural industry, as innovative and sustainable approaches to waste management. In this work, two of these by-products resulting from the fruit-processing industry were used for the recovery of bioactive compounds (polyphenols), namely lingonberry pomace (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) and grape pomace (Vitis vinifera). Two green extraction techniques were employed to obtain hydroalcoholic extracts (solvent: 50% EtOH, 10% mass): ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). The extracts were subjected to micro- and ultrafiltration processes, and further analyzed to determine the bioactive compound content through spectrophotometric (UV-Vis) and chromatographic (HPLC-PDA) methods. Additionally, the extracts exhibited significant enzyme inhibition, particularly against α-amylase and β-glucosidase, suggesting potential anti-diabetic properties. The extracts characteristics, polyphenolic content, antioxidant capacity and enzyme inhibitory ability, were statistically compared, and significant differences were found between the two extraction methods. The grape pomace concentrated extracts showed a pronounced inhibitory activity on both analyzed enzymes compared to the lingonberry pomace concentrated extracts, closer to the standard used; e.g., IC50 α-amylase = 0.30 ± 0.01 µg/mL (IC50 acarbose = 0.3 ± 0.01 µg/mL), IC50 α-glucosidase = 0.60 ± 0.01 µg/mL (IC50 acarbose = 0.57 ± 0.02 µg/mL). These findings highlight the potential of agro-industrial residues as bioactive compound resources, with their valorization through application in food, nutraceutical, or pharmaceutical industries therefore contributing to the sustainable development and promotion of circular economy principles with the recovery of valuable inputs from plant by-products.

Syringin: plant source, traditional uses, anti‐cancer, brain protection and related pharmacological properties

Traditional herbal medicines containing syringin in different parts of the world, have been used to enhance memory, relieve pain, cough, clear fever, treat psoas tension, tonsillitis, sore throat, acute gastroenteritis, anti‐inflammatory, analgesic, etc. In this paper, the extraction, analytical method, pharmacological action and research progress of syringin containing plants were reviewed. Various extraction methods and detection methods of syringin were summarized, especially the ultrasonic‐assisted extraction and high‐performance liquid chromatography were recommended for the extraction and determination of syringin. We spotlighted the anti‐cancer, brain‐protective, and anti‐inflammatory pharmacological effects of syringin. An in‐depth analysis of four plants that contain syringin ‐‐ Eleutherococcus senticosus, Codonopsis pilosula, Daphne tangutica Maxim and Syringa reticulata subsp. Amurensis. In addition, the safety and efficacy of these four plants and preparations containing syringin (Shugan Jieyu Capsule, compound Coginseng tablet, hyoscyamine ointment and Qinfenghong Zhike capsule) were analyzed. Although syringin has been widely used in traditional medicine, its specific mechanism of action and clinical efficacy are still not completely understood, and further research is needed to explore and verify it. This study provides valuable theoretical basis and potential research direction for the research and development of new drugs such as anti‐cancer and brain protection.

Extraction of high-quality Antarctic krill (Euphausia Superba) oil using low-temperature continuous phase-transition extraction equipment.

The aim of this study was to explore a processing method for efficient extraction of high-quality krill oil (KO) using a low-temperature continuous phase-transition extraction equipment (LCPE). The efficiency of lipid extraction and quality of KO and defatted krill meal (DKM) by LCPE were compared with those of supercritical CO2 and n-hexane extraction. Results showed that compared to other methods, extraction using LCPE had the highest lipid yield (21.72±0.34%), bioactive substances, and dimethyl sulfide (3.12±0.09mg/kg), the lowest oxidative deterioration. Moreover, compared to other methods, DKM extracted by LCPE had the lowest fat (<2%), the highest protein (>60%), and the best oxidative stability. These benefits would ensure easier transportation and better long-term storage, allowing for its application on distant-ocean fishing vessels. Therefore, LCPE is a method that allows for efficient extraction of high-quality KO.

Extraction of Genomic DNA from Different Plant Tissues through Phenol-chloroform Method

Background: DNA extraction is a fundamental technique in molecular biology that involves isolating DNA from biological samples for various downstream applications, including PCR and sequencing. Phenol-chloroform DNA extraction is an alternate method of the CTAB method for genomic DNA extraction. This method typically yields more DNA than the CTAB with high purity. It is useful for high molecular weight/long fragment DNA determinations. This study aims to extract DNA from plant tissues using the phenol-chloroform method and compare the response of different plant leaves to this method. Methods: In this study, we provide a step-by-step guide to DNA extraction from five different plant species, including Ficus capensis (Cape fig or Cape banyan), Ficus exaspirata (Forest Sandpaper), Mangifera indica (Mango), Gmelina arborea (Gamhar), and Bauhinia purpurea (Butterfly tree). The DNA isolation protocol involved several steps, such as grinding the plant tissue, adding NaCl solution, using a chloroform-isoamyl alcohol mixture to extract DNA, and further purification with phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol. Isopropanol was used to precipitate the DNA, and ethanol was used to wash the DNA pellet to remove any remaining contaminants. Finally, the DNA pellet was dissolved in TE buffer for storage. Results: The results showed the successful implementation of the phenol chloroform method for isolating DNA from selected plant tissues. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive protocol for DNA extraction from plant tissue using readily available laboratory reagents and equipment. Conclusion: The protocol can be modified to accommodate different plant species and sample types and can facilitate further research in plant genetics and biotechnology.