Method For Measurement Of Concentration Research Articles

Experiment and industrial application of dust concentration measurement method using image transmittance characteristic

Abstract To prevent the harm of respirable dust and dust explosions, it is necessary to detect the concentration of dust generated in the process of bulk materials to help dust suppression. In this investigation, a dust concentration measurement method is proposed based on the eigenvalue calculation of image transmittance. The method is combined with the dark channel prior theory into the computer system and calibrated in the laboratory to calculate the transmittance of dust images. Furthermore, a dust concentration online measurement experimental platform is established to verify the correctness and reliability. Moreover, the industrial application is also carried out. The average relative error of dust concentration is 4.53%, and the relative error is less than 10% of the dust concentration measured by online measurement experimental platforms and industrial applications, which satisfied the measurement requirements. It is concluded that the measurement method has high applicability and can be practically applied to dust concentration measurements.

123. Comparison of three methods for rapid measurement of ammonia concentration in pig-fattening housing

123. Comparison of three methods for rapid measurement of ammonia concentration in pig-fattening housing

A Solid Concentration Measurement Method With Online Calibration of Solid Permittivity

A Solid Concentration Measurement Method With Online Calibration of Solid Permittivity

Novel method for the continuous mass concentration measurement of ultrafine particles (PM 0.1 ) with a water-based condensation particle counter (CPC)

Novel method for the continuous mass concentration measurement of ultrafine particles (PM _0.1 ) with a water-based condensation particle counter (CPC)

Flow injection system design for the determination of brown bismarck dye

This study presents a low-cost flow injection system for estimating Bismarck brown dye, addressing the need for economical and efficient dye concentration measurement methods. The system's design and optimization process are detailed, focusing on parameters like carrier solution speed, dye model size, frequency, and dilution coefficient. Results show optimal conditions for accurate estimations, with the system outperforming traditional color methods in terms of sensitivity and measurement range. This novel approach offers a practical solution for various analytical applications requiring precise dye concentration assessments, with implications for cost-effective chemical analysis in diverse fields. Highlight: Low-cost flow system for Bismarck brown dye. Optimized for accuracy in dye concentration measurement. Practical and efficient for various analytical applications. Keyword: flow injection system, Bismarck brown dye, low-cost, optimization, dye concentration measurement

Enhancing LOD determination in gas chromatography: Validating the Hubaux-Vos method for gas concentration measurement

The limit of detection (LOD) is a crucial measure in analytical methods, representing the smallest amount of a substance that can be distinguished from background noise. In the realm of gas chromatography (GC), however, determining LOD can be quite subjective, leading to significant variability among researchers. In this study, we validate the Hubaux-Vos method, an International Standards Organization(ISO)-approved approach for determining LOD in gas concentration measurements, using a GC equipped with a discharge ionization detector (DID) and a dynamic dilution system. We employ a gas mixture certified reference material (CRM) of CO, CH4, and CO2 at various concentrations to generate calibration curves for each gas. Subsequently, we estimate the LODs for each gas using the Hubaux-Vos method. Surprisingly, our findings indicate a notable difference between the LODs calculated using the Hubaux-Vos method and those confirmed through experiments. This highlights the importance of critically examining the theoretical foundations of LOD determination. We strongly recommend researchers to scrutinize the principles guiding LOD determination. The method proposed in this study offers an effective way to rigorously validate theoretical approaches for estimating LODs in gas concentration measurements using GC.

Comparison of whole blood potentiometry using arterial blood gas analyser at the intensive care unit with laboratory-based serum sodium and potassium estimation in critically ill patients

BackgroundElectrolyte measurement in critically ill patients is a crucial investigation guiding the management of the patients. Accuracy of the results and rapid turnaround time are hence very important in the analysis of electrolytes. In our study, we aim to compare two methods of electrolyte concentration measurement by direct ion-selective electrodes (direct ISEs) using patient whole blood sample in the intensive care unit (ICU) and indirect ion-selective electrodes (indirect ISEs) using serum sample in laboratory. MethodsA prospective observational study was conducted on 142 paired samples that were obtained from patients admitted to the ICU. The arterial whole blood was analysed in an arterial blood gas analyser located in the ICU for analysis of electrolytes by Direct-ISE, whereas the blood collected for serum electrolytes was promptly transported to the hospital laboratory where serum was separated and analysed in an automated analyser using indirect ISE. Statistical analysis was done by using the t-Test and Bland–Altman plots. The Haemolysis Icteric Lipemia Index given by the laboratory analyser and serum total protein value were also recorded. Results and conclusionIn our study conducted on 142 paired samples for electrolyte analysis in critically ill patients by direct ISE and indirect ISE, we observed that there is a statistically significant difference between the average of measurements by the two methods. This difference is more significant at lower sodium levels and normal potassium levels. A larger sample size is required to shed more light on the clinical implications in the tertiary-care setup where the study was organised.

Investigating the sound absorption performance of circular and slotted perforated birch (Betula platyphylla) plywood as interior building materials

The use of perforated plywood as an interior architectural sound-absorbing material has been increasing in popularity in Korea. This study investigated the sound absorption performance of marketed birch (Betula platyphylla) plywood with circular and slotted perforations using the sound absorption measurement method (KS F 2805) in a reverberation chamber with a 300 mm backspace. The results showed that unperforated birch plywood absorbed little sound. However, birch plywood with perforation levels of 1.77%, 5.77%, and 7.76% showed significant sound absorption. The noise reduction coefficient (NRC) of perforated birch plywood was 0.4 to 0.6. The results were 0.3 S to 0.5 S sound absorption grade by KS F 3503. The optimal perforation level was 5.77%. These findings can aid in expanding the wood sound absorption market.

A Wide Range Measurement of Methane Using Single Saturated Absorption Spectral Line Concentration Measurement Method

A Wide Range Measurement of Methane Using Single Saturated Absorption Spectral Line Concentration Measurement Method

Refining Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy: Incorporating Reflectance for Enhanced Accuracy in Light‐Absorption Measurements

A method for measuring light absorption using photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS) is investigated. Typical reflectance and transmittance (R & T) absorption measurements have low spectral resolution (SR) with standard setups. It is believed that absorption measurements using PDS solve this problem because of its high sensitivity, even at a high SR. However, accurate absorption measurements have not been obtained using conventional PDS. The reflectance of the sample must be considered in the absorptance calculations. Various absorption measurement methods are compared and a novel calculation method for accurate PDS absorption measurements is proposed. A sample with quantum structures is fabricated and PDS measurements are performed. Exciton absorption peaks are also observed. The high SR of PDS is demonstrated and the measured exciton absorption peaks are confirmed using piezoelectric photothermal measurements. Furthermore, it is confirmed that the absolute values of absorptance derived from the R & T and PDS measurements agree well. The new PDS absorption measurement technique enables to obtain accurate absorption characteristics, which are indispensable for designing and optimizing optoelectronic devices.

A state-of-the-art review on laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) method with application in temperature measurement

Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is a robust and vigorous method for non-intrusive measurement of temperature, pressure, concentration, and pH in fluids. The application of LIF for measurement is also extendable to solid and gaseous environments. In this method, the fluorescent molecules are transferred to a higher energy state by absorbing the energy of a laser beam and subsequently undergo spontaneous emission of light in the form of fluorescence during the transition to the ground. The emitted fluorescence is commonly captured using a setup consisting of a solvent, fluorescent material, detecting cameras, lenses, and filters, which enables the determination of the thermophysical parameters of the measuring environment using pertinent mathematical formulae. This method can be used for precise measurements in a wide range of engineering and medical applications. Despite the numerous studies on the utilization of LIF for measurement, there is not a comprehensive review paper with a focus on various types of LIF techniques and their applications in temperature measurement. This paper seeks to address this gap by fully discussing these approaches, demonstrating temperature measurements in different environments and circumstances, and outlining their benefits and drawbacks. Accordingly, one-dye one-color, two-dye two-color, one-dye two-color, one-dye three-color, two-dye three-color, volumetric LIF, and encapsulation techniques are fully discussed as the main LIF approaches and their applications for the temperature measurement in fluid flows, droplets, microfluidics, and gas environments.

Practical applications at field environments of sound absorption measurement method using the ensemble averaging technique

To construct appropriate boundary conditions for wave-based room acoustics simulations, the authors have proposed a measurement method for sound absorption characteristics, surface impedance, and sound absorption coefficient of materials using the ensemble averaging technique. We have also shown the robustness as well as the reproducibility of the results obtained by the method at various environments. The method consists of two kinds according to sensor types employed so far: i.e., two-microphone and PU-sensor. Generally speaking, the method using a PU-sensor is more advantageous than one using a two-microphone because of its geometrical straightforwardness. However, at various field environments where environmental noise and/or wind blowing exist, the method using a two-microphone is expected to give more favorable results. In this paper, several applicational measurements of the method conducted at field environments using the two sensor types are summarized to show the plausibility of the method.

Evaluation of Usefulness of Yeast-Based Biological Phantom and Preliminary Study for Verification of Hypoxic Effect of Flash Radiotherapy

As a basic hypothesis for the effectiveness of flash radiation therapy, the effect of preserving normal tissue during flash radiation is due to the instantaneous chemical depletion of oxygen. A yeast-based biological phantom was created to verify the hypoxic effect of flash radiation therapy. A study to upgrade the previously developed X-Band LINAC to a flash irradiation mode is in progress, and a preceding study is conducted to evaluate the usefulness of a yeast-based biological phantom manufactured by analyzing the change in oxygen by irradiating a high dose in a general radiation therapy device. Freeze-dried yeast sample (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S288C) is activated and sub-cultured. For mass production of yeast samples, yeast culture medium is prepared by adding yeast colonies to the ypd medium. This study was conducted to verify the hypoxic effect among the biological mechanisms that occur during flash radiation therapy at the basic stage, and the oxygen concentration change during general radiation irradiation was measured in real time using a DO (Dissolved oxygen) meter and fiber optic sensor designed to do that. To prevent scatter, which is a concern during flash irradiation, the fiber form was used, and precise experiments are possible as a non-invasive oxygen concentration measurement method. Based on 10MV of general radiation therapy device, high-dose radiation of 500-10,000 cGy is irradiated to measure real-time oxygen concentration change. As a result of irradiation with high-dose (500-10,000 cGy) radiation of general LINAC, it was confirmed that the oxygen concentration of the yeast culture medium decreased by 5.7-63.2%, and the usefulness of the biological phantom fabricated based on the yeast culture medium was evaluated. Prior to the analysis of oxygen concentration change in yeast cells during X-Band LINAC flash irradiation, a preliminary study was conducted at a high dose in a general LINAC to obtain a significant result of oxygen concentration change and confirm the usefulness of the yeast-based biological phantom. Prior research was conducted and verified as a general irradiation experiment using a yeast-based biological phantom manufactured based on a DO meter and a fiber optic oxygen sensor. After irradiation with high-dose radiation, the oxygen concentration of the yeast culture medium was measured 5 times, and it was confirmed that there was a change in oxygen concentration of 5.7-63.2%, verifying the usefulness and stability of the biological phantom. The usefulness of the yeast-based biological phantom for high doses was confirmed, and it is expected that the usefulness of the biological phantom for flash radiation can be verified by additionally measuring the change in oxygen concentration of the biological phantom according to the high dose rate in the future.

Fabrication of mercury (Hg) sensor based on Tire Waste (TW) carbon electrode and voltammetry technique

Voltammetry is widely used to detect heavy metals such as mercury (Hg). The sensor material influences the results of the voltammetry method. Carbon-based sensors are commonly developed because of their wide potential range, low background current, inexpensive, inert, and suitable for various sensors. Recently, Tire Waste (TW) was chosen as a carbon source for the manufacture of electrodes because it is rich in carbon (88%). The material is easy to obtain, green technology and a carbon source that has not been properly utilized. Separation of carbon material from TW using the pyrolysis method produces 4.32 gr (2.6%) of soot (from 200 gr TW) as a material for making carbon-based Hg sensors. The XRD pattern of TW soot has amorphous phases. SEM topography shows that the surface of TW soot consists of particles that are almost uniform in shape. The estimated particle size is about 0.25 µm. The sensor was made with a mixture of TW soot and paraffin with a 2:1 ratio. Testing the specific value of sensor capacitance using the Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) method showed the presence of cathodic and anodic currents. The Hg deposit occurred at a peak cathodic current at a scan rate of 20 mV/s. The Limit of Detection (LoD) value is 0.0681 ppm and the Limit of Quantitation (LoQ) is 0.229 ppm. Measurement of Hg in natural water samples used river water from the Aceh Jaya sub-district at two points representing the upstream and downstream of the river. The Hg concentrations obtained were 0.000536 ppm and 0.00182 ppm, respectively and were compared with the inspection results using Atomic Absorbance Spectroscopy (AAS), 0.00058 ppm and 0.00186 ppm, respectively. The t-test results of the two Hg measurement methods at a significance level (α) of 5% obtained tcount > ttable (0.0208 <2.306), indicating that there is a significant difference between the two Hg concentration measurement methods for natural water.

Luminescence performance of Dy3+ ions incorporated modifier reliant boro-tellurite glasses for white light applications

A diverse array/unique set of Dysprosium (Dy3+) activated alkali boro-tellurite glasses were synthesized for the current study using the conventional approach of glass fabrication, and its potential for photonic applications were explored utilizing optical absorption, emission, and decay measurement methods. In the interest of assessing the Rare Earth (RE) ions bonding behavior with the neighboring metal ligand site, and to establish the glasses ionic/covalence nature, bonding parameters (δ) and Nephelauxetic ratios were computed from the absorption band locations. For the as-prepared samples, the Judd-Ofelt parameters and oscillator strengths were determined in order to scrutinize the uniformity of the ligands surrounding Dy3+ ions. The calculated JO values consistently pursue Ω2 > Ω4 > Ω6 pattern for all samples, indicating their asymptotic character. When excited at 387 nm, the emission spectra demonstrate three intense transitions; 4F9/2→6H15/2, 4F9/2→6H13/2 and 4F9/2→6H11/2. Among them, strong yellow emission was observed owing to the increased transfer of electrons to 6H13/2 level. Besides, using JO parameters, radiative parameters were determined which was followed by lifetime studies to actualize the novel applications. The photoluminescence spectra were employed to estimate the CIE coordinates (x, y) and Yellow/Blue ratio, furthermore the (x, y) values were used to calculate the colour purity followed by colour correlated temperature (CCT). This demonstrates that the prepared samples have the ability to emit neutral white light.

Assessing the suitability of cell counting methods during different stages of a cell processing workflow using an ISO 20391-2 guided study design and analysis.

Cell counting is a fundamental measurement for determining viable cell numbers in biomanufacturing processes. The properties of different cell types and the range of intended uses for cell counts within a biomanufacturing process can lead to challenges in identifying suitable counting methods for each potential application. This is further amplified by user subjectivity in identifying the cells of interest and further identifying viable cells. Replacement of traditionally used manual counting methods with automated systems has alleviated some of these issues. However, a single cell type can exhibit different physical properties at various stages of cell processing which is further compounded by process impurities such as cell debris or magnetic beads. These factors make it challenging to develop a robust cell counting method that offers a high level of confidence in the results. Several initiatives from standards development organizations have attempted to address this critical need for standardization in cell counting. This study utilizes flow-based and image-based methods for the quantitative measurement of cell concentration and viability in the absence of a reference material, based on the tools and guidance provided by the International of Standards (ISO) and the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Primary cells were examined at different stages of cell processing in a cell therapy workflow. Results from this study define a systematic approach that enables the identification of counting methods and parameters that are best suited for specific cell types and workflows to ensure accuracy and consistency. Cell counting is a foundational method used extensively along various steps of cell and gene therapy. The standard used in this study may be applied to other cell and gene therapy processes to enable accurate measurement of parameters required to guide critical decisions throughout the development and production process. Using a framework that confirms the suitability of the cell counting method used can minimize variability in the process and final product.

Frequency modulation laser spectroscopy method for methane isotopologue ratio and total concentration measurements at 1661 nm

Source identification and accurate measurements of methane gas concentration are key tools necessary for climate change management. Here we present a method for methane isotopologue ratio measurement using a laser-based frequency modulation (FM) spectroscopy technique in the near infrared at 1661 nm. We provide line shape analysis and discuss a fitting algorithm for accurate isotopologue ratio metrology and investigate and minimize the effects of residual amplitude modulation on the experimentally produced FM signal line shape. This FM technique is further evaluated for future development of a cavity-enhanced and noise-immune system capable of isotopologue ratio as well as ultrasensitive trace gas measurements, all accessible using a single distributed feedback laser.

Rapid and non-invasive detection of high-thickness glucose solution concentrations using quantum cascade laser-based transmission infrared spectroscopy

Most existing spectroscopic methods measure the concentration of blood glucose using attenuated total reflection. However, the short penetration depth (in the range of 2–15 μm) is a severe limitation. In practice, this approach is difficult to use because the depth of blood vessels in the skin exceeds 0.2 mm. As a solution, this work introduces a transmission spectroscopic method to measure the concentration of glucose. A fast infrared spectroscopic glucose concentration measurement method using a mid-infrared wavelength-swept pulsed quantum cascade laser (QCL) is adopted. This method employs a transmission optics system that does not require complicated adjustments or maintenance, together with an asynchronous signal method developed to shorten the measurement time. The combination of the high power of the QCL with the proposed algorithm enables measurements of glucose solution samples with an optical path length of 0.2 mm, which is sufficient for obtaining absorbance spectra and calculating the concentration of glucose in these samples. A linear regression of the average absorbance of the different glucose concentrations yields R2 values as high as 0.999. Moreover, using the asynchronous signal–based method reduces the single measurement time to 20 ms, and a 30 × integration required only 0.6 s. The proposed transmission method not only enables detection on the skin but also exhibits potential for measuring tear film on the eyeball in the tangential direction. This has potential applications in the diagnosis and management of diabetes.

A spectroscopy study of heated palm cooking oil using an open path optical method for Free Fatty Acids concentration measurement

Palm oil is a vegetable oil that is extracted from the fruits and seeds of the oil palm tree. Palm oil contains Free Fatty Acids, which can have negative consequences if repeatedly heated. Frequently heated cooking oil can undergo some physical changes such as colour darkens, Free Fatty Acids concentration increases, and an unpleasant odour is produced. The purposes of this study is to analyse the absorbance spectrum of repeatedly heated cooking oil and to measure the concentration of Free Fatty Acids. Using a spectrometer apparatus, heated palm cooking oil spectrum can be obtained and Free Fatty Acids analysis can be carried out using a technique called an open path method. The result shows that heated cooking oils have different absorbance spectrum and this analysis led to the development of an optical method for measuring Free Fatty Acids concentration. It is reported that this optical sensor is successfully measure the Free Fatty Acids concentration at 364 nm. The Free Fatty Acids concentration measurement is also verified using a chemical test and the result is aligned. This is an important step in order to distinguish the class of used cooking oil for the safety of consumers.

Optimal scheduling model of hydro-photovoltaic complementary based on simulation optimization algorithm

The total amount of hydro-photovoltaic generation is limited by the grid channel after large-scale grid connection of photovoltaic in the hydro-photovoltaic complementary clean energy base, resulting in the reduction of power generation efficiency of the system, an optimization scheduling model of hydro-photovoltaic complementary with yearly, monthly and daily scheduling cycles is established. The model adopts the simulation optimization algorithm, introduces the photovoltaic absorption measurement method, aiming at maximizing the power generation benefit of the system, and finally determines the cascade hydropower dispatching method. Taking the Tibet section of the Mekong River as an example, five typical hydrological years are cited to conduct a case study on the optimal scheduling of the hydro-photovoltaic complementary clean energy base. The results show that, on the basis of guaranteeing the hydropower benefit, this dispatching method can effectively improve the photovoltaic absorption rate, and realize the improvement of the total power generation benefit of the hydro-photovoltaic complementary base.