Methanol Plant Research Articles

Paederia foetida Linn Leaves-Derived Extract Showed Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Properties Against Breast Carcinoma Cell

Paederia foetida Linn. is a rich source of active compounds, yet its antioxidant and cytotoxic properties remain poorly studied. This current research aimed to investigate the chemical profiles of a crude extract derived from P. foetida leaves, its fractionated substances, and their antioxidant and cytotoxic properties on MCF-7 cells, a breast carcinoma cell. Six fractionated substances have been separated in thin layer chromatography (TLC) plate. Five fractions showed antioxidant properties, as indicated by the formation of the yellowish band on the TLC plate after spraying with the DPPH reagent. Furthermore, crude extract of P. foetida leaves and its fractions are also characterized by antioxidant properties against 2, 2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals. F1 fraction exhibited the most potent antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 10.94±2.67 and 50.04±0.48 µg/ml, respectively, toward DPPH and ABTS radicals. Crude extract and all six fractions also varied in their cytotoxic properties against MCF-7 cells, with IC50 values ranging from 410.24±0.30 to 831.57±6.91 µg/ml. F3 fractions showed the strongest cytotoxicity (IC50 value: 410.24±0.30 µg/ml). Methanolic extract and active plant leaf fractions contained flavonoid and phenolic compounds, as measured by aluminum chloride and Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, respectively. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis showed that phenol, flavonoid, alkaloid, limonoid, and steroid were the major compound found in the crude extract and fractions. In conclusion, the present study proved that crude extract of P. foetida leaves and its fractionated substances were potential as antioxidant and cytotoxic agents.

A techno-economic analysis framework for power system-aware co-expansion planning of integrated gas transmission networks and chemical industries toward a more sustainable management of multi-energy systems

This study conveys a novel framework for co-expansion planning of an integrated gas network and methanol plant with natural gas feedstock while enforcing power network constraints. The framework is novel due the fact that it integrates the non-linear complexities and challenges induced by the chemical plant and power system constraints. The work also considers spatiotemporal and quantitative distributions of water sources, water withdrawal, and consumption rates of involved power and chemical technologies. Furthermore, the framework incorporates land resource characteristics, including geological surface features and elevation changes, and devises a strategy for practical cost estimation of different gas transmission expansion stages. Compared to conventional expansion approaches, which disregard complications of chemical plants and resource dependencies, the proposed framework provides a realistic view. Firstly, the study captures the expansion impacts of chemical plants and tackles the research challenge of prioritizing expansion planning alternatives in which natural gas can be supplied as the fuel of power plants to meet power demands, or it can be fed as the feedstock of new chemical plants to create added values. Secondly, the framework considers water resource limitations and characteristics and evaluates impacts of water usage policies on the integrated systems. Thirdly, the work reflects on land resource dependencies and categorizes expansion investments of the gas network. Results indicate that the chemical plant and power system integrations, incorporated water, land resource characteristics, and categorized construction costs considerably influence expansion alternatives of gas and chemical systems in terms of power and gas supply reliabilities and economic criteria. • A power system-aware expansion of integrated chemical plant and gas networks. • Incorporation of spatiotemporal and quantitative distributions of water sources. • Consideration of geological features and elevation changes of land resource. • Impact assessment of new chemical plants installation on power reliability. • Techno-economic analysis of new chemical plants and their gas supply routes.

Process Design and Techno-Economic Assessment of biogenic CO2 Hydrogenation-to-Methanol with innovative catalyst

A small-scale 10 ton per day methanol (MeOH) synthesis plant, from CO2 and hydrogen, is designed and simulated with Aspen Plus and a techno-economic analysis is conducted. The e-fuel (MeOH) is produced in a conventional fixed bed reactor featuring an innovative Cu/Zn/Al/Zr catalyst, converting biogenic CO2 from a biogas upgrading plant with H2 produced by a grid powered PEM electrolyzer. The process is thermally autonomous as a result of heat integration and combustion of purged unconverted reactants. A sensitivity analysis is carried out in order to evaluate and compare the impact of the different technical (purge fraction, Gas Hourly Space Velocity and Pressure of the methanol synthesis) and economic parameters (Capital Charge Factor, electricity and H2 cost) on the Levelized Cost Of Methanol (LCOM). Results show that, although the energy efficiency is greater (47.4 % electricity to methanol conversion) in the scenario with “self-sufficiency” in which all the net heat required by the process is provided by off-gas streams, the case with the highest profitability is the one with maximum methanol yield and, therefore, minimum purge and non-zero thermal energy import (provided by a biogas boiler). The best case scenario features a LCOM equal to 1,361 €/tonMeOH, with a GHSV of 7,500 h−1 and synthesis reactor operating at 70 bar, 250 °C. H2 production cost is the key variable and shall be reduced from the base case value of 5.8 €/kgH2 to 1.6 €/kgH2 in order to make the CO2 to methanol plant competitive with a MeOH market price of 550 €/tonMeOH; synthesis reactor operating conditions have more limited impact from a cost perspective, except for the purge fraction that shall be optimized to maximize the amount of MeOH produced.

Anti-Diabetic and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Phlomis stewartii Plant Phytochemicals on Cigarette Smoke Inhalation and Alloxan-Induced Diabetes in Wistar Rats.

The generation of free radicals in body causes oxidative stress and consequently different metabolic disorders. There are numerous environmental and emotional factors that trigger free radical generation, cigarette smoke (CS) is one of them. In addition to free radical production, it also increases the risk of developing type II diabetes, cancer, and has adverse effects on other organs such as liver and kidneys. In the present study, extracts of leaves, flower, and whole plant of P. stewartii Hf. in methanol were analyzed using LC-ESI-MS and investigated for their cytotoxic properties against HepG2 cell line and CS alloxan-induced diabetes in Wistar albino rats model. A total of 24 rats were kept in aerated cage for eight weeks and exposed to CS following the administration of single dose of alloxan@140 mg/kg body weight at the end of six weeks to induce diabetes mellitus (DM). The cytotoxic activity of extracts against HepG2 was recorded in the order; leaves methanol (LM) > flower methanol (FM) and whole plant methanol (WPM). The IC50(1/4) values were in the order of 187 (LM) > 280 (FM) > 312 (WPM) µg/mL against HepG2. In positive control group, CS- and alloxan-induced diabetes significantly increased (p < 0.05) the level of alanine alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), low density lipoprotein (LDL), bilirubin, total protein, creatinine, uric acid, blood urea, globulin, total oxidant status (TOS), and malondialdehyde (MDA), as compared to negative control group. In conclusion, according to the results of this study, P. Stewartii methanol extracts showed good antioxidant, anticancer activity and worked well to recover the tested clinical parameters in CS/alloxan-induced diabetes animals, which indicated the extracts also possess good antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective potential.

Cytotoxicity and Antiviral Activity of Kyllinga nemoralis Methanolic Extract

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is a double-stranded DNA virus in the Herpesviridae family. The most prevalent in humans is Human Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1). It can reach the brain without causing the symptoms [1]. Currently, the most antiviral drug used is Acyclovir (ACV); nucleotide analogues target DNA polymerase inhibiting viral replication. However, ACV drug-resistant occurs, especially in immunocompromised patients [2]. Therefore, alternate therapy for patients with established resistance was required. Plant extract is commonly used as antiviral agent. Kyllinga nemoralis is known as White Spike Head had antiviral, antibacterial, antibleeding and anti-poisoning properties [3]. It contains antiviral sources such as the highest flavonoid and flavonol concentrations [4].&#x0D; &#x0D; The objective of this experimental study was to investigate the potential of K. nemoralis methanolic extract as antiviral agent against HSV-1. The root of K. nemoralis methanolic plant extract, Vero Cells and HSV-1 were used in this study. The Cytotoxic Concentration (CC50) of the K. nemoralis methanolic extract against Vero Cells and the antiviral activity of K. nemoralis methanolic extract against HSV-1 by using post-treatment, pre-treatment and virucidal assay were performed in this study.&#x0D; &#x0D; Results showed that the percentage of cell population versus concentration of root of K. nemoralis methanolic extract (figure 1). The CC50 of this extract was determined at 0.91 mg/mL. This showed that the root of K. nemoralis methanolic extract was considered not toxic to the cells as the CC50 of extract showed more than 4 µg/mL [5].&#x0D; &#x0D; The results indicate that the root of K. nemoralis methanolic extract was more effective in protecting the Vero cells. In pre-treatment, the SI value of the extract was 8.27. This finding shows that the root of K. nemoralis methanolic extract had a moderate ability to bind to the Vero cells and inhibited the binding of HSV-1 to the cell surface of the Vero cells. In a virucidal test, the root extract towards HSV-1 showed the SI value was 8.125. This data suggests that the root of the extract was moderately inactivates the extracellular component of HSV-1.&#x0D; In conclusion, the findings of this study show that K. nemoralis methanolic extract was non-toxic to the Vero cells and has the potential to be an antiviral agent against HSV-1.&#x0D;

Safety assessment: predicting fatality rates in methanol plant incidents

In this article, the prediction of fatality accident rate at methanol (MeOH) plant was studied using different assessment methods. The prediction method was performed and simulated using HYSYS, ALOHA, MARPLOT, and MATLAB software. Recent studies for pressure variation up to 442 bar in MeOH synthesis by carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrogenation showed that three times more MeOH was produced than in conventional plants, with 90% CO2 conversion and 95% MeOH selectivity. However, safety concerns were noted when MeOH production was operated at pressures above 76–500 bar. Therefore, a safety assessment of the pressures between 76 and 500 bar was performed to predict the fatality rate at the MeOH plant. Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) was compared with a conventional analysis by using the consequence method to predict the fatality rate. First, 26 input parameters were simulated in HYSYS, ALOHA, and MARPLOT software by using the consequence method. Then, the input parameters were reduced to six, namely, pressure, mass, volume, leakage size, wind speed, and wind direction, for prediction using ANFIS tool in MATLAB. This study aimed to highlight the accuracy of the fatality rate prediction by using the ANFIS method. In this manner, accurate prediction of fatality rate for MeOH plant incidents was achieved. The prediction values for the ANFIS method was validated using the standard error of the regression. The percent error measurement obtained the lowest regression of 0.0088 and the lowest percent error of 0.02% for Hydrogen (H2) Vapor Cloud Explosion (VCE) ident. Therefore, the ANFIS method was found to be a simpler and alternative prediction method for the fatality rate than the conventional consequence method.

Inhibition of Biofilm Formation in Yersinia enterocolitica by Edible Plant Extracts Including Polygoni Multiflori Radix

Yersinia enterocolitica, which causes yersiniosis, is a bacterium that produces biofilms effectively. The inhibition of biofilm formation provides a method for preventing infections with Y. enterocolitica. In this study, the inhibitory activity of Y. enterocolitica biofilm formation was investigated in a library of 140 edible plant methanol extracts including forest products. It was identified that the biofilm formation could be inhibited by 12 extracts of plants, Agastachis Herba, Agrimoniae Herba, Diospyros kaki leaves, Elsholtziae Herba, Ginkgonis Semen, Lycopi Herba, Melonis Pedicellus, Menthae Herba, Mori Radicis Cortex, Polygoni Multiflori Radix, Prunellae Spica, and Schizonepetae Spica. After changing the solvent to ethanol and water, the greatest inhibition of biofilm formation was produced by a 50% ethanol extract of Polygoni Multiflori Radix. A method to effectively prevent yersiniosis can be developed using the edible plant extracts identified in this study.

The effects of methanolic plant extract on the cardiovascular system of induced preeclamptic Wistar rats

The effects of methanolic plant extract on the cardiovascular system of induced preeclamptic Wistar rats

In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity of Methanol Extracts of Selected Medicinal Plants Traditionally Used in Mexico against Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Medicinal plants are traditionally used in Mexico to treat diseases such as cancer. The present study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic, antioxidant, and anti-hemolytic activity of 15 plants of ethnopharmacological use in Mexico. For this, plant methanol extracts were prepared by the Soxhlet method, after which their cytotoxic activity was evaluated against human hepatocellular carcinoma (HEP-G2) and monkey kidney epithelial (Vero) cells by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction colorimetric assay. The selectivity index (SI) of each extract was then determined by the IC50 ratio of normal to tumor cells. We showed that Ruta chalepensis extract possessed an IC50 of 1.79 µg/mL and 522.08 µg/mL against HEP-G2 and Vero cells, respectively, resulting in an SI of 291.50. Furthermore, antioxidant activity was evaluated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging technique, where the best antioxidant potential was shown by the Heterotheca inuloides extract (IC50 = 19.24 µg/mL). Furthermore, the hemolytic potential was determined against human erythrocytes, which showed that the extracts with the highest anti-hemolytic activity were Smilax aspera (IC50 = 4.41 µg/mL) and Amphipterygium adstringens (IC50 = 5.35 µg/mL). In conclusion, we observed that R. chalepensis methanol extract possesses cytotoxic activity against HEP-G2 cells, without affecting non-tumorigenic Vero cells. Our results indicated the antitumor potential of medicinal plants used in Mexico.

Quantitative Estimation of Total Phenols, Flavonoids and Antioxidant Potential of Cayratia auriculata (In-vitro study)

The current study was aimed for screening of preliminary phytochemical constituents, estimation of total phenols, flavonoids and evaluation of antioxidant properties of various extracts of Cayratia auriculata (in vitro). Shade dried powder of Cayratia auriculata was exposed to Soxhlet extraction technique with expanding order of extremity of solvents, for example, hexane &gt;chloroform,&gt; ethyl acetate&gt; methanol. Subjective phytochemical screening was finished by standard methods. Total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent technique using gallic acid as reference standard. Total flavonoid content was determined by the colorimetric technique, utilizing quercetin as standard. In vitro, antioxidant capacity was assessed by utilizing 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Phytochemical investigation suggested that the existence of different phytochemical constituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic mixtures and tannins, proteins, sugars, glycosides, steroids, triterpenoids, and saponins in the all extracts of Cayratia auriculata in varying degree. The methanolic extract showed higher total phenolic 383.99±1.11 mg GAE/g dry extract and total flavonoid content was 64.11±8.89)mg QE/g dry extract when contrasted with different extracts. Methanolic extract demonstrated most elevated Antioxidant activity 96.46±1.97µg/ml when contrasted with different extracts. Among the four extracts of studied plant methanol extract presented the potent free radical scavenging effect with its significantly lower IC50 value (80.66 μg/ml) in comparison with ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane extracts. The discoveries of the current examination reinforce the expected ability of Cayratia auriculata as a decent option for the examination of novel antioxidant agents for treating physiological disorders.

Choice of the kinetic model significantly affects the outcome of techno-economic assessments of CO2-based methanol synthesis

Carbon dioxide hydrogenation to methanol is a cornerstone of the CO2 utilization toolkit, and its comparison to fossil-based methanol through techno-economic assessments (TEAs) has helped establish barriers to its commercial feasibility. TEAs are often performed in process simulation software that relies on kinetic models (KMs). The choice of KM could influence the outcome of the TEA, however, their effect has not been quantified earlier. This study quantifies this effect through TEAs performed using three different KMs in Aspen Plus™. Three KMs are selected for comparison: two of them are commonly used in TEAs while also a third, a recently published model, will be studied herein. The models are first validated in Aspen Plus™ and then compared in a series of sensitivity analyses in a one-pass reactor. Finally, a TEA study is conducted for a large-scale methanol plant to investigate the effects of the KM choice. It was found that the choice of the kinetic model significantly influences the results of TEAs as it can result in a 10% difference in the levelized cost of methanol. This can be mainly attributed to differences in one-pass yield. As CO2 utilization approaches economic viability, understanding such uncertainties will be crucial for successful project planning. Hence, these results suggest that extending a TEA’s sensitivity analysis to cover the KM’s contribution could increase confidence in the robustness of the TEA.

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SOLVENT EXTRACTS OF POLYGONATUM CIRRHIFOLIUM (MAHAMEDHA) AND HABENERIA INTERMEDIA (RIDDHI)

Antimicrobial drugs have caused a dramatic change not only of the treatment of infectious diseases but of the mankind as a whole. Antimicrobial chemotherapy made remarkable advances, However, in reality emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases have left us facing a counter charge from infections. Infections with drug resistant organisms remain pertinent problem in clinical practice that is difficult to solv. (In the present study, the antimicrobial activity of the polar (methanolic) plant extracts viz. Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Mahamedha) and Habeneria intermedia (Riddhi) were determined at 200μg/ml. The results showed significant antimicrobial activity against the pathogens studied viz. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. The potent antimicrobial extracts were having MIC values in the range of 150-200 μg/ml.

Screening of Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities in the Leaves, Stems and Roots of South African Portulacaria Afra using Four Extraction Solvents

Portulacaria afra, is indigenous to South Africa and has been identified to have several medicinal properties according to traditional knowledge and few studies. The drive around this research is to evaluate the medicinal properties of the leaves, stems and for the first time the roots extracts of Portulacaria afra, using four solvents with different polarities. The aqueous (60°C), methanol, n-hexane and ethyl acetate whole plant extracts of P. afra were investigated for their phytochemical properties, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The phytochemical screening revealed that the methanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaves displayed high presence of secondary metabolites compared to n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts. The methanolic leaves extracts showed strong presence of quinones, phenols, steroid and coumarins while the aqueous leaves extracts contained a moderate presence of saponins, terpenoids, quinones and coumarins. Ethyl acetate leaves extracts revealed a strong presence of tannins, moderate presence of phytosteroids and a low presence of volatile oil. Meanwhile, the leaves extracts with n-hexane showed a considerable amount of saponins with a moderate presence, and a low presence of tannins, volatile oils and terpenoids. The methanolic stems extracts displayed the most significant presence of secondary metabolites, showing a high presence of terpenoids, steroids, phenols and coumarins. The aqueous stems extracts showed a strong presence of glycosides with a moderate presence of saponins. However, ethyl acetate and n-hexane stems extracts displayed a few secondary metabolites with their concentration ranging from medium to low. The ethyl acetate roots extracts displayed a significant elevated amount of quinones with a strong presence. n-hexane roots extracts showed a moderate presence of volatile oil and a low presence of tannins and steroids. Methanolic roots extracts showed a moderate presence of coumarins and glycosides while aqueous roots extracts showed a low presence of glycosides. The overall highest total phenolics contents (TPCs) and total flavonoids contents (TFCs) in all the plant parts, were found to be in the methanol stems extracts and aqueous roots extracts respectively. Next to the methanol leaves and aqueous leaves extracts respectively. However, in the root’s extracts, the aqueous extracts showed the highest total phenolics content while the water extracts had the highest total flavonoids contents. The antimicrobial activities of P. afra whole plant extracts with the various four solvents were tested against three microorganisms Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptomyces griseus using agar-well diffusion method. The Antimicrobial activity of the n-hexane extracts of the leaves, stems and roots of P. afra presented a wide range of inhibition against all the test microorganisms, ethyl acetate leaves extract showed a considerable effect against Staphylococcus aureus while the methanolic extracts were not active. Aqueous roots extracts demonstrated a strong antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus while the other extracts were not active. The zones of inhibition ranged from 13 to 24 mm for the plant extracts. The antioxidant activity potential of the aqueous, methanol, n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of P. afra leaves, stems and roots extracts were observed through a 2, 2 diphenylpicryhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical assay, hydrogen peroxide scavenging (H₂O₂) and metal chelating activity assay. Ethyl acetate roots extracts exhibited the strongest hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity compared to the other extracts. Meanwhile, aqueous stems extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity against DPPH radical. Aqueous and n-hexane roots extracts displayed the strongest metal chelating ability. These findings reveal the efficacy of the use of several solvents with different polarities for effective and more accurate extraction of various compounds and indicate that the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of P. afra parts are dependent on the solvent extracts.

Recent Developments in Methanol Technology by Air Liquide for CO2 Reduction and CO2 Usage

AbstractWithin the energy transition and decarbonization of the industrial sector, one of the main challenges is identifying competitive solutions to capture CO2 from chemical and energy plants to reduce emissions. The reduction of the carbon footprint as well as the valorization of CO2‐rich gases are of increasing interest for many industries and methanol is a perfect fit for energy storage, for producing clean fuels, and as building block for producing high value chemicals. In this article, an update of recent developments by Air Liquide Engineering &amp; Construction regarding methanol technology is provided, focusing on CO2 reduction of large‐scale plants and on new solutions for CO2 utilization. For large‐scale methanol plants, drop‐in solutions using carbon capture technologies can be proposed to dramatically decrease the CO2 emissions.

DETECTION OF BIOACTIVE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS IN THE METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF AZOLLA FILICULOIDES LAMARK FERN BY GC-MS TECHNIQUE

The phytochemical analysis of Azolla filiculoides Lamark in the methanolic whole plant extract was undertaken and published for the first time in Iraq in this article. The existence of twenty-four bioactive phytochemical compounds were discovered using GC-MS analysis. , such as Ethyl Formate, 1,3-Cyclohexanedione, Butanal, 2-Nonenal,9-Octadecenal,2,4,6-Trimethyl-1-nonene, 3-(Prop-2-enoyloxy) tetradecane, Carbonic acid, 9-Oxabicyclo [6.1.0] nonane. Oleic Acid, 13-Docosenoic acid, Z-10-Pentadecen-1-ol, Oxirane, Diethyl carbonate. Hydroperoxide, 2-Butene ozonide. These various active phytochemicals of alkenes, alkanes, esters, ethers, and carboxylic acids were found in the plant with great potential to bind with other compounds, this plant is great to be used as a filter to waste water.

Antibacterial activity of methanolic root extracts of and against uropathogens causing urinary tract infection

Urinary tract infection is one of the most common bacterial disease found in all age groups and has become a major health problem in developing countries. UTI’s are treated with various antibiotics but extensive and inappropriate use of antibiotics promotes the development of antibiotic resistance among uropathogenic bacteria and also responsible for emerging multidrug resistant strains. The development of drug resistance among uropathogens made treatment of UTI is difficult which has led to the search of new source of antimicrobial agent that act against these uropathogenic bacteria. The ethnomedicinal plants are natural resource and known as traditional healer, which can use for successful therapy of various infectious diseases. In present study, we observed antibacterial potential of methanolic root extract of two medicinal plants and against urinary tract infection causing uropathogens. For this 120 urine samples of suspected patients were collected from different hospitals of Ujjain and processed in SRL laboratory Ujjain Center. It was seen that 72 samples were positive and showing significant bacteriuria and prevalence of UTI was 60%. The major causal bacterial agent was , and and their frequency of occurrence was 37.5%, 25%, 15.2%, 13.8% and 9.7%. The antibacterial effect of methanolic plant extracts of both and was determined against isolated uropathogens by disc diffusion method. The effectiveness of both and was observed and it was found that they have effective antibacterial activity against uropathogens so they can be used as alternative drug against uropathogens.

Assessment of methanol and electricity co-production plants based on coke oven gas and blast furnace gas utilization

This study aims to develop an economically viable novel process with high thermodynamic efficiency for the co-generation of methanol and electricity from coke oven gas (COG) and blast furnace gas (BFG). For this purpose, two processes are proposed to utilize COG and BFG. In process A, syngas is obtained from COG reforming, and BFG, after providing the required heat for the reformer, is injected into the methanol synthesis reactor as a rich carbon source. In process B, in addition to the above-mentioned, additional hydrogen is injected into the methanol reactor to enhance carbon dioxide conversion. The performance of the proposed systems is evaluated using energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, net CO2 emission, and total production cost. Results show that energy efficiencies for processes A and B are 53.53% and 72.8%, and their exergy efficiencies are 23% and 26%, respectively. Moreover, environmental analysis demonstrates that process B has a net CO2 emission of −1.82 kgCO2/kgmethanol, while for process A, this parameter is relatively higher, and it is positive. From the economic viewpoint, it is concluded that process B is more feasible, and the total production cost of methanol decreases by 87.62% compared to process A. Also, it can be deduced that in the case of utilizing additional hydrogen electricity and methanol production from COG and BFG is interesting from the thermodynamic and economic point of view, and due to negative net CO2 emission, it is environmentally desirable, too.

In vitro evaluation of the effects of methanolic plant extracts on the embryonation rate of Ascaridia galli eggs.

The present study aims to find efficient alternatives to synthetic anthelmintics among ethno-veterinary herbs. Ascaridia galli eggs isolated from the worm uterus were exposed in vitro to methanolic extracts (ME) of nine plant species such as Achillea millefolium (AM), Artemisia absinthium (AA), Artemisia vulgaris (AV), Cicerbita alpina (CA), Cichorium intybus (CI), Inula helenium (IH), Origanum vulgare (OV), Tanacetum vulgare (TV), Tanacetum parthenium (TP). Flubendazole (FL), 0.5% formalin with dimethylsulfoxide and Petri dishes without the addition of reagents were used as positive, negative and untreated control respectively. The effects of the different ME at concentrations 0.500, 0.325, 0.200mg/ml were assessed on the embryonic development (ED) of the eggs in duplicate. Logit analysis was used to calculate EC50 values. A generalized linear mixed model, having plant species and concentration as fixed effect and day as repeated measure, was used to determine differences in ED. Estimated EC50 was the lowest for FL at 0.11mg/ml. CA and TV followed with 0.27mg/ml and 0.32mg/ml. ED for FL was significantly lower (25%) than that of CA (47%). The analysis showed 0.5mg/ml of the ME of CA and TV significantly affected the ED at 35% and 42% inhibitions respectively. The ED for all ME showed similar pattern i.e., relatively higher efficacy in the first experimental week compared to the rest of the experimental period. The effect from all multicomponent extracts is time and dose dependent. The plants have promising results in inhibiting ED, contributing to the identification of alternative anthelmintic treatments.

Carbon Capture Utilisation and Storage Technology Development in a Region with High CO2 Emissions and Low Storage Potential—A Case Study of Upper Silesia in Poland

The region of Upper Silesia, located in southern Poland, is characterised by very high emissions of carbon dioxide into the air—the annual emission exceeds 33 Mt CO2 and the emission ‘per capita’ is 7.2 t/y in comparison to the EU average emission per capita 6.4 t/y and 8.4 t/y for Poland in 2019. Although in the region there are over 100 carbon dioxide emitters covered by the EU ETS, over 90% of emissions come from approximately 15 large hard coal power plants and from the coke and metallurgical complex. The CCUS scenario for Upper Silesia, which encompasses emitters, capture plants, transport routes, as well as utilisation and storage sites until 2050, was developed. The baseline scenario assumes capture of carbon dioxide in seven installations, use in two methanol plants and transport and injection into two deep saline aquifers (DSA). The share of captured CO2 from flue gas was assumed at the level of 0.25–0.9, depending mainly on the limited capacity of storage. To recognise the views of society on development of the CCUS technologies in Upper Silesia, thirteen interviews with different types of stakeholders (industry, research and education, policy makers) were conducted. The respondents evaluated CCU much better than CCS. The techno-economic assessment of CCUS carried out on a scenario basis showed that the economic outcome of the scenario with CCUS is EUR 3807.19 million more favourable compared to the scenario without CO2 capture and storage.

LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY OF THE METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Warbugia ugadensis SEED OIL ON Aedes aegypti

Mosquito is a vector implicated with Vector-borne diseases such as malaria (Anopheles’ species) dengue (Aedes species) and west Nile fever (Culex species). Kenya experiences mosquito-borne disease outbreaks with the recent ones being the dengue virus and chikungunya disease outbreak that occurred along the coast of Kenya. Medicinal plants such as Warburgia ugandensis that possess larvicidal activity, have major importance in the control of mosquitoes. This study investigated the larvicidal activity and phytochemical screening of the methanolic extract from the seed’s oil of Warburgia ugandensis. Quasi-experimental research design was used as the study design. The plant was identified and authenticated by a taxonomist. Mature fruits of Warburgia ugandensis were obtained from the school of pharmacy’s botanical garden and seeds were separated and washed. Seeds were air-dried, and crushed. Half of the GSP was used to extract seed oil while the other half was subjected to various phytochemical screening. The larvicidal activity of the plant extracts was evaluated according to the World Health Organization guidelines for laboratory and field testing of mosquito larvicides. The activity of the methanol plant extract was evaluated at 25, 50, 100, and 125 ppm to determine the LC50 value. Permethrin was used as a positive control. About 8.06% of the seed oil was extracted. The seed oil and the leaves had a characteristic odour, a bitter taste, and pale yellow in color. Alkaloids, fixed oils, tannins, and phytosterols were abundantly present in the seed. Proteins and carbohydrates were moderately present while saponins were slightly present. Bioassays on mosquito larvae indicated larvicidal activity of methanolic seed oil extract of Warburgia ugandensis against Aedes aegypti at concentrations of 25, 50, 100, and 200 ppm. Seed oil of Warbugia ugandensis contains phytochemicals that possess larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti mosquito species. Keywords: Larvicidal Activity, Lethal Concentration, Lethal Dose, Warburgia Ugandensis