Methanol Extract Of Aerial Parts Research Articles

Facile Synthesis of Graphene–Metal Nanocomposites with Tephrosia Purpurea for Anticancer and Antimicrobial Activity

The research is focused on screening various bioactive extracts from Tephrosia purpurea plant leaf for the onward synthesis of nanomaterial and formation of Grephene-Ag nanocomposite for their biological applications. The aerial parts of this plant are comprised of primary and secondary metabolites. Its latex contains many important compounds such as Phenolics, Flavonides, and Terpenes, etc. Tephrosia purpurea is used as a traditional medicine to cure different problems of the digestive and respiratory tract. The aerial parts of this plant show immense antifungal and antimicrobial pursuits. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized from methanol extract of aerial parts of the Tephrosia Purpurea. These nanoparticles were reacted with lab synthesized Graphene to form Plant-Silver-Graphene nanocomposites. The characterization of plant extract, extract-mediated Ag-nanoparticles, and graphene-metal nanocomposites was carried out by different techniques like FTIR, UV, EDX & SEM. FTIR & UV spectra peaks were found in the ranges already reported. EDX analysis shows the percentage of the elements matching the reported data. SEM shows similar ranges of nanoparticle sizes as found in the research papers. Moreover, anticancer activities of plant-Ag-graphene nanocomposites were done & comparison was made with parent materials. The results were remarkable as plant-Ag-graphene nanocomposites showed better anticancer activities than the nanoparticles and plant extract.

A natural approach to breast cancer treatment: investigation of chemical features of aerial parts of endemic Onosma sintenisii Hausskn. ex Bornm and its antioxidant properties, in vitro cytotoxic and apoptosis induction on MCF-7 cells

ABSTRACT Onosma sintenisii Hausskn. ex Bornm. (O. sintenisii) belongs to the Boraginaceae family and it is an endemic species from Irano-turanian phytogeographical region (central and eastern Anatolia) that distributes in steppe areas. This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, in vitro cytotoxic and apoptosis induction of methanol extract of aerial parts of O. sintenisii. As a result of GC/MS analysis, 14 components were identified, and the major compounds of the extracts are retronecine (13.94%), α.-D-Glucopyranosiduronic acid (10.86%), melaniline (7.5%) and 1,2-Butanediol (4.02%), respectively. Antioxidant properties of O. sintenisii were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and superoxide radical scavenging activity methods. While the DPPH free radical scavenging activity results of O. sintenisii extract varied between 62.49% and 32.27%, reducing power activity and superoxide radical scavenging activity were found to be low. The result of the MTT assay revealed strong anticancer activity of O. sintenisii extract. The most significant cytotoxic effect was noted at a concentration of 1000 µg/mL after 48 hours. These findings together with flow cytometry analysis suggest that apoptosis can be the main mechanism underlying cell death after O. sintenisii extract treatment.

Phytochemical analyses and in vitro evaluation of antioxidant, antihemolytic and antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of aerial parts of marjoram (Origanum majorana L)

ABSTRACT This work reports an in vitro study of the biological activities of the methanolic extract of the aerial parts of marjoram (Origanum majorana), including antibacterial, anti-haemolytic and antioxidant activity. The extract showed strong antibacterial activity against three bacterial strains, E. Coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. It also demonstrated antihaemolytic activity in human blood, inhibiting haemolysis induced by sodium chloride and temperature. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of cathechic tannins, flavonoids, saponosids, mucilagos, and glycosids. These results suggest that the methanolic extract of marjoram could be a potential source of antimicrobial agents, and natural antioxidants.

Assessment of antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer activity competence of methonolic extracts of Trianthema ortulacastrum and Andrographis paniculata

An in-vitro investigation was performed to evaluate and compare the phytochemical, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-lung cancer activities of methanol extracts of aerial parts of Andrographis paniculata and Trianthema portulacastrum. Furthermore studied major functional groups of phytochemicals present in the methanol extracts of these plants through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The results showed that the methanol extract of A. paniculata contain more number of pharmaceutically valuable phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponin, glycoside, phytosterol, and tannin than T. portulacastrum. Similar way the methanol extract of A. paniculata showed considerable dose dependent antioxidant (DPPH: 63%), antidiabetic (α-amylase: 82.31% and α-glucosidase inhibitions: 72.34%), and anti-inflammatory (albumin-denaturation inhibition: 76.3% and anti-lipoxygenase: 61.2%) activities (at 900 μg mL−1 concentration) than T. portulacastrum. However, the anti-lung cancer activities of these test plants against A549 cells were not considerable. According to FTIR analysis, the A. paniculata methanol extract has a larger number of characteristic peaks attributed to the active functional groups of pharmaceutically valuable bioactive components that belong to different types of phytochemicals. These findings imply that A. paniculata methanol extracts can be used for additional research, such as bioactive compound screening and purification, as well as assessing their potential biomedical uses in various in-vitro and in-research settings.

Chemical Constituents with Anti-Lipid Droplet Accumulation and Anti-Inflammatory Activity from Elaeagnus glabra.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a type of steatosis caused by excess lipids accumulating in the liver. The prevalence of NAFLD has increased annually due to modern lifestyles and a lack of adequate medical treatment. Thus, we were motivated to investigate the bioactive components of Formosan plants that could attenuate lipid droplet (LD) accumulation. In a series of screenings of 3000 methanolic extracts from the Formosan plant extract bank for anti-LD accumulation activity, the methanolic extract of aerial parts of Elaeagnus glabra Thunb. showed excellent anti-LD accumulation activity. E. glabra is an evergreen shrub on which only a few phytochemical and biological studies have been conducted. Here, one new flavonoid (1), two new triterpenoids (2 and 3), and 35 known compounds (4-38) were isolated from the ethyl acetate layer of aerial parts of E. glabra via a bioassay-guided fractionation process. Their structures were characterized by 1D and 2D NMR, UV, IR, and MS data. Among the isolated compounds, methyl pheophorbide a (37) efficiently reduced the normalized LD content to 0.3% with a concentration of 20 μM in AML12 cell lines without significant cytotoxic effects. 3-O-(E)-Caffeoyloleanolic acid (13) and methyl pheophorbide a (37) showed inhibitory effects on superoxide anion generation or elastase release in fMLP/CB-treated human neutrophils (IC50 < 3.0 μM); they displayed effects similar to those of the positive control, namely, LY294002. These findings indicate that E. glabra can be used for developing a new botanical drug for managing LD accumulation and against inflammation-related diseases.

Ferulago angulata Methanolic Extract Protects PC12 Cells Against Beta-amyloid-induced Toxicity.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-dependent neurodegenerative disease. Beta-amyloid (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity has a pivotal role in AD pathogenesis; therefore, the modulation of Aβ toxicity is the promising therapeutic approach to control the disease progression. Medicinal plants because of their multiple active ingredients are effective in complex diseases, such as AD. Therefore, several studies have studied medicinal plants to find an effective treatment for AD. Ferulago angulata is a medicinal plant with antioxidant and neuroprotective activity. The present study was done to assess the protective effect of the methanolic extract of Ferulago angulate on Aβ-induced toxicity and oxidative stress in PC12 cells. The methanolic extract of aerial parts of the plant was prepared by the maceration method. PC12 cells were cultured according to a standard protocol. PC12 cells were incubated for 24 hours with Aβ alone, and Aβ in combination with various concentrations of the F. angulata extract. Cell viability was determined by the methyl thiazole tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Also, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the activity of acetylcholine esterase (AChE), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and caspase-3 enzymes were measured. The extract dose-dependently protected PC12 cells against Aβ-induced cell death. Also, Aβ increased ROS production, AChE, and caspase-3 activity, and decreased the GPx activity, which all were ameliorated by F. angulata extract. F. angulata extract protects against Aβ-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. These effects may be due to the antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity of the extract. It is recommended to assess F. angulata extract as an anti-AD agent. Ferulago angulata extract dose-dependently ameliorates Aβ-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells.Aβ induced oxidative stress in PC12 cells, which was attenuated by the F. angulata extract.Aβ increased acetylcholinesterase activity in PC12 cells, which was prevented by the F. angulata extract. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common form of dementia in the elderly with a complex pathophysiology. Beta-amyloid (Aβ)- induced neurotoxicity plays a pivotal role in AD progression. So far, there is no cure for AD. Medicinal plants contain various pharmacologically active compounds that make them suitable for the treatment of complex diseases. In this study, the anti-AD effect of F. angulata extract was investigated by assessing its protective effect against Aβ-induced toxicity in PC12 cells F. angulata extract improved Aβ-induced toxicity by diminishing oxidative stress and apoptosis. Therefore, F. angulata extract merits further studies for use in the treatment of AD.

Studying the Bioactive Components and Phytochemicals of the Methanol Extract of Rhanterium epapposum Oliv.

Rhanterium epapposum Oliv. (locally known as Al-Arfaj) belongs to the family Asteraceae. This study was designed to discover the bioactive components and phytochemicals of the methanol extract of the aerial parts of Rhanterium epapposum, using Agilent Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), while the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST08 L). GC-MS analysis of the methanol extract of Rhanterium epapposum aerial parts showed presence of sixteen compounds. The major compounds among these were 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, (Z, Z, Z)- (9.89), n-hexadecenoic acid (8.44), 7-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one (6.60), benzene propanoic acid, β-amino-4-methoxy- (6.12), 1.4-isopropyl-1,6-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4 a,7,8,8a-octahedron-1-naphthalenol (6.00), 1-dodecanol, 3,7,11-trimethyl- (5.64), and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)- (4.84), whereas the minor compounds were 9-Octadecenoic acid, (2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl ester, trans- (3.63), Butanoic acid (2.93), Stigmasterol (2.92), 2-Naphthalenemethanol (2.66), (2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-1-phenylmethanesulfonyl)benzene (2.45), 2-(Ethylenedioxy) ethylamine, N-methyl-N-[4-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-2-butynyl]- (2.00), 1-Heptatriacotanol (1.69), Ocimene (1.59), and β-Sitosterol (1.25). Furthermore, the study was extended to determine the phytochemicals in the methanol extract of Rhanterium epapposum, which indicated the positive presence of saponins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. Moreover, quantitative analysis revealed the presence of high content of flavonoids, total phenolic, and tannins. This study outcome suggests a podium of using Rhanterium epapposum aerial parts as a herbal remedy for various diseases especially cancers, hypertension, and diabetes.

Two new lignan glycosides from Acanthus ilicifoliusL. with their NO inhibition and cytotoxic activity

A phytochemical investigation of the methanolic extract of aerial parts of the Acanthus ilicifolius led to the isolation of two new lignan glycosides, acaniliciosides A and B (1 and 2), together with ten known compounds (3-12). The structures of isolated compounds were elucidated based on HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data. The absolute configurations of two new compounds were established by CD spectra. With the exception of compound 12, other compounds inhibited NO production in LPS activated RAW264.7 cells with IC50 values of 2.14-28.18 µM, as potent as that of the positive control of N G-monomethyl-L-arginine acetate (L-NMMA, IC50 of 32.50 µM). In addition, compounds 5-8 showed cytotoxic effects against SK-LU-1 and HepG2 cell lines with the IC50 values ranging from 16.48 to 76.40 μM compared to the positive control (ellipticine) with the IC50 values ranging from 1.23 to 1.46 μM.

Isolation of Secondary Metabolites from Pulicaria gnaphalodes (Vent.) Boiss. and Evaluation of Their anti-Proliferative Activity

A bioassay-guided study of Pulicaria gnaphalodes from the Asteraceae (Compositae) family led to the isolation of luteolin (1), quercetin (2), 4 – methoxy benzoic acid (3), and quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (4). Their structures were recognized based on spectroscopic analyses. The cytotoxicity of methanol extract of aerial parts and five fractions (n-hexane, CHCl3, EtOAc, n-BuOH, and H2O) of the plant was tested against MCF-7 and DU-145 by MTT assay. Also, the ability of extract and fractions to act as free radical scavengers were measured by DPPH radical scavenging assay. As a result, the EtOAc fraction was selected for phytochemical analysis based on the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 = 107.99 ± 2.89 µg/ml) and antioxidant activity (IC50 = 10.64 ± 1.45 µg/ml). Finally, three flavonoid compounds 1, 2, 4, and one phenolic compound 3 were isolated from the EtOAc fraction and all isolated compounds were tested for their cytotoxicity. Both compounds 1 and 2 exhibited remarkable inhibitory activity on MCF-7 and DU-145 cell lines. Regarded to the above results, it could be concluded that Pulicaria gnaphalodes can be considered a natural source of biological compounds for further research.

Analysis of phytochemicals and biological activities of rhizome of Curcuma longa, aerial parts of Centella asiatica, and corn silk of Zea mays

Nepal is a storehouse of medicinal plants. Medicinal plants like the rhizome of Curcuma longa, the aerial part of Centella asiatica, and corn silk of Zea mays were used traditionally as medicine for diseases like inflammation, hepatic disorders, cough, etc. In this study, these selected plants were subjected to the analysis of phytochemical constituents, and biological activities following standard methods. Phytochemical analysis of the methanolic extract of these selected plants revealed the presence of different chemical constituents such as polyphenols, flavonoids, glycosides, quinones, saponins, and tannins. C. longa rhizomes also showed the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 of 55.06 µg/mL which was very close to standard ascorbic acid (49.09 µg/mL) than that of the aerial part of C. asiatica (72.56µg/mL) and corn silk of Z. mays (131.96 µg/mL). Total phenolic and total flavonoid content was found highest in C. longa with the values of 195.95 ± 0.899 mg GEA/g and 56.45 ±4.056 mg QE/g respectively. The phenolic and flavonoid content of methanolic extract of aerial parts of C. asiatica was found to be 110.78 ± 1.984 mg GEA/g and 30.00 ± 2.358 mg QE/g and corn silk of Z. mays were found to be 65.92 ± 1.244 mg GEA/g and 18.50 ±1.424 mg QE/g respectively. The methanolic extract of rhizomes of C. longa exhibited high α-amylase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 382.30 µg/mL than that of C. asiatica with IC50 value of 520.48 µg/mL and Z. mays with IC50 value 593.09 µg/mL.

Bioassay Guided Isolation of Anti-Inflammatory Compounds from Bauhinia variegata L.: A Key Ingredient in Herbo-Mineral Formulation, Gandmala Kandan Ras

Medicinal herb Bauhinia variegata L. is the main ingredient in “Gandmala Kandan Ras” herbomineral medicine used in Ayurveda for the treatment of swelling, inflammation and tumors. This study aimed to isolate the anti-inflammatory compounds from the methanolic extract of aerial parts of Bauhinia variegata. Through bioassay-guided isolation, three known flavonoids, namely kaempferol, ombuin and quercetin were identified from methanolic extract of aerial parts of Bauhinia variega. The primary screening by protein denaturation method revealed a significant percentage of inhibition of protein denaturation of compounds kaempferol and quercetin. The anti-inflammatory assays against COX-1/2 enzymes showed significant anti-inflammatory activity of these two compounds, compared to the standard drug, indomethacin. Of which, quercetin as a potent non-selective inhibitor of COX1 and COX2 with minimal inhibitory concentration values of 172.05±4.29 and 220.62±9.13 nM, respectively; while kaempferol showed selective COX2 inhibition with the IC50 of 154.86±5.60 nM. The results provided evidence that supports the Ayurvedic usage of Gandmala Kandan Ras formulation in the treatment of inflammation, which was attributed to the natural active kaempferol and quercetin. The results indicated that plant Bauhinia variegata could be considered as an excellent natural source of remedial medicine for inflammation.

PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT, AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF AERIAL PARTS OF Lindernia antipoda

Plant species always remain a backbone for the discovery of active biomolecules required for public health. The existing scrutiny is outlined to dissect the chemical nature and explore the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory strength of methanol extract of aerial parts of Lindernia antipoda by in vitro methods. The basic phytochemical evaluation of the extract reflected the existence of essential nitrogenous and phenolic bio-compounds. UV-visible and FTIR (Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy) spectral analysis supported the chemical nature of reflected compounds. The antioxidant capability was noticed through nitric oxide scavenging assay and ABTS [2,2’-azinobis-(3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] radical cation scavenging assay while anti-inflammatory competence was examined through the stabilization approach of human erythrocytes membrane against heat-induced membrane lysis. The methanol extract showed nitric oxide scavenging and ABTS radical cation scavenging by IC50 values of 398.38 μg/mL and 513.30 μg/mL respectively while anti-inflammatory activity was observed with the IC50 value of 573.01 μg/mL. The outcomes of each activity of methanol extract are presumably linked to the essential bioactive chemical substances in the extract

Qualitative and quantitative determination of total phenols in Achillea tenuifolia lam

Epidemiological evidence indicates that a diet rich in plant-derived foods significantly reduces the risk of many types of cancers and cardiovascular diseases, suggesting that certain dietary antioxidants could be effective agents for preventing cancer incidence and mortality. Polyphenols, found in these plants, are considered to be the chief agents responsible for the biological functions and disease cure. Iraqi Achillia Santolina is an essential member of the Asteraceae (Compositae) family rich in polyphenolic compounds. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of methanolic extract of aerial parts were investigated by TLC and HPLC. The extraction yield of the aerial parts of Iraqi Achillea tenuifolia Lam.was (24.53 %). The total Phenolic Content of the methanolic extract was estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu colourimetric assay. The content was (23.88556 ± 2.2) expressed as Gallic acid equivalent mg/gm of dry extract. The HPLC analysis of the methanolic extract revealed different classes of phenolic compounds such as flavan-3-ol flavonoids (catechin and epicatechin), hydroxycinnamic acids (P-coumaric acid, cinnamic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid) and hydroxybenzoic acid (gallic acid). Catechin exhibited the highest concentration (42.011 mg/g) followed by p-coumaric acid, cinnamic acid, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and epicatechin with concentrations of (27.7), (20.45), (20.06), (19.34), (11.372), and (5.627), respectively. The study concluded, that Iraqi A. tenuifolia is rich in polyphenols and may be a good source of antioxidants and may be regarded as potential anticancer or lead compounds for the synthesis of drugs for the same purpose.

Antifeedant activity of aerial and root extracts of Sphagneticola trilobata (L) Pruski on Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)

Antifeedant activity of methanol and hexane extracts of aerial and root extract of Sphagneticola trilobata (L) pruski was tested against seven day old larvae of Spodoptera litura (Fab.) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) by no choice method of bioassay. A maximum antifeedant activity of 52.96 per cent was recorded at 0.1 per cent of methanol extract of aerial parts after 24 h of feeding. Root extracts exhibited low level of antifeedant activity against S. litura. At lower concentrations of 0.005, 0.01 and 0.03 per cent, there was no significant antifeedant activity. Antifeedant activity recorded after 48 h of feeding was similar to 24 h experiment but a slight reduction was noticed for 0.1 per cent of the methanol extract.

Phlomoides molucelloides (Bunge) Salmaki'nin Antibakteriyel Etkileri

The insufficiency of existing antibiotics in the combat against antibiotics-resistant bacteria has necessitated the discovery of new and effective antibacterial drugs. The discovery that bacteria synthesize various virulence factors by the quorum sensing system has suggested that quorum sensing inhibitors may be used in the fight against infectious diseases. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial and anti-quorum sensing activities of methanol and water extracts of aerial and root parts of Phlomoides molucelloides (Bunge) Salmaki. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the extracts were investigated against reference bacterial strains using the broth microdilution method. Anti-quorum sensing activities were examined by violacein and pyocyanin pigments inhibition and swarming motility inhibition assays against Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 bioreporter strains. The antibiofilm activities of the extracts were tested against P. aeruginosa PAO1 using the crystal violet staining method. The MIC value (&amp;gt; 2000 µg/mL) of all extracts against the tested bacteria could not be determined at the concentrations studied. All extracts partially inhibited the swarming motility of P. aeruginosa. Methanol extract of the aerial part inhibited pyocyanin production by 81.7% without interfering with P. aeruginosa growth. The extracts had no significant inhibitory activity on biofilm formation and violacein pigment production. These results showed that the extracts of P. molucelloides may be good anti-quorum sensing agents. Further research can be done to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these biological activities.

Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Iridoid Glucosides from Stenaria nigricans, Their Biting Deterrence against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), and Repellency Assessment against Imported Fire Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).

In our natural product screening program, we screened natural products for their repellency and toxicity against insect vectors. Methanolic extract of aerial parts of Stenaria nigricans (Lam.), with no published chemistry, was tested for repellency against mosquitoes and imported hybrid fire ants. Methanolic extracts showed biting deterrence similar to DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) against Aedes aegypti L. Based on this activity, the crude extract was fractionated into chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol subfractions. The active methanolic subfraction was further fractionated into 13 subfractions. These fractions were tested for their biting deterrence against Ae. Aegypti. Active subfractions were further characterized to identify the compounds responsible for this activity. Four undescribed iridoid glucosides (1–4) and three previously reported compounds (5–7) were isolated from active subfractions and tested for their biting deterrent activity. Based on BDI values, compounds 2, 3, 6, and 7, with biting deterrence similar to DEET, showed the potential to be used as repellents against mosquitoes. In an in vitro digging bioassay, none of these compounds showed any repellency against hybrid imported fire ants at a dose of 125 µg/g. This is the first report of biting deterrence and repellency of S. nigricans extract and its pure compounds, iridoid glucosides against mosquitoes and imported fire ants. Further studies will be conducted to explore the repellent potential of these compounds in different formulations under field conditions.

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY EVALUATION OF THREE Hypericum L. SPECIES

This study was performed in order to evaluate in vitro antioxidant, anti-Trichomonas vaginalis, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of methanol extracts of aerial parts of Hypericum perforatum L., H. thymbrifolium Boiss. &amp;amp; Noë and H. thymopsis Boiss. The antioxidant activity of methanol extracts was tested with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging and iron chelating assays. The total phenol and flavonoid contents were also determined spectrophotometrically. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis were evaluated on MCF-7 breast cancer and PC3 prostate cancer cell line. Antimicrobial activities were evaluated by the microdilution method on the bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and the fungal strain Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). All extracts demonstrated cytotoxic activity on PC3 prostat cancer cell line with a concentration dependent manner, while H. thymopsis extract was the most active against cancer cell growth. The obtained results of the present study revealed that the methanol extract of H. perforatum, H. thymbrifolium and H. thymopsis have significant antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. The results provided the basic research data for further phytochemical and biological activity guided investigations on these species for identication and isolation of potential drug active compounds.

Phenolic contents, anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial capacities of MeOH extract from the aerial parts of Trema orientalis plant

Abstract Medicinal plants contain phytochemical components of pharmaceutical importance, and Trema orientalis MeOH extracts are believed to have potential antioxidant and cytotoxic properties. This investigation explores the phenolic, antioxidant, and anticancer property of the methanol extracts of aerial parts of T. orientalis. The total polyphenol content (TPC) and the total flavonoid contents (TFC) were determined following standard methods. In vitro antioxidant property was assessed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. Cytotoxicity experiments were performed against eight cell lines and one fibroblast cell using the methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay. The antimicrobial activity assay was performed using the agar-diffusion method. Individual phenolic acids identified by GC/MS were examined in silico to estimate their drug likeness based on their structures. TPC and TFC were the highest in the leaf extract, with the strongest radical scavenging activity against ABTS (84.43%) and DPPH (79.60%) radicals. The highest cytotoxicity activity was exhibited by leaf (IC50 = 2.256 ± 0.85 μg/mL) and twig (2.704 ± 1.31 μg/mL) extracts against the HCT116 cell line, followed by bark (3.653 ± 0.05 μg/mL) and leaf (3.725 ± 0.30 μg/mL) extracts against the HT29 cell line. Clonogenicity resulted in a clear decrease of colony formation by HCT116 cells, suggesting a dose-dependent mode. In silico investigation suggested that phenolic acids detected have non-drug-like properties. Extracts showed antimicrobial inactivity.

Bhudhatryadi Yoga in Madhumeha (diabetes mellitus type 2) : An open label single arm clinical study

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia either due to less production of insulin or resistance of insulin receptors. Globally 463 million individuals are affected by type 2 diabetes &amp; 77 million belong to India. India is deemed as the world's capital of diabetes. It can be correlated to Madhumeha. Bhudhatryadi Yoga is mentioned for the treatment of Prameha. Bhudhatryadi Yoga has Tikta Rasa, Laghu-Ruksha Guna, Sheeta Veerya. Katu Rasa of Maricha is Deepana and Pachana. It does Kleda Shoshana, Meda Shoshana and Kapha Harana. It removes Sroto Rodha and thereby helps in alleviating Kapha Prakopa. The effect of methanol extract of aerial parts of Bhumyamlaki has α–amylase &amp; α–glucosidase enzyme inhibitory properties. α –amylase &amp; α – glucosidase aid the production of glucose from the catabolism of starches and oligosaccharides. Methods: 28 registered subjects, 23 completed the course of intervention. They were administered with Bhudhatryadi Yoga orally 12 gm per day (6 gm twice daily before food) with Anupana of lukewarm water for a period of 30 days. Blood and urine glucose test was done on 1ST, 7TH and 30th from the day one of study initiation. For Statistical analysis subjective parameters were assessed by Cochran’s Q test followed by McNemar test and objective parameters were assessed by Repeated Measures Anova and Paired T Test. Results: There was statistically significant improvement observed in the signs and Symptoms of Madhumeha with blood and urine glucose levels. (p&lt;0.05). Interpretation and Conclusion: Bhudhatryadi Yoga is effective in management of Madhumeha.

Isolation, bioevaluation and RP-HPLC method development for the chemical constituents of aerial parts of Scutellaria prostrata Jacq. ex Benth

Scutellaria (Lamiaceae), commonly known as skullcaps, is one of the most popular and multi-purpose herb used in China traditionally for treatment of inflammation, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, bacterial and viral infections. Chemical investigation of methanolic extract of aerial parts of Scutellaria prostrata, a perennial herb growing as a lonely species in Kashmir Himalaya, led to the isolation of eight known constituents viz. chrysin (1), acteoside (2), martynoside (3), leucosceptoside A (4), complanatin (5), daucosterol (6), stigmasterol (7) and 1-hexacosanol (8). The isolated compounds were characterized on the basis of spectral data. A simple RP-HPLC isocratic elution method comprising of MeOH:Water (35:65) was was developed for the compounds depicting clear baseline separation with reasonable retention time and no tailing and fronting of peaks which were highly symmetric and well resolved for all analytes. was observed.. Only two compounds viz., 1 and 5 showed significant antioxidant activity at 100 µM in both DPPH and FRAP assay. All the isolated compounds exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxic effects against four different human cancer cell lines viz. pancreatic (Mia-Paca-2), lung (A-549), breast (MCF-7) and leukemia (HL-60), when tested at different concentrations (10-100 μM). Compounds 1 and 7 showed promising antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Rv) strain with MIC values of 25 μg/ml and 12.5 μg/ml. Based on the results obtained we can safely conclude that the developed method along with the biological screening can serve as a quality control method for standardisation of Scutellaria prostate and platform for deeper understanding of pharmacological importance of this medicinal plant.