Chloride Method Research Articles

Exploring the potential of Beta Vulgaris L. Against thrombocytopenia: in vitro, in silico, phytochemicals, and antioxidant analysis

The purpose of this study was to assess anti- thrombocytopenia of beetroot extract using both in vitro and in silico methods. Additionally, antioxidant capacity, phenolic content, and flavonoid content of beetroot were determined. The extraction procedure was optimized by reflux method, the extracts obtained were examined to determine the Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) using the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. Furthermore, antioxidant capacity was assessed using the DPPH method, while betanin concentration was determined by thin-layer chromatography. This research approach encompasses the binding acticity of ligands and target proteins, the process of docking thrombopoietin receptor (TPOr) and betanin compound using Swissdock, and the examination of docking data using the USCF Chimera software. The studies revealed that the reflux-extracted beetroot extract had a total phenol concentration of 39.72 ± 2.56 mgGAE/g. The flavonoid concentration of beetroot extract obtained using reflux extraction was 5.47 ± 0.39 mg QE/g. The qualitative test conducted using thin layer chromatography yielded data indicating that the reflux-extracted extract tested positive for betanin. The reflux approach yielded an extract with antioxidant activity (IC50) of 95.71 μg/ml. The results of the molecular docking simulation showed that the betanin compound had a ΔG value of -8.1 Kcal/mol. It interacts with multiple amino acid residues, including LEU62, PRO63, ALA64, VAL65, ASP66, ARG138, THR139, THR140, ALA141, HIS142, ALA147, ILE148, LEU150, SER151, HIS154, PRO70, ARG71, ARG102, PHE104, PHE105, PRO106, and PHE126. An in vitro study demonstrated that the extract of Beta vulgaris L. has the ability to induce blood coagulation, indicating its potential as a haemostatic agent. Additionally, in silico investigations suggest that the betanin chemicals found in beetroot serve as TpoR agonists, and it can be concluded that betanin has antithrombocytopenia potential.

Bioactive compounds and bioactivity of the heads of wild artichokes

Wild artichokes (Cyanara algarbiensis, C. baetica, C. cardunculus, and C. humilis) heads are globally consumed, although some taxa remain understudied, constituting natural reservoirs of bioactive phytochemicals. This study was focused on four Cyanara taxa collected in diverse locations in the SE of the Iberian Peninsula in comparison with cultivated C. scolymus. Analyses of vitamin C was effected by HPLC-DAD, and the methanol:water (80:20, v/v) extracts were analyzed for: i) phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD and LC-MS; ii) phenolic acids and flavonoid using the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods; iii) the antioxidant activity through the DPPH and ABTS•+ methods; iv) the in vitro antiproliferative activity against HT-29 cells using the MTT assay; and v) caspase-3 activity, which was performed to verify induced apoptosis. Vitamin C highlighted in C. humilis (59.9 mg/100 g fw), and total phenolics (by chromatography quantitation) reached 645.9 mg/100 g fw in C. baetica. The antioxidant activity stood out in C. baetica, with 0.50 (DPPH) and 0.52 (ABTS•+) mmol TE/100 g fw. Chlorogenic acid, apigenin-7-O-glucoronide, and apigenin-7-O-rutinoside highlighted in C. baetica (159.5, 274.5, and 50.3 mg/100 g fw); and quercetin-3-O-glucoside and 1,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid stood out in C. algarbiensis (61.5 and 93.5 mg/100 g fw). Artichoke extracts inhibited HT-29 colorectal cancer cells proliferation, particularly the ones from C. algarbiensis and C. baetica (GI50 of 975 and 650 μg/mL for 72-h exposed cells). This work constitutes a whole approach to the knowledge of phytochemicals and bioactivities of wild artichoke taxa to discern their use as functional foods.

Development and Validation of Stability indicating RP-HPLC Assay Method for Trospium Chloride in Tablet Dosage Form

A simple, rapid, accurate and sensitive method was developed for quantitative analysis of Trospium Chloride in tablet dosage form using Reverse Phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with DAD detection. The chromatography separation was achieved Xterra RP18, (250 x 4.6mm, 5µParticle Size)), at column temperature 40°C±2, in the isocratic mobile phase mode using Acetonitrile (ACN): Buffer (65:35; v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min. The determination was performed using Buffer HPLC with DAD detector set at 215nm. Samples were prepared with diluent [Buffer: ACN (200:100; v/v)], and the volume injected was 50µL. The retention time for Trospium Chloride was 3.275 minute. The analytical curve was linear (r2 0.9993) over a wide concentration range (50.0-150.0 µg/mL). The presence of components of the tablet did not interfere in the results of the analysis. The method showed adequate precision with a relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 2%.

Phytochemical potential and GC–MS analysis of propolis from Punjab region of India

Propolis is a beehive product produced from honeybees by mixing β-glycosidase enzyme and beeswax with exudate collected from plant resins. The main goal of this study was to investigate the phytochemical potential and GC–MS profiling of the main constituents of propolis. The antioxidant activity was assessed by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were analysed by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method and aluminium chloride method respectively. Methanolic extract exhibited highest antioxidant activities, ethanolic extract had the highest total phenolic content, and maximum amount of flavonoid was observed in the chloroform extract. GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, fatty acids and phenolic compounds. Results revealed that propolis from Derra Bassi can be used as natural antioxidant, also extracting solvents had a significant impact on the phytochemical activities and with its standardisation can be used for prevention of diseases related with free radicals.

Comparative study of different Malaysian Stingless bee propolis: Physicochemical characterization, Phytochemical contents and Antibacterial activity

Stingless bee propolis is known to contain a variety of bioactive compounds, including phenolic and flavonoids, which have been linked to its antibacterial properties. Nevertheless, the phytochemical compositions of stingless bee propolis are significantly influenced by a complex interplay of multiple factors such as geographical origin, floral source, and bee species. This study aimed to assess the physicochemical properties, phytochemical contents, and antibacterial activity of propolis from different stingless bee species found in the same environment and ecological system. The propolis samples obtained from Heterotrigona itama, Geniotrigona thoracica and Tetrigona apicalis were subjected to physicochemical analysis to determine the pH, moisture, lipid, resin, and wax contents. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were measured by Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric and aluminium chloride methods, respectively. The antibacterial activity was determined using the agar well diffusion method against four Gram-positive bacteria, including Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus mutans, and Staphylococcus aureus. The physicochemical analysis of the propolis samples yielded the following results: moisture (12.17-16.45%), lipid (2.95-9.48%), resin (39.00-51.00%), wax (26.50-37.00%), and pH (5.07-5.61). Results revealed that propolis produced by G. thoracica displayed significantly higher moisture (16.45±0.38%), and resin contents (51.00±1.41%), as well as significantly lower percentage of lipid (2.95±0.12%), and wax content (26.50±0.71%). Similarly, G. thoracica propolis extract exhibited significantly higher TPC (200.70±0.06mg/mL GAE) and TFC (141.60±3.63mg/mL QE) values compared to the other propolis samples. Additionally, G. thoracica propolis extract was significantly active against B. cereus and M. luteus with inhibition zones of 15.00 and 16.00, respectively, and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of 390.63μg/mL. A strong correlation was found between resin content, TPC and antibacterial activity of propolis. This study indicated that the presence of high resin content in propolis resulted in a high concentration of phenolic compounds, which contributed significantly to its antibacterial activities. Furthermore, the research highlighted the species-dependent effect of propolis on its physicochemical characteristics, phytochemical composition, and antibacterial properties. The observed antibacterial efficacy of G. thoracica propolis suggested that the propolis extract held promise as an alternative treatment option against bacterial infections. Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the specific phenolic compounds that could contribute to its antibacterial properties.

Extraction and Characterization of Natural Antioxidants from Olive Leaves Powder

Olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves, which contain large amounts of phenols, are a common byproduct in the production of olive oil. When improperly processed, the by-products produced by the olive diligence can impairment the environment. Its leaves, which are made when olive trees are pruned and harvested and it is expected that foliage make up twenty five percent of pruning remains overall. These byproducts cost manufacturers money and have serious environmental implications. So, like other agronomical production wastes, partial reuse is something that should be pursued. These leftovers have a high concentration of beneficial chemicals, if isolated, may be used in food, cosmetics and nutraceutical sectors. Objectives: To extract the bioactive compounds polyphenols and flavonoids in 70% ethanol extract and its antioxidant activity was done. Methods: The polyphenols were quantified by Folin reagent and flavonoids by aluminum chloride methods respectively and the natural antioxidants were estimated by using free radical scavenging DPPH assay. Results: It was discovered that the 70% ethanol extract's total polyphenolic content was 65.50 ± 1.42 (mg GAE/g) and its total flavonoids were 11.85 ± 0.60 (mg QE/g). In 70% ethanol extract the % inhibition (DPPH) was 42.82±3.20-88.40±5.18 while BHT has the % inhibition (DPPH) 30.4 ± 2.50-80.50 ± 4.68 at concentration 0.1-0.5 mg/ml. Conclusions: The results indicating a noteworthy antioxidant activity in terms of radical scavenging activity. These results also wrapped up that the olive industry waste may be reutilized as a natural source of antioxidants in various sectors.

Anti-glycation properties of 05 spices and culinary herbs used in Benin

Diabetes mellitus is a major public health problem characterized by chronic hyperglycemia leading to several other pathologies. It causes oxidative stress, resulting in the overproduction of superoxide radicals and protein glycation, ultimately leading to the formation of Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs). It has been shown elsewhere that spices and herbs commonly used in the culinary arts inhibit glycation and AGE formation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the inhibitory effect of five aromatic herbs and spices commonly used in Benin on protein glycation and AGE formation. Total flavonoids content and polyphenolic compounds were determined with respectively the aluminium chloride method and the Folin-Ciocalteu method. For glycation testing, serum pools from diabetics and non-diabetics were used. Serum fructosamines were measured using the nitro blue tetrazolium colorimetric test and AGEs were detected using a fluorescence method. All five herbs and spices had shown notable ability to inhibit fructosamine and AGE formation. L. nobilis was very rich in flavonoids and exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity against glycation and AGE formation. The results of this study suggested that the investigated five spices and culinary herbs have interesting properties to take in account in the therapy of diabetes and its related complications.

Bio-based, closed-loop chemical recyclable aromatic polyamide from 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid: Synthesis, high performances, and degradation mechanism

The resource and environmental challenges posed by the extensive use and disposal of plastics have increased the urgency of research into plastic recycling and the hunt for bio-based alternative feedstocks. As one of the five general engineering polymers, polyamide has not yet been systematically explored in terms of its recycling performance or mechanism, especially aromatic polyamides. In addition, research on novel structured bio-based aromatic polyamides has not received sufficient attention due to the harsh polymerization conditions. In this work, bio-based fully aromatic polyamides based on 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) was successfully synthesized through the acyl chloride method, exhibiting thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties comparable to or superior to those of fossil derived isophthalic acid based polyamides. Moreover, both synthesized polyamides could be hydrolyzed in alkaline environments through the cleavage of amide bonds, as demonstrated by molecular dynamics simulations. The presence of furan rings lowered the energy barrier of hydrolysis as compared to benzene rings. Furthermore, a simple and efficient acidification followed by filtration approach with high recovery yields was developed to recover initial monomers from degradation solutions, thus achieving closed-loop chemical recovery of two polyamides. This work will further expand the application of bio-based feedstock, FDCA, and open new avenues for polyamide recycling research.

Heat, ultrasound, and microwave assisted extraction methods for recovering bioactive components from hawthorn fruit (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.)

AbstractIn this work, an assessment of effective solvents and extraction methods was carried out to recover the bioactive compounds from hawthorn fruit (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.). Extractions assisted by heat, microwave, and ultrasound were carried out using various organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol). pH differential, Folin–Ciocalteu's, and aluminum chloride methods were used to determine total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA), total phenolic compound (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC), consecutively. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl Hydrate (DPPH), and 2,2′- azino- bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6- sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays were used to measure the antioxidant activity (AA) of the extracts. The outputs revealed that extraction methods and solvents significantly affect anthocyanin concentration, TPC, TFC, AA, and color values of hawthorn fruit extracts. Due to the highest recovered TMA (0.152 ± 0.002 mg ECy3Gl/g of dry weight), TPC (49.14 ± 0.38 mg gallic acid equivalents/g of dry weight), and TFC (18.38 ± 0.19 mg quercetin equivalents/g of dry weight) contents, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction is superior to heat and microwave-assisted extractions. Accordingly, it was also observed that the methanol solvent is more profound than ethanol and isopropanol. Further, the bioactive compounds' content and the extracts' antioxidant activity are shown to be highly correlated. Thus, hawthorn extracts are considered to have antioxidant properties because of their concentrated bioactive compounds.

In Vitro Evaluation of Extracts From Ixora Species for a Potential Phytosomal Formulation.

Background Ixora species are perennial shrubs and flowering plants belonging to the family Rubiaceae. The leaf and flower parts of Ixora coccinea (I. coccinea)andIxora alba (I. alba) were aimed at isolating their active fractions. The present study was to determine in vitro antitumor activity against malignant melanoma cell lines for phytosome formulation. Materials and methods Two species, I. coccinea (red flowers and leaves) and I. alba (white flowers and leaves), were selected, and this study focused on determining the active fraction by comparing the in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and hydroalcoholic (ethanol:water, 70:30 v/v) extracts. The identified potent extract was subjected to in vitro anticancer activity in malignant melanoma cell lines. Results A phytochemical study revealed phytosterols, flavonoids, proteins, amino acids, alkaloids, carbohydrates, phenols, tannins, and diterpenes. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant effect of I. coccinea and I. alba leaf and flower extracts. In the DPPH assay, I. coccinea flower hydroalcoholic extract (ICFHA) had an IC50 value of 248.99 µg/mL, and I. coccinea leaf hydroalcoholic extract (ICLHA) had an IC50 value of 268.87 µg/mL. These two extracts had a lower value with a higher antioxidant effect. In the total antioxidant assay, I. coccinea leaf ethyl acetate extract (ICLEA) and I. coccinea leaf chloroform extract (ICLCE) have 77.4 ± 0.05 and 68.9 ± 0.03 mg of ascorbic acid equivalent per gm of extract, respectively. These two extracts exhibited a high antioxidant effect. The antimicrobial potential was evaluated using selected bacterial and fungal strains using the agar-well diffusion method. Petroleum ether and chloroform extracts of I. coccinea and I. alba leaves and flowers did not possess antimicrobial activity with any of the bacterial or fungal strains. An ethyl acetate extract and a hydroalcoholic extract of I. coccinea leaves and flowers showed antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, and Staphylococcus aureus. An ethyl acetate extract of I. coccinea flower and a hydroalcoholic extract of I. alba leaf showed a significant zone of inhibition when compared with standard chloramphenicol for all three selected strains, which may be due to the presence of active phytoconstituents. ICLHA showed a MIC of ≤300 µg/mL for Enterococcus faecalisandStaphylococcus aureusand ≤400 µg/mL for Candida albicans microbial strains. The high total flavonoid content was reported in ICLEA at 771.31 µg/mL and in I. coccinea flower ethyl acetate extract (ICFEA) at 694.69 µg/mL. High-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis showed a high quercetin (QCE) content in the ICLEA extract. To prove the in vitro skin anticancer activity, an MTT assay was performed for the ICLEA extract in a malignant melanoma cell line, and the IC50 value was reported as 7.96 µg/mL. Conclusion I. coccinea leaf ethyl acetate extract revealed a significant total flavonoid content in analysis through the aluminum chloride method, and the presence of a high QCE content was confirmed by HPTLC analysis. The in vitro skin anticancer activity of ICLEA was confirmed by the MTT assay; therefore, it was concluded that the ICLEA extract was a potent fraction and was selected to develop a phytosome.

Difference in urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio using the benzethonium chloride and pyrogallol red methods in children.

The appropriate reference value of the urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (PCR) for proteinuria may change when the urinary pyrogallol red (PR) protein assay method is changed to the benzethonium chloride method (BC). This study aimed to evaluate the difference between BC-based PCR (BC-PCR) and PR-based PCR (PR-PCR) values in children. We compared the BC-PCR and PR-PCR values in the same first-morning urine samples without significant proteinuria in school urine screening settings. The upper limit of the reference values was set at the 97.5th percentile. Notably, 133 samples from 124 individuals (female: 62%, age: median 12.3 years, range 6.3-16.9 years) were collected between August 2020 and October 2022. The diagnoses included 34 normal individuals and 99 with asymptomatic hematuria. The urinary protein (UP) concentrations measured using the BC (BC-UP) and PR (PR-UP) methods were in a linear relationship; however, the BC-UP concentrations were higher than the PR-UP concentrations (mean of differences: 11.2, 95% confidence interval (CI): 11.0-13.4 mg/dL). Also, the BC-PCR values were higher than the PR-PCR values (mean of differences: 0.090, 95% CI: 0.082-0.098 g/gCr). The BC-PCR showed a body-size-related decrease, reflecting a body-size-related urinary creatinine increase. The suggested BC-PCR reference values for proteinuria were 0.25 and 0.17 g/gCr for elementary (6-12.4 years) and junior high school students (12.5-16 years), respectively. These values were higher than those of the PR-PCR and need further studies. When evaluating PCR results, the urinary protein assay should be stated.

PERBANDINGAN TOTAL SENYAWA FLAVONOID EKSTRAK ETANOL KULIT DAN BIJI BUAH OKRA HIJAU (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)

Green okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is a plant belonging to the Malvaceae family. Green okra fruit contains many secondary metabolites, one of which is flavonoids, which have potential as antioxidants to stabilize free radicals. This study aims to determine and compare the total flavonoid content of seeds and skin, so that it can be ascertained which part of the fruit has the highest total flavonoid content. The okra fruit extraction process was carried out by maceration with 70% ethanol solvent. Phytochemical screening and thin layer chromatography tests were performed on green okra seeds and skin extracts. The total flavonoid content was determined using the colorimetric-aluminum chloride method with UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The results of the phytochemical screening showed that the ethanol extract of green okra fruit peels contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and steroids, while the ethanol extract of green okra fruit seeds contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The results of the thin layer chromatography test showed that the ethanol extract of green okra fruit skin and seeds contained a flavonoid compound as quercetin. The results of the total flavonoid content of the ethanol extract of green okra fruit skin : okra fruit seeds were 6.4589 mg QE/g extract ± 0.86 : 27.7583 mg QE/g extract ± 0.36. Based on statistical results with an Independent T test using SPSS, the significance value (2-tailed) of both samples was < 0.05, which means that there is a real difference between the total flavonoid compounds of skin ethanol extract and ethanol extract of green okra fruit seeds.

Exploring a Marine Zoanthid - Zoanthus sansibaricus – A Potential candidate for Drug Discovery

The oceans and all the marine life forms that they harbor remain a major source of treasure to mankind, covering 71% of the earth's surface and representing over 95% of the biosphere. Zoanthids, a subclass of the benthic Anthozoans, are found in almost all marine environments. Despite this fact, the order Zoantharia is still one of the most taxonomically neglected and least examined orders of the phylum Cnidaria. However, they are gaining importance in the pharmaceutical research field due to the significance of bioactive compounds secreted from their bodies. Zoanthus sansibaricus species collected from the Indian coast have been explored in the present study. The study aimed to isolate chemical constituents from the methanol and methanol: chloroform (1:1) extract of Zoanthus sp. by subjecting it to a series of chromatographic analysis. In total, eight compounds were purified from petroleum ether, chloroform, n-butanol, and methanol-soluble parts of aqueous fractions. The compounds were characterized using spectroscopic techniques such as Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Mass spectrometry. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were estimated using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and Aluminum chloride method, respectively. The phenolic compound contents of the petroleum ether and methanol-soluble part of the aqueous fraction were 18.92mg/g GAE and 7.02mg/g GAE, respectively. Total flavonoid content in the petroleum ether fraction was 8.05mg/g QUE and 1.38mg/g QUE in the methanol-soluble part of the aqueous fraction. This study emphasizes the need for a more extensive compilation of such data to extend our pool of knowledge about marine natural products as potential candidates for drug discovery.

Evaluation of fig-milk dessert bioactive properties as a potential functional food.

The fig-milk dessert, a traditional and nutritionally rich treat infused with bioactive compounds, was subjected to a comprehensive analysis in this study. The novelty of this research lies in the investigation of the invitro antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial potential of the fig-milk dessert. This was accomplished through the utilization of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, Annexin/propidium iodide staining, microtiter plate-based assay and agar well diffusion, respectively, for the first time. Additionally, the study assessed the total phenols and flavonoid content of the extract using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay and the aluminum chloride method, respectively. The findings revealed that the cooking method exerted a significant influence on the bioactive properties and nutritional composition of the dessert. Among the samples analyzed, CM1, consisting of figs steamed for 2 min and milk heated to 70°C, exhibited remarkable characteristics. This sample demonstrated the highest peptide concentration (1290 mg/L), superior antioxidant and anticancer activities, and favorable sensory attributes. Specifically, CM1 induced apoptosis in 84% of AGS cells and inhibited 68% of free radicals in the DPPH assay. It is noteworthy that the fig-milk dessert did not exhibit any antibacterial properties. These discerning results carry substantial implications for the development of functional dairy products endowed with both nutritional and potential therapeutic properties.

Determination of Active Biomarkers and the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potential of Standardized Zygophyllum spp Extract

This study aimed to identify the chemical composition, and investigation of antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Zygophyllum fabago, Zygophyllum eurypterum, Zygophyllum propinquum and Zygophyllum megacarpum extracts against human pathogenic bacterial. The samples were collected from West Azarbaijan province and were analyzed in biotechnology department of Bu Ali Sina University, Iran. The antibacterial activity by agar well diffusion assay, minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) by the serial dilution method and free radical activity by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were measured. Next, the phenolic and flavonoid contents were calculated by Folin-Ciocalteu and Aluminum Chloride methods, respectively, and the presence of the phytochemical compounds including alkaloids, saponins, and tannins were tested. In addition, chemical compositions analysis was done using a GCMS. The major components including as ar-curcumene (17.18%), methyl ester (21.53%), caryophyllène (17.07%), and carvacrol (23.71%) were dominant in Z. fabago, Z. eurypterum, Z. propinquum and Z. megacarpum, respectively. The highest sensitivity was observed on S. epidermidis with MIC of 3.125% on flower extract of Z. fabago. The most potent radical scavenging activity belonged to the flower extract of Z.megacarpum. The highest phenolic and flavonoid contents were obtained in Z. fabago root extract as 301.04 mgGA/DWg and 8.04 mgQ/DWg, respectively as well as carvacrol was determined as the dominant compound. Based on the findings, Zygophyllum spp can be suggested for producing natural drugs and antimicrobial agents.

Redox State Modulatory Activity and Cytotoxicity of Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae) Leaves Extract Enriched in Polyphenols Using Macroporous Resin.

The food products derived from Olea europaea are a fundamental part of the Mediterranean diet, and their health-promoting effects are well known. In this study, we analyzed the phytochemical characteristics, the redox state modulatory activity, and the cytotoxic effect of an olive leaf aqueous extract enriched by macroporous resin on different tumor and normal cell lines (LNCaP, PC3, HFF-1). HPLC-DAD analysis, the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods confirmed the qualitatively and quantitatively high content of phenolic compounds (130.02 ± 2.3 mg GAE/g extract), and a DPPH assay (IC50 = 100.00 ± 1.8 μg/mL), the related antioxidant activity. The biological investigation showed a significant cytotoxic effect, highlighted by an MTT test and the evident cellular morphological changes, on two prostate cancer cell lines. Remarkably, the extract was practically non-toxic on HFF-1 at the concentrations (100, 150, 300 µg/mL) and exposure times tested. Hence, the results are selective for tumor cells. The underlying cytotoxicity was associated with the decrease in ROS production (55% PC3, 42% LNCaP) and the increase in RSH levels (>50% PC3) and an LDH release assay (50% PC3, 40% LNCaP, established necrosis as the main cell death mechanism.

Comprehensive analysis of bioactive compounds in Crocus sativus stamens extracts by HPLC-DAD: investigating antidiabetic activity via in vitro, in vivo, and molecular docking simulation.

Introduction: Medicinal herbs used in traditional diabetes treatment are a rich source of anti-diabetic compounds. Pancreatic α-amylase inhibitors offer an effective strategy to reduce postprandial hyperglycemic levels via control of starch degradation. In this context, our study for the first time investigates the effect of Crocus sativus stamens extracts on α-amylase inhibition. Material and methods: The hydromethanolic and hydroethanolic extracts were obtained by macerating the dried stamen powder with methanol/water or ethanol/water, respectively. The total phenolic content of the stamen extracts was assessed using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method, while the total flavonoid content was determined using the Aluminum Chloride method. Phytochemicals were further quantified and identified using HPLC-DAD. For evaluation of hypoglycemic activity, in vitro α-amylase enzyme inhibition was calculated. The results were confirmed in vivo using an oral starch tolerance test in both normal and diabetic rats. Results: Our findings demonstrated a higher level of polyphenols and flavonoids in the hydroethanolic extract. Important flavonoids found were kaempferol, rutin, and vanillic acid, while prominent carotenoids contained trans- and cis-crocins. The in vitro study showed that both hydromethanolic and hydroethanolic extracts had considerable inhibitory effects, with maximum inhibitions of approximately 83% and 89%, respectively. In vivo tests indicated that both extracts effectively lowered peak blood glucose and area under the curve in both normal and diabetic rats following oral starch treatment. The obtained results are also supported by a docking study. Conclusion: These findings imply that C. sativus stamens possess a distinctive capability to reduce postprandial blood glucose levels. This effect is likely mediated through the inhibition of α-amylase, presenting a novel dietary avenue for managing diabetes.

Ethnobotany, total phenolic and flavonoid content in the species Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson

After the emergence of COVID-19, respiratory sequelae persisted, and one alternative worth reconsideration is Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson. The objective is to determine the ethnobotany and the total phenolic and flavonoid content of C. citriodora. The ethnobotanical information was gathered using a semi-structured questionnaire from herbalists in markets in the city of Trujillo, La Libertad, Peru. Corymbia citriodora was collected in Agallpampa, Otuzco, and identified in the Herbarium Truxillense. Three extracts were prepared and evaluated (infuse, decoct, and hydroethanolic). The total phenols were quantified using the Folin Ciocalteau method, and total flavonoids were quantified using the aluminum chloride method. Corymbia citriodora reported a higher medicinal use in bronchitis (39.1%), in the preparation of a frequent infusion, made from leaves, often in combination with Piper aduncum (35.7%). Total phenols and flavonoids were reported as 118.65 mg GAE and 33.95 mg QCE per gram of dried drug, with the hydroethanolic extract standing out. The high presence of phenolic and flavonoid bioactives is directly related to anti-inflammatory activity, suggesting that C. citriodora remains a viable option and demonstrates efficacy in a traditional context for improving respiratory conditions.

Phytochemicals Analysis and Antioxidant Potential of Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Fresh Fruits of Pistacia atlantica and Pistacia khinjuk

Medicinal plants are known for containing potent antioxidants, primarily due to the presence of phytochemical components with diverse biological properties. In this study, we assessed the chemical constituents and antioxidant potential of Pistacia atlantica and P. khinjuk. The essential oils from P. atlantica and P. khinjuk oleoresin were obtained through hydrodistillation, and their chemical constituents were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, we evaluated the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, total antioxidant activity, and free radical quenching potentials of hydroalcoholic extracts from P. atlantica and P. khinjuk. These assessments were performed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, aluminum chloride method, phosphomolybdate test, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition assay (Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 value)), respectively. The results revealed that the major phytochemical components in P. atlantica essential oil were ?-pinene, camphene, ?-pinene, D-limonene, cyclohexene, and careen. Additionally, P. khinjuk essential oil contained ?-pinene, ?-Pinene, trans-verbnol, bicyclo(3.1.1.)heptan, verbenene, camphene, D-limonene, and ?-campholenal. Furthermore, the total phenols and flavonoids content of P. atlantica were higher than those of P. khinjuk. However, the total antioxidant capacity was significantly greater in P. khinjuk than in P. atlantica. The IC50 value (DPPH assay) was also significantly higher in P. khinjuk compared to P. atlantica. Although the essential oils of both plants exhibited antioxidant effects, P. atlantica essential oils demonstrated superior antioxidant effects compared to P. khinjuk. In conclusion, the presence of abundant phytochemical components, such as monoterpenes, was observed in both the plants. These findings suggest that P. atlantica and P. khinjuk generally possess considerable antioxidant activity.

Influence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids on the colour and antioxidant activity of Melipona beecheii honey from deciduous forest of Yucatan, Mexico

The Melipona beecheii honey has bioactive compounds with high antioxidant activity that influence its colour. This research evaluated the influence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids on the colour and antioxidant activity of M. beecheii honeys. Forty-three honey samples from different site located in the low deciduous forest of Yucatan, Mexico, were extracted during the harvest and post-harvest seasons (2020 – 2021). The Pfund method was used to measure colour, Folin-Ciocalteu method for phenols measurement, aluminum chloride method for flavonoids determination, and ABTS and DPPH IC50 assay to determine antioxidants. The predominant colour of the honey was extra light amber and light amber at both seasons. Phenols ranged from 780 to 1317 mg/kg GAE; flavonoids from 36 to 55 mg/kg CE and antioxidant were 675 to 1161 µmol/kg TEAC by the ABTS and 361.8 to 173.0 mg/mL by the DPPH IC50. Phenols and flavonoids were correlated with colour and radical scavenging activity, indicating the influence of these compounds with the darker colour and higher antioxidant activity of honey. The statistically significant difference (P<0.05) between seasons could be associated with the botanical origin with great diversity of melliferous flora present in the low deciduous forest of the Yucatan Peninsula.
 
 Keywords: Antioxidant; colour; flavonoids; honey; Melipona beecheii.