Assessment Methods Research Articles

Serum Albumin Level at Intensive Care Unit Admission and Delirium Duration and Severity in Critically Ill Adults.

Hypoalbuminemia has been associated with an increased risk of in-hospital delirium. However, the relationship between serum albumin levels and the duration and severity of delirium is not well defined. To investigate the relationship between albumin levels and delirium duration and severity. Study data were from a randomized controlled trial involving adult intensive care unit patients (≥ 18 years old) admitted to 3 academic hospitals from 2009 to 2015 who had positive delirium screening results on the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit-7. Delirium severity was defined by mean Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit-7 scores by day 8. Delirum duration was defined by the number of delirium-free and coma-free days by day 8. Serum albumin levels within 72 hours of intensive care unit admission were collected from electronic medical records. The study included 237 patients (mean age, 60.3 years; female sex, 52.7%; receiving mechanical ventilation, 59.5%; acute respiratory failure or sepsis, 57.8%). Serum albumin levels were categorized as 3 g/dL or greater (n = 13), 2.5 to 2.99 g/dL (n = 142), and less than 2.5 g/dL (n = 82). After adjustment for demographic and clinical characteristics, no significant associations between albumin levels and delirium duration or severity were found. However, patients with normal albumin levels (≥3 g/dL) had shorter stays than did patients with hypoalbuminemia. In patients with delirium, higher albumin levels were associated with shorter hospital stays but not with delirium duration or severity.

Spatial patterns of hydroecological health in the semi-arid yellow river basin: Revelations from machine learning models

The ecosystem of semi-arid watersheds is influenced by a combination of natural climate factors, rainfall, and habitat destruction, resulting in complex mechanisms of spatial differentiation and evolution of water ecological health. Indicator selection in mainstream water ecological health assessment methods, such as the Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI), often relies on subjective reference point choices. This approach tends to overlook the comprehensive impacts and interactions among various environmental stressors. For watersheds significantly influenced by natural climatic factors, considerable uncertainties arise, leading to a lack of scientific justification for establishing water ecological health protection goals. In this study, the nonlinear capabilities of the random forest (RF) model were applied to reduce subjectivity in traditional water ecological health assessments and to more accurately reveal the emerging spatial differentiation patterns and underlying causes of water ecological health in the Wei River Basin (WRB), the largest typical semi-arid watershed of the Yellow River in China. Our findings indicate: (1) Traditional evaluation indices indicate that the overall water ecological health of the WRB is classified as sub-healthy (60 %). The core indicators include dominant species, total algal density, and the percentage of diatom density, with no significant spatial differentiation observed. (2) An improved water ecological health assessment method for semi-arid watersheds, based on the RF model, has been developed to replace traditional subjective judgment steps. This method establishes a complex multi-input–output response relationship (R2 > 0.85) between environmental stress indicators and the biological integrity index for the WRB. (3) The model results identify key driving factors affecting changes in water ecological health in semi-arid watersheds, with the sensitivity of the new model increasing nearly 11-fold compared to traditional IBI methods. (4) Following improvements, the water ecological health characteristics of the WRB exhibit significant spatial heterogeneity, with a higher dispersion coefficient (1.21), and demonstrate enhanced nonlinear response trends to climatic factors. The application of machine learning models indicates that traditional methods may underestimate the extent of ecological health degradation in watersheds and tend to oversimplify spatial heterogeneity characteristics.

Infrared temperature distribution characteristics and state assessment method of sandstone under tension and compression stress

Abnormalities in infrared radiation temperature (IRT) often accompany the loading In this investigation, stress experiments and splitting tests were conducted on sandstone to investigate the IRT characteristics of sandstone under various loading conditions. The results shows that the Maximum Infrared Radiation Temperature (MAXIRT) increases by up to 5 °C, while in splitting tests, the minimum infrared radiation temperature (MINIRT) decreases by approximately 1.5 °C. Compared to the average infrared radiation temperature (AIRT), MAXIRT is more sensitive to compressive stress, whereas (MINIRT) is more responsive to tensile stress. The correlation between IRT indicators and stress were further analyzed. The findings reveal a positive correlation between IRT and compressive stress. At low stress levels, the correlation coefficient fluctuates between −0.4 and 0.6, generally showing low correlation. As stress increases, the correlation coefficient rises, reaching above 0.8, indicating a high correlation. Tensile stress exhibits a negative correlation, with a consistent trend. Additionally, a statistical analysis of the frequency distribution of IRT under different stress conditions was conducted, followed by hypothesis testing. The results demonstrate that the probability distribution of IRT during loading follows a skewed normal distribution. The changes in skewness can be divided into three stages: initial fluctuation, stable variation, and abrupt failure. Under compressive stress, a right-skewed distribution is observed, with skewness exceeding 3.5 before fracture and reaching above 10 near fracture. Under tensile stress, a left-skewed distribution is noted, with skewness reaching −4.5 near fracture. These findings contribute to the assessment of rock stress states and provide early warning information for predicting rock failure.

Integrating Contrast-enhanced US to O-RADS US for Classification of Adnexal Lesions with Solid Components: Time-intensity Curve Analysis versus Visual Assessment.

Purpose To compare the diagnostic performance of time-intensity curve (TIC) analysis and subjective visual assessment of contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) when integrated with the Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System (O-RADS) US risk stratification system for characterizing adnexal lesions with solid components. Materials and Methods In this prospective multicenter study conducted from September 2021 to December 2022, female individuals with suspected adnexal lesions containing solid components detected at routine US were enrolled. All participants underwent preoperative CEUS examinations. Histopathologic findings were used as the reference standard for diagnosis. Lesions were classified according to the O-RADS US system. Enhancement of solid tissue compared with the outer myometrium was evaluated using both TIC analysis and subjective visual assessment. The diagnostic performance of O-RADS alone and each CEUS assessment method when integrated with the O-RADS US system was assessed and compared using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results A total of 180 lesions (80 malignant and 100 benign histopathologic outcomes) in 175 participants (median age, 47 years [IQR, 33-56]) were analyzed. Incorporating CEUS (assessed through both TIC analysis and subjective visual assessment) with O-RADS US showed significantly improved diagnostic performance over O-RADS US alone, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.86 (95% CI: 0.80, 0.91) compared with 0.78 (95% CI: 0.71, 0.84). No evidence of a difference was observed between the AUCs of TIC analysis and subjective visual assessment in the enhancement evaluation of solid tissue with CEUS for adnexal malignancy categorization (P = .83). Conclusion Subjective visual assessment and TIC analysis of CEUS features when integrated with the O-RADS US scoring system showed comparable diagnostic performance in assigning adnexal malignancy risk. Keywords: Adnexal Lesions, Contrast-enhanced US, O-RADS, Time-intensity Curve Analysis Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2024.

First-in-Human Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms Trial with Tricaprin (F-HAAAT): Study Design and Protocol

Approximately 2–12% of individuals aged > 65 years worldwide are estimated to have an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), with a mortality rate exceeding 60% in rupture cases. The sole preventive intervention against rupture is timely surgery, which requires substantial medical resources, including postoperative complication management. Although numerous randomized clinical trials have been performed, no oral medication effectively treats AAA. Tricaprin, a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) with three capric acids, is used in dietary therapy for metabolic and neurological disorders. Our group recently reported that tricaprin, unlike other MCTs, showed reverse remodeling of AAA in a rat model. Determining whether this basic finding could be translated to clinical practice is important. The First-in-Human Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms trial with Tricaprin (F-HAAAT) proposes the first-in-human AAA trial to confirm the safety of tricaprin in patients with small AAA, exploring novel assessment methods to evaluate treatment efficacy. This single-center, open-label, single-arm study will include ten patients (aged 50–85 years) with small AAA (30–45 mm in diameter) receiving daily oral tricaprin (1.5–3.0 g/day) for 52 weeks. Primary endpoints include safety evaluation of tricaprin determined by monitoring all adverse events, particularly major adverse cardiovascular events, AAA-related adverse events, and other unpredictable events. Secondary endpoints include parameters to validate tricaprin efficacy by measuring AAA diameter, volume, and Agatston score, and analyzing computed tomography values of the aortic aneurysmal wall. F-HAAAT outcomes may provide insights into noninvasive methods for indirectly analyzing AAA pathological characteristics and revealing aneurysmal reverse remodeling. (jRCTs051240036, Japan Registry of Clinical Trials)

Digital assessment of soft and hard tissue alterations after anterior maxillary tooth extraction

Objectives: This study aimed to assess dimensional alterations in soft and hard tissues 12 weeks post-extraction using novel computerized methods. Secondary objectives included exploring potential correlations between soft tissue changes and underlying bone variations, as well as investigating relationships between soft and hard tissue alterations and various contributing factors. Methods: For all patients, preoperative and postoperative CBCT scans and intra-oral scans were obtained. Soft and hard tissue dimensions before extraction and at 12 weeks post-extraction were measured using 3D-slicer software. Both DICOM and STL files were superimposed, and measurements were taken at 2mm and 4mm from the facial crestal level. Results: At twelve weeks, soft tissue thickness increased by 73.5% at 2mm and 51.2% at 4mm from the facial crestal bone. In contrast, there was a 42.5% and 33% bone resorption at 2mm and 4mm, respectively. Furthermore, the study found that smokers had a higher rate of soft tissue thickening and hard tissue resorption compared to non-smokers. The female group exhibited greater soft tissue thickening and bone resorption than the male group. Finally, the central incisor showed the highest bone loss rate, followed by the canine and the lateral incisor. Conclusions: Three months following tooth extraction, a physiological thickening of the facial soft tissue occurs concurrently with significant bone loss beneath it. Clinical Significance: This article’s novel digital assessment methods for evaluating soft and hard tissue alterations offer the potential to optimize treatment planning, enhancing patient outcomes and minimizing complications. By providing a comprehensive understanding of post-extraction tissue changes, it empowers clinicians to tailor treatments for individual patients, improving predictability and personalized care.

Implementing Integrated Holistic Education System (IHES) for Character Building at Seven Skies International School in Selangor, Malaysia

The modern educational system emphasizes not only the intellectual development of students but also the formation of moral and social character. Traditional educational systems are often perceived as inadequate in meeting the demands of globalization, technological advancement, and social change. Seven Skies International School adopts the Integrated Holistic Education System (IHES) to address these needs by incorporating intellectual, emotional, spiritual, and physical aspects into student learning. The primary challenge in implementing IHES is maintaining a balance between academic achievement and the development of students' character, as well as ensuring that educators are capable of effectively guiding emotional and spiritual growth. Common obstacles include the lack of understanding and skills among teachers in comprehensively applying IHES. This study aims to analyze the implementation of IHES at Seven Skies International School, evaluate character-building strategies, and measure their impact on students' moral and social development. The methodology employed is a qualitative approach through observation, interviews, and document analysis. The research findings indicate that IHES positively influences students' moral and social development. However, several challenges were identified in its implementation, particularly concerning teacher training and the methods used for character evaluation, which require improvement. The study's recommendations include enhancing training programs for educators and developing more comprehensive methods for character assessment.

Evaluation of ultrasonic non-destructive inspection methods for structural integrity assessment of freight train axles

Evaluation of ultrasonic non-destructive inspection methods for structural integrity assessment of freight train axles

Professional and personal development of newly-qualified teachers as a factor in sustainable development of the region

Introduction. The article is devoted to the problem of newly-qualified teachers’ professional development. The aim of the study is to identify the difficulties of novice teachers during their adaptation in educational settings of the region and to substantiate the ways to improve the quality of initial teacher education in the system of continuous teacher education. Materials and Methods. The methodological basis of the study consists of contextual biographical and cluster approaches. The contextual biographical approach involves studying teachers’ professional biographies in the system of continuing education, taking into account complex external conditions. The cluster approach defines the principles of interaction between various stakeholders within the regional community in order to ensure the sustainable development of the regional educational system. In order to achieve the research goal, the following methods were used: theoretical (analysis of scholarly literature, comparison, generalization) and empirical (online questionnaire, focus group method, method of independent expert assessments). Results. Based on the analysis of scholarly literature, the authors provide their definition of professional and personal teachers’ development as a basic component of their professional development during the period of initial teacher education and at the initial stage of professional development. The authors argued that the main difficulty of novice teachers during the adaptation period is their interaction with various subjects of the educational process at school - students and their parents. The article substantiates the necessity of creating a regional educational cluster as an effective mechanism for improving the quality of initial teacher education at different stages of continuous teacher education. Conclusions. Based on the authors’ idea about professional and personal development of teachers as a basic component of their professional development in the initial period of their working life, the study reveals the main difficulties of novice teachers during their adaptation in educational settings of the region, overcoming of which requires changes in the system of psychological, teacher and methods education at universities and colleges. As an effective mechanism for improving the quality of teacher education, the authors substantiated the idea of creating a pedagogical scientific and educational cluster in the region, which unites the participants of the territorial educational community interested in providing the regional education system with highly qualified teaching staff.

Review of Image Processing Methods for Surface and Tool Condition Assessments in Machining

Review of Image Processing Methods for Surface and Tool Condition Assessments in Machining

Peculiarities of developing the cognitive-prognostic component of future teachers’ soft skills

Introduction. In the modern vocational education system, there is a significant shortage of highly qualified and competent teachers who are able to teach students effectively and prepare them for real professional challenges. Convergence in education and industries places new demands on vocational teacher education, who must have developed soft skills necessary for professional development. A new methodology and procedures for their formation at university is needed, which is an important research problem in the field of quality training of mid-level specialists for the modern labor market and ensuring the competitiveness of graduates. The purpose of the study is to identify the characteristic features of developing cognitive-prognostic component of future teachers’ soft skills. Materials and Methods. The study follows the creative-prognostic and personal-narrative approaches. Through theoretical methods, the essence, structure, and content of soft skills for vocational teachers were identified and described: the method of conceptual, terminological and comparative analysis, content analysis, discursive reflection, system analysis, and modeling. In order to test the effectiveness of cognitive-prognostic component of soft skills development, a number of empirical methods were used, in particular: observation, questioning, testing, expert assessment and statistical methods for processing the data. Results. The article discusses theoretical and technological aspects of soft skills development that ensure training of competitive mid-level professional for the labor market. In order to build the structure of future vocational teachers’ professionalism, the authors identified its functional components. Attention is focused on the new methodology and procedure of their formation at university, providing a predictive vision and a creative approach, i.e. combining the ideas of creativity and flexible forecasting in the uncertain world. The research significance is presented by the data obtained during analytical work, which made it possible to identify a number of essential structural components of future teachers’ professionalism. The analysis of modern research trends highlights the cognitive-prognostic component of soft skills as a significant one for further training of competitive mid-level professionals for the labor market, corresponding to current challenges, the development of technologies using digital resources and artificial intelligence. Conclusions. It has been found that the formation of future vocational teachers’ soft skills based on the use of innovative forms, methods and means of forecasting and creative management will improve the efficiency of the educational process at university and ensure further professional development. In order to ensure efficient preparation of future vocational teachers, it is necessary to develop teaching procedures for implementing the cognitive-prognostic component of soft skills, including lean thinking and project and process management. In conclusion, the authors emphasize the significant role of the cognitive-prognostic component of preparing competitive vocational teachers able to cope with modern challenges in the labor market.

Risk Evaluation of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) at the Outpatient Registration Centre: A Review of Work Postures with the Rapid Office Strain Assessment (ROSA) Method

Risk Evaluation of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) at the Outpatient Registration Centre: A Review of Work Postures with the Rapid Office Strain Assessment (ROSA) Method

Development and performance evaluation of ultra-lightweight geopolymer foam insulation material

The preparation technology for new ultra-lightweight geopolymer insulation materials (ULGIM) has been developed based on the principle of alkaline activation, and ULGIM for building walls have been obtained. It has improved the problem of traditional inorganic foam insulation material that cannot balance density, insulation performance, mechanical performance and environmental performance. The composition of supplementary cementitious materials, the mass ratio between each component, and water to binder ratio (w/b) were used to analyze the thermal conductivity, dry density, volumetric water absorption, compressive strength, average pore diameter, and porosity of ULGIM. The life cycle assessment (LCA) method was employed to assess the environmental impact of ULGIM production. The test results showed that ULGIM achieved a dry density and thermal conductivity of ULGIM only 181.17 kg/m3 and 0.0427 W/(m·K), respectively, and the optimal compressive strength was 0.72 MPa at 7 d. ULGIM exhibited superior compressive strength, lower thermal conductivity, and smaller environmental impact in comparison to cement-based foamed materials with comparable dry density.

Delirium management and current practice among Intensive Care Units Doctors, Khartoum

Delirium is a brain dysfunction characterized by attention and cognitive disturbances in a fluctuating manner. The international guidelines recommend daily screening for delirium. The Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) and Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC) are the most commonly used methods for assessing delirium. This study aimed to identify barriers and gaps in knowledge and practice. This was a hospital-based Cross-Sectional study. Stratified random sampling was used in this study. 72 ICU doctors were randomly selected. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS version 23. Descriptive data were presented, and the chi-squared test was used to determine the associations among variables. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. More than 70% of the doctors were ≤ 30 years of age and female. A total of 69.4% of the participants had < 1year of experience. In total, 94.4% of the participants worked in medical ICUs. Less than 20% of the doctors used delirium assessment tools, with a statistically significant difference based on experience (p=0.012). Delirium was not regularly assessed in 13.9% of the patients. Non-pharmacological management was applied by 76.4% of doctors, and communication with patients was the most frequent (75%). Haloperidol was the most commonly used drug (83.3%). A total of 40.3% of doctors did not stop delirium medication on ICU discharge. A regular delirium assessment was performed. However, the use of validated assessment tools is uncommon. Nonpharmacological management of delirium is important and is mostly performed. Our doctors prescribed antipsychotics for the treatment of both forms of delirium, and almost half of them did not stop the medications on ICU discharge. Medication reconciliation and contact with the next in-charge of the patients are important.

Assessing the effectiveness of implementing immersive technologies within university sustainable development systems

The subject of this study is the processes of assessing the effectiveness of the implementation of immersive technologies in the systems of sustainable development at universities. The problem that determined the purpose of the work is the lack of methodological tools for assessing the level of efficiency in the implementation of immersive technologies on the basis of sustainable development (using an example of Lviv Polytechnic National University). The authors’ toolkit includes a system of indicators, a methodological approach to the use of software for their evaluation, and a matrix for interpreting the results. The choice of the efficiency assessment method is based on the theory of fuzzy sets. The study of the factors influencing the effectiveness of the implementation of immersive technologies in the educational process has made it possible to form a system of integrated indicators, including indicators designed to comprehensively identify its level in the student and teaching environments. The indicator of effectiveness of immersive technologies implemented by students contributes to a thorough analysis of their ability to generate innovations based on such technologies. This indicator allows lecturers to determine the level of effectiveness of the use of immersive technologies in teaching. Taking into account the ideology embedded in the sustainable development systems of universities, the authors' indicators reflect the principles of sustainability. The GE/McKinsey matrix was adapted for the purpose of economic interpretation of mathematical results. The designed methodological tools were tested for courses at the Lviv Polytechnic. The following levels of student performance were obtained: 83.5, 61.5, and 69.8 units, lecturers – 91.2, 78.4, and 82.7 units, which indicates the productivity of lecturer training and a high level of students' understanding of project work tasks. This proved the validity and possibility of using the tools in university practice

Research on the P‐S‐N Curve Fitting Method of Notched Specimens Considering Small Sample Properties

ABSTRACTAiming at the issue of fatigue test data for large‐scale mechanical components of building steel are very limited, a method for fitting P‐S‐N curves under small sample data of notched specimens is proposed to predict fatigue life. First, a fatigue life subsample augmented and its reliability assessment method are established, based on Bayesian hierarchical modeling and modified Monte Carlo method. Second, a clustering combination weighting method is proposed, to define weights of hidden variables of the binomial mixture Weibull distribution, and the expectation–maximization algorithm is used to determine probability density function of the distribution. Finally, the P‐S‐N curves under various failure probabilities are fitted with Weibull distributed life models, and the convergence and prediction accuracy of the different models are compared. The results show that the fatigue data of small samples can be predicted better by using mixed Weibull distribution, and the fitting P‐S‐N curve is more reliable and accurate.

Knowledge graph-driven mountain railway alignment optimization integrating karst hazard assessment

Karst hazard is a considerable threat that should be considered in railway alignment design for mountainous regions with dense water systems. Nevertheless, alignment design principles in karst regions have not been systematically studied. Moreover, a quantitative karst hazard assessment model is currently lacking for automated alignment optimization. To solve the above problems, based on the analyses of karst inducing factors and hazard representation, the railway alignment design principles in karst regions are summarized through an event tree. A highly-coupled knowledge graph (called KaRAD-KG) modeling method is proposed. Then, a bi-objective alignment optimization model considering railway construction cost and karst hazard (mainly including hazard components of synclinal karst, anticlinal karst and karst depression) is constructed. To solve the optimization model, a knowledge-driven distance transform algorithm incorporating a karst hazard assessment method and a multicriteria tournament decision method is customized. Finally, the application in a real-world case indicates that the proposed method can generate an alignment which reduces construction cost by 3.39 % and karst hazard by 18.73 % compared to the best manually-designed alternative, which verifies the effectiveness of this method for assisting actual railway alignment design in a karst-dense mountainous region.

Reliability Assessment of Power Distribution Cyber–Physical Systems Considering the Impact of Wireless Access Networks

With the rapid increase in the number of various terminal devices in distribution systems, the important impact of communication networks on power supply reliability in cyber–physical distribution systems (CPDSs) is becoming increasingly prominent. The traditional wired communication method makes it difficult to meet the demand in some scenarios due to high cost and construction difficulty. For this reason, this study evaluated the reliability of power distribution cyber–physical systems, considering fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication technology wireless access conditions. First, a reliability model of a communication channel in a 5G communication network was established, and the indirect impact of information system failure on the power distribution system was analyzed. Secondly, a reliability assessment method based on the improved least path method was devised by combining switch action failure, self-healing processing, and load transfer. The simulation results show that 5G communication technology has significant advantages in improving system reliability, and the proposed method is closer to the development direction of future power distribution systems, which provides an effective reference basis for the optimized operation of power distribution cyber–physical systems.

Enhancing investment attractiveness in wartime: a comprehensive analytical approach

The study focuses on analyzing the changes in investment attractiveness during wartime, when certain regions are occupied or destroyed, some enterprises are non-operational due to damaged production facilities, there is a significant outflow of labor force, and energy issues arise. The core issue of the study lies in the necessity of considering the complex political and economic situation’s impact on Ukraine’s investment climate. This requires developing more adaptive assessment methods that can account for both economic and socio-political risk factors. In such circumstances, reliable data is hard to obtain, which prompted the goal of substantiating the factors that characterize the country’s investment attractiveness. To provide a comprehensive assessment of investment attractiveness, an integrated indicator is proposed, which combines data reflecting investment attractiveness, including indices calculated by leading global organizations. The analysis includes such indices as the Innovation Development Index, the Corruption Perception Index, and the Judicial System Index. As a result, an average value of the changes was calculated, showing a comprehensive shift in the indicators related to investment attractiveness. The analysis using the integrated indicator demonstrated that investment attractiveness has decreased by 10 % during the war, but certain indicators, such as the Corruption Facilitation Index and the Judicial Index, have actually improved during the war. The results obtained can be used to develop risk management strategies for both international and local investors. They can also serve as a basis for creating recommendations for improving the investment climate, which in turn can attract capital and stimulate economic growth under challenging conditions

LCA standards for environmental product assessments in the bioeconomy with a focus on biogenic carbon: A systematic review

Abstract Purpose Climate change mitigation is one of the priorities of the European Bioeconomy Strategy (BES). In this regard, renewable raw materials are a crucial resource, as they help to substitute fossil resources and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by storing biogenic carbon (C). To control the environmental impact of the European BES, the life cycle assessment (LCA) is the preferred method. Standards provide guidance for LCA. This review aims to present the state of the art of LCA-related standards, focusing on the assessment of biogenic C and its global warming potential (GWP) to evaluate them for decision-making with regard to the transition to a bioeconomy (BE) and climate change mitigation. Methods A systematic review is conducted using the database Nautos to reveal the relevant standards guiding LCA in the BE. In an iterative process, criteria for a comparative analysis are defined. The eligible standards are then qualitatively analysed and compared based on criteria previously derived in the iterative process. Results and discussion In the context of LCA and bio-based products, 13 documents are identified. Differences are revealed in the accounting of biogenic C flows, the calculation of the duration of biogenic C storage and the biogenic C content as well as the consideration of substitution effects. Furthermore, the standards do not provide any information on the assessment of biogenic C in the circular economy so far. Conclusion The importance of biogenic C aspects in LCA has been reflected in the standards over the last 20 years. However, further research is needed to harmonise the different aspects and integrate new relevant ones related to biogenic C and BE to support decision-making for the transition to a BE. This becomes more important as new legislation refers to LCA standards as the preferred assessment method.