Methanol Extract Of Peel Research Articles

Evaluation of climatic and geographical effects on bioactive compounds and minerals profile of two selected samples of white turnip

With the rise of various disorders in human beings related with free radicals perceived to recompense the scrutiny on synthetic and natural antioxidants to control the numerous perilous ailments and other carcinogenic hazardous diseases. Vegetables and fruits are the major source of natural antioxidants because these are majorly composed of natural antioxidants. Therefore, current study was carried out to focus on the significance and assessment of antioxidants in the ethanol and methanol extracts of turnip peels. Turnip samples were collected from two different regions of Pakistan i.e. Soon Valley and Sargodha region. Further two different solvent systems i.e. Methanol and Ethanol were used for each variety of turnip. Evaluated the antioxidant activity through DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, total flavonoid contents, determined the total phenolic contents via Folin-Ciocalteu method and reducing power assay. Estimation of mineral profile was done by wet digestion method. In the samples of turnip percentage yield of methanolic extracts exhibited maximum antioxidant activity as compared to ethanolic extracts. Analysis of results revealed that methanolic extract of Sargodha region turnip possessed maximum concentration of TPC (Total pheolic content) as compared to the 80% ethanolic extract of soon valley region. In 100% methanolic extract radical scavenging activity exhibited maximum % inhibition as compared to ethanolic extract. In the extracts of turnip peels 100% methanol exhibited greater reducing potential. Mineral composition and levels vary across two different samples of turnip indicated the maximum concentration of minerals in Sargodha region turnip. As a consequence of this study solvents that were used possessed significant results (P<0.05) for the antioxidant compounds extraction from turnip samples. Keywords: Turnip; Antioxidant potential; Reducing powers; Moisture content; Minerals profile http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2017.60030

The Effects of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Peel Methanolic Extract on Methotrexate Induced Changes in Hepatic Antioxidant Enzymes of Rats

Background: Methotrexate (MTX), as one of the most pivotal drugs in treatment of some malignancies and autoimmune diseases, is associated with damages to different tissues particularly the liver tissue through impairing the balance between antioxidant and pro-oxidants. Pomegranate peel is a great source of polyphenols with antioxidant function that has recently become a center of attention. Objectives: The current study was undertaken to investigate the effects of MTX and pomegranate peel methanolic extract (PPME), alone and in combination, on liver antioxidants of rats. Methods: Antioxidant capacity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of PPME were analyzed. 32 rats were divided into (1) control, (2) orally received 500 mg/kg PPME, (3) intramuscularly received 10 mg/kg MTX, and (4) PPME (for 18 days) and MTX (for 3 days beginning from the 10th day) groups. After the experimental period, the rats were euthanatized and tissue samples were obtained for antioxidant analysis. Results: PPME had a considerable antioxidant capacity, as well as total phenolic and flavonoid contents. There were low liver contents of Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and Catalase and a high level of Malondialdehyde and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the Methotrexate group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). In the Methotrexate-PPME group, PPME could increase the GPx and Catalase contents and decrease the SOD content of the liver compared to the Methotrexate group. GPx of liver samples in the PPME group decreased (P < 0.05). GPx decreased and Malondialdehyde increased in the Methotrexate-PPME group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Methotrexate can surprisingly increase SOD and Malondialdehyde and decrease Catalase contents. PPME can decrease GPx and relatively prevent the effects of Methotrexate on SOD and Catalase contents of the liver tissue. However, further studies are recommended.

SPECTROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF TOTAL PHENOL AND FLAVONOID CONTENTS OF CITRUS LIMON PEEL FROM NORTH EASTERN REGION OF INDIA

Citrus fruit plants are valuable sources of phenolic and other biologically active compounds. Phenolic compounds have been reported to have multiple biological effects. In this paper quantitative determination of phenols and flavonoids of citrus limon peel extracts was carried out using spectrophotometric method. The plant material was collected from Assam, north-eastern region of India. Total phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteau method and aluminium chloride method was used for flavonoid determination. Methanol and ethanol extracts of ripe and unripe peel of the plant contain high amount of phenol contents compared to acetone and ethyl acetate extracts. Methanol extract contains maximum and the ethyl acetate shows minimum amount of flavonoid contents. However, all the extracts show significant results. Key Words: Citrus limon, Phenol, Flavonoid, Catechol and Quercetin.Â

Nutrient digestibility, hindgut metabolites and antioxidant status of dogs supplemented with pomegranate peel extract.

The present study assessed the effect of dietary supplementation of pomegranate peel (methanolic) extract (PPE) on the nutrient digestibility, faecal fermentative metabolites and antioxidant status of dogs. Six medium-sized dogs of mixed breeds were allocated to two groups in a replicated cross-over design and fed a basal diet with and without supplementation of PPE at 50mg/kg body weight. Each of the experimental periods consisted of 30d, with a 21 d washout period in between. Results indicated that PPE supplementation led to no significant changes in nutrient digestibility except a trend of improvement (P=0·070) in crude fibre digestibility. PPE supplementation significantly (P<0·001) influenced faecal pH, ammonia and lactate production, indicative of positive effects of PPE polyphenols. PPE supplementation further increased faecal SCFA concentration accompanied by a reduction (P<0·01) in branched-chain fatty acids. PPE supplementation also improved (P<0·05) indices of erythrocytic antioxidants, namely reduced glutathione, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase together with an improvement in lipid peroxidation. Overall, it can be concluded that dietary supplementation with PPE at 50mg/kg body weight had a positive impact on hindgut fermentation and antioxidant status in dogs, thereby demonstrating its potential as a gut health-promoting nutraceutical.

In vivo, in vitro antioxidant and hypolipidemic activity of methanol extract of Pineapple peels in Wistar Rats

In vivo, in vitro antioxidant and hypolipidemic activity of methanol extract of Pineapple peels in Wistar Rats

Antihypergluco-lipidemic and Antioxidant activities in Aqueous methanol Extract of Some Vegetables Peel: An in vitro Analysis

Objective: To examine phytochemical constituents, antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and free radical scavenging activities in 50% methanol extract of peels of Cucumis melo var. chito (CM), Cucumis pubescens (CP), Lagenaria siceraria (LS), Luffa acutangula (LA), and Momordica charantia (MC) applying in vitro methods. Material and Methods: Total polyphenol (gallic acid equivalent; GAE), flavonoid (rutin equivalent; RE) and anthocy anin (cyanidine-3-glucoside equivalent; CGE) content were estimated. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS .+ ); nitric oxide (NO) scavenging; nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction; advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), intestinal α-glucosidase, pancreatic lipase and liver Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1β (PTP 1β) inhibitory activities were examined in vitro. Results: Peel of CM (1190 μgGAE/g) and MC (923 μgGAE/g) was rich in polyphenol and flavo noids (68.8, 145.1 μgRE/g respectively). Anthocyanin content was more in MC (167 mg CGE/100 g) than others. LS potently scavenged ABTS .+ (SC50, 99 μg) and DPPH (SC50 , 0.6 mg) radicals. Inhibition of vesperlysinelike AGEs (71.5%) was significant (p<0.006) than pentosidine-like AGEs (14.8%) by LA peel. Inhibition of pentosidine-like AGEs was significant (p<0.009) by CM than CP peel. MC reduced (84.5 %) only vesperlysine-like AGEs. Intestinal α-glucosidase was inhibited (23.02 %) by MC peel only. Pancreatic lipase was inhibited by CM (74.5%) and CP (58.6 %) peels. The LS reduced PTP 1β (32.1 %) more potently than others. Conclusion: Vegetable peels present variable degree of antioxidant, antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities.

Efficiency of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peels extract as a high potential natural tool towards Fusarium dry rot on potato tubers

The efficacy of the methanol extract of pomegranate peels was evaluated for controlling the growth of Fusarium sambucinum in vitro and development of dry rot on potato tubers both in curative and preventive applications. The methanol extract exhibited 75.5% inhibition on mycelial growth of F. sambucinum and a complete inhibition on spore germination of the pathogen at the concentration of 20mg/ml. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the extract were determined to be 20 and 120mg/ml, respectively. Twenty four individual phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the extract using HPLC analysis, with the total phenol content as 104.6mg GAE/g extract according to the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations revealed morphological modification in F. sambucinum hyphae including curling, twisting and collapse. Ultrastructural alterations were also observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) including cell empty cavity and the disintegration of cytoplasmic organelles. The methanol extract of peels caused a significant reduction in dry rot development on potato tubers inoculated with F. sambucinum in curative and preventive applications. The methanol extract of pomegranate peels could be applied as alternative natural products to synthetic fungicides in the biocontrol of dry rot on potato tubers.

Ellagic acid potentiates insulin sensitising activity of pioglitazone in L6 myotubes

The methanol extract of pomegranate peels was re-extracted with ethyl acetate. It was then evaporated to dryness. It was found to have a profound effect on the glucose uptake in L6 myotubes. The major constituents of this extract were ellagic acid and its glycosides and so further studies were carried out with pure commercial ellagic acid. Its effect on glucose uptake and expression of genes involved in the insulin signalling were investigated individually and in combination with a commercial drug, pioglitazone. They interact synergistically to increase insulin stimulated glucose uptake. Ellagic acid increases the expression of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ). Activation of the latter by pioglitazone upregulates adiponectin, but when combined with pure ellagic acid, this upregulation is achieved at lower concentrations of the drug. The current study proves that insulin sensitising activity of pioglitazone can be enhanced at low doses by combining it with ellagic acid.

Influence of methanol and water extracts of orange peel on stability of refined palm kernel oil

The antioxidative effect of methanol and water orange peel extracts on Refined Palm Kernel Oil (RPKO) stored for twelve months at room temperature (270C-330C) was determined by monitoring the colour, refractive index, free fatty acid (FFA), acid value (AV) and peroxide value (PV). The oil was dosed with different concentrations (200 ppm to 1000 ppm) of the extracts and butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT) (Cone. 200 ppm. The colour and refractive index of RPKO containing the extracts ranged between 11.0-13.0 units and 1.458-1.460 respectively whereas the colour and refractive index of RPKO with no additive (0 ppm) and 200 ppm BHT were 10.0 units and 1.460 accordingly. Free fathy acid (FFA) and acid value (AV) of RPKO containing methanol and water orange peel extracts were lower than RPKO containing 200 ppm BHT and they were significantly different at P&lt;0.05 from RPKO that contained no additive (0 ppm). PV of RPKO containing additives were slightly lower than PV of RPKO that contained no additive but they were not significantly different at P&lt;0.05.The methanol and water orange peel extracts are more effective in combating hydrolytic rancidity than oxidative rancidity of RPKO. The methanol and water orange peel extracts have better antioxidant activity than butylatedhydroxytoluene DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v49i4.22628 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 49(4), 249-254, 2014

PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILE AND IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF GARCINIA GUMMI- GUTTA (L) PEEL EXTRACTS

Phytotherapy is considered as a complementary approach for preventing and treating simple disease, although well grounded in medical tradition, it often lacks proper scientific validation. Garcinia gummi - gutta (L.) Robson (family Guttifer ae, also called Clusiaceae) is an evergreen tree of medium size. Fruit is the economically important part of the tree and its trade is at international level. The objective of the present study was to analyz e the phytochemicals and antioxidant potential of Garcinia gummi - gutta peel extracts. Phytochemical analysis was carried out following standard procedures. In vitro antioxidant properties of the extract were analyzed by DPPH, OH radical scavenging and reducing power assays. From this analysis, methanolic peel extract was found to have more constituents compared to ethanolic and aqueous extracts. Also methanolic peel extract exhibited highest antioxidant and reducing power. The present study showed that among various extracts tested, the garcinia peel meth anolic extract was found to possess notable antioxidant property.

In vitro Antimicrobial Comparison of Taif and Egyptian Pomegranate Peels and Seeds Extracts

Punica granatum are utilized by local people as the part of their meal. Peoples supposed to consume Punica granatum seed and their peel was thrown as waste. Present study was designed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the DMSO, ethanol and methanol extracts of Egyptian and Taif cultivars of Punica granatum peel and seeds extracts against five opportunistic pathogens namely Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. (as a gram positive bacteria) and Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila (as a gram negative bacteria). The antimicrobial activity of plant peels and seeds extracts were compared with that of Streptomycin, as reference antibiotics. Evaluations were based on the zone of inhibition using agar well diffusion assay. The inhibitory activity was found to be dose dependent. The methanol extract of the peels from the two cultivars at 15 mg/ml dosage were found to be active antimicrobials against all the test microorganisms. While, the maximum antimicrobial activity for the seeds extracts were reported at 60 mg/ml. Escherichia coli was reported to have significant susceptibility against most of the extract followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas sp. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of the peels and seeds extract on the DNA damage of the bacterial genome using the repetitive element PCR analysis technique (Rep-PCR). The Rep-PCR results significantly showed that there are a polymorphic numbers of genetic bands, which were found in E. coli treated bacteria and absent in the untreated bacteria. This study indicates that aqueous DMSO, methanol and ethanol extracts of peels and seeds of the two cultivars of Punica granatum may be utilizes as a potential source of antimicrobial and mutagen agents.

Anti-Ulcerative Potential of &lt;i&gt;Punica granatum&lt;/i&gt; L (Lythraceae) Hydroalcohol Fruit Peel Extract

Purpose: To evaluate the antiulcer activities of the methanol extract of pomegranate (Punica granatum L) fruit peel using 80 % ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model in rats.Methods: Male Wistar rats, 175 - 220 g, were fasted for 48 h, but had free access to water. They were randomly divided into nine experimental groups. Ulcer was induced in the rats with 80 % ethanol. The control group animals received the same treatment as those in the test groups except that the extract treatment was replaced by administration of appropriate volume of the dosing vehicle. Histaminereceptor type-2 (H2) blocker, cimetidine (100 mg/kg, i.p.) was used as the reference drug. Oral pretreatment with three different extract doses (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) was for 15 days, thereafter, ulcer index (UI) and inhibition were calculated.Results: The extract, at 50 mg/kg, of black fruit peel extract produced significant (p &lt; 0.05) protective effect in rats with a preventive index of 65.87 %. Other doses were significantly protective against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in the rats. On the other hand, north white peel was not effective (50 mg/kg) showed an ulcer index of 49.52 ± 1.99. Histopathological examination of the stomach of the ulcerated animals treated with white peel (50 mg/kg) showed severe erosion of gastric mucosa, submucosal edema and neutrophil infiltration.Conclusion: The study shows indicates the antiulcer properties of the methanol extracts of north white peel, sour summer and black peel (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) of pomegranate. Their antiulcer activity is exerted, possibly, via its high antioxidant activity.Keywords: Anti-inflammatory, Pomegranate, Punica granatum, Peel extract

Neuroprotective Effects of Citrus reticulata in Scopolamine-Induced Dementia Oxidative Stress in Rats

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the potential effects of Citrus reticulate (mandarin) peel methanolic extract (MPME) on memory dysfunction in rats. Memory impairment was produced by scopolamine (1.4 mg/kg, intraperitoneally injected). Brain acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) activity was measured to assess the central cholinergic activity. This study also investigated the effect of scopolamine on norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin content in rat hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex. In addition, the levels of brain lipid peroxidation (LPO), nitric oxide (NO) and glutathione (GSH) were estimated to assess the degree of oxidative stress. Scopolamine administration induced a significant impairment of central cholinergic activity in rats, as indicated by a marked increase in AChE activity. The impairment of the cholinergic system was associated with a significant alternation in brain monoamines. Scopolamine administration also caused oxidant damage (elevation in LPO and NO and reduction in GSH levels). Pretreatment of MPME (250 mg/kg, orally administered) significantly reduced scopolamine-induced alternation in brain monoamines with an attenuation of scopolamine-induced rise in brain AChE activity and brain oxidative stress. It is concluded that administration of mandarin peel extract, demonstrating antioxidant activity, may be of value for dementia exhibiting elevated brain oxidative status.

A comparative study of bioactive compounds from apple peels and aloe vera gel and their effects on colour and oxidative stability of turkey meat

The aim of this study was to assess antioxidant activity of bioactive compounds of apple peel and aloe vera gel extracts and their effects on colour and oxidative stability of turkey meat sample stored at 4±1 °C. A total of 6 solvent extracts were prepared and the best extracts selected from each of apple peel and aloe vera gel were used at 0.5 % level in improvement of turkey meat quality. Results indicated that methanol extract of apple peel (MeAP) and ethanol extract of aloe vera gel (EhAG) had greatest ABTS+, DPPH and superoxide anionic scavenging activities. The EhAG had the highest total phenolic contents and that was lowest for MeAG sample. Lovibond tintometer colour values indicated that addition of MeAP and EhAG in turkey meat sample significantly influenced redness (α-value) and yellowness (β-value) values during storage. The pH, TBARS, FFAs and PVs were higher in control sample than treatment groups. EhAG and MeAP showed greater antioxidant potential which can be used as functional ingredients in improvement of raw turkey meat quality with added health beneficial effects.

In vitro anthelmintic and antioxidant potential of fruits of Momordica charantia: A comparative study

Background and Purpose: Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) is used as both food and management of diverse human diseases science ancient time, including in the treatment of worm infection. This study was aimed to evaluate the comparative anthelmintic and anti-oxidant activity of juice and extracts of whole fruit, peels, and seed of M. charantia.Materials and Methods: In vitro anthelmintic activity of methanol extract of whole fruit, fruit peels, seed and fresh juice whole fruit, peels of M. charantia was investigated against Indian adult earthworms (Eisenia foetida). Extracts and juices are also investigated for their anti-oxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH• ) scavenging assay method. Results: Extracts and juice showed potent anti-oxidant and anthelmintic activity. Methanol extract of fruit peel demonstrated strong DPPH• scavenging activity (IC 50 = 29.02 ± 0.86 μg/ml), juice of fruit peel also produced good radical scavenging effect (57.30 ± 0.99 μmol TE/ml). Methanol extract of fruit peel showed potent anthelmintic effect which is similar to standard albendazole. Whole fruit and seed extract also produced significant anthelmintic effect. Whole fruit juice and peel juice showed similar but moderate in vitro anthelmintic effect. Conclusion: The wormicidal activity of extract and juice against earthworms suggests that they are effective against parasitic infections of humans. Results justify the use of fresh kerala juice by traditional medicinal practitioner to cure worm infection, and showed the potential to develop natural anthelmintic constitute from the fruit of the plant.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel extract provides protection against mercuric chloride-induced oxidative stress in Wistar strain rats

Context: Pomegranate [Punica granatum L. (Lythraceae)] is rich in antioxidants.Objective: The present work was undertaken to evaluate the protective effects of methanol extract of pomegranate peel extract (PPE) against a rat model of oxidative stress generated by treatment with mercuric chloride (HgCl2).Materials and methods: Rats were injected with HgCl2 (5 mg/kg body weight in 0.9% NaCl) for developing oxidative stress. The methanol extract of pomegranate peel (PPE) was suspended in 0.5% sodium carboxymethylcellulose and fed to rats at 50 mg/kg body weight/day up to 30 days after HgCl2 treatment. Biomarkers of oxidative stress including erythrocyte plasma membrane redox system (PMRS), lipid peroxidation, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), intracellular glutathione, and plasma antioxidant capacity as FRAP values were measured after PPE supplementation.Results: HgCl2-treated rats showed increased oxidative stress as evidenced by increased activity of erythrocyte PMRS 153%, lipid peroxidation 31%, and AOPP 290%. There was a significant (p < 0.01) decrease (25%) in plasma antioxidant capacity and intracellular glutathione (75%). Supplementation with PPE protected rats from HgCl2 induced oxidative damage. PPE supplementation to control rats increased antioxidant defense.Discussion and conclusion: The results clearly demonstrate that PPE treatment augments the antioxidant defense mechanism in mercuric chloride-induced oxidant toxicity. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of the increase in erythrocyte PMRS activity in rats after supplementation with any kind of antioxidant supplementation. This study emphasizes the need for characterizing PPE for potential unknown antioxidant compounds.

Anti-Ulcerogenic Activity of the Pomegranate Peel (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Punica granatum&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;) Methanol Extract

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) belongs to genera Punica and family Punicaceae. It is a herbal preparation that has been suggested as useful in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. However, to our knowledge, no study has been conducted to evaluate this therapeutic property. In the present study the antiulcerogenic effects of pomegranate peel methanol extract, was tested on male Wistar albino rats. Oral pretreatment with peel extracts (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) for 15 days protected the gastric mucosa against the damage induced by indomethacin (50 mg/kg). The incidence of ulceration in the control group was 100%. The best results were found in a dosage of 50 mg/kg in sour summer cultivar which inhibited the peptic ulcerin comparison with indomethacin induced gastric ulcer group. Lowest ulcer index (5.4 ± 0.55), an apparent decrease in the infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and hemorrhage were observed after administration of sour summer extracts (50 mg/kg). In conclusion present study showed that pomegranate peel extract, especially sour summer, has curative potential as an antiulcer, possibly via its high antioxidant activity. These results from pomegranate peel extract can provide an extra income and may contribute about good nutritional values of this product.

Antifungal properties of &lt;i&gt;Musa paradisiaca&lt;/i&gt; (Plantain) peel and stalk extracts

Effect of plantain (Musa paradisiaca (L) AAB genomic group) peel and stalk extracts were investigated using percentage inhibition test. Complete inhibition of growth (100%) was observed for Aspergillusniger, Aspergillus oryzae and Rhizopus stolonifer at 1.0 mg/ml concentration of stalk extract. Peel extract inhibited A. niger 100%, A. oryzae 76.67% and R. stolonifer 56.67% at the same concentration. As concentration reduces, growth inhibition reduces also up to the minimum inhibitory concentration. The results of this work justify that the plant extracts were able to inhibit and kill the growth of spoilage fungi and this implies that the extract in appropriate doses can be used in food preservation and to treat infections caused by this spoilage fungi. The results further justify the claim that Musa paradisiaca (L) stalk and peel extract demonstrated antifungal action in which methanol was seen to be a better solvent for extracting active ingredients from medicinal plants considering the high susceptibility of test organisms to methanol extract than ethanol extract used in this study. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of hydrogen cyanide, tannin, alkaloid, steroid, saponin and flavonoid. The growth inhibition of A. niger, A. oryzae and R. stolonifer by Musa paradisiaca peel and stalk methanol and ethanol extract in this study suggest the presence of antifungal substance in the plant tissue and the possibility of using the extract to control plant pathogens especially where the spoilage fungi used in this study are involved.

Antibacterial, antioxidant and tyrosinase-inhibition activities of pomegranate fruit peel methanolic extract.

BackgroundThis study evaluated, using in vitro assays, the antibacterial, antioxidant, and tyrosinase-inhibition activities of methanolic extracts from peels of seven commercially grown pomegranate cultivars.MethodsAntibacterial activity was tested on Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia) using a microdilution method. Several potential antioxidant activities, including radical-scavenging ability (RSA), ferrous ion chelating (FIC) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), were evaluated. Tyrosinase enzyme inhibition was investigated against monophenolase (tyrosine) and diphenolase (DOPA), with arbutin and kojic acid as positive controls. Furthermore, phenolic contents including total flavonoid content (TFC), gallotannin content (GTC) and total anthocyanin content (TAC) were determined using colourimetric methods. HPLC-ESI/MSn analysis of phenolic composition of methanolic extracts was also performed.ResultsMethanolic peel extracts showed strong broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 0.2 to 0.78 mg/ml. At the highest concentration tested (1000 μg/ml), radical scavenging activities were significantly higher in Arakta (83.54%), Ganesh (83.56%), and Ruby (83.34%) cultivars (P< 0.05). Dose dependent FIC and FRAP activities were exhibited by all the peel extracts. All extracts also exhibited high inhibition (>50%) against monophenolase and diphenolase activities at the highest screening concentration. The most active peel extract was the Bhagwa cultivar against monophenolase and the Arakta cultivar against diphenolase with IC50 values of 3.66 μg/ml and 15.88 μg/ml, respectively. High amounts of phenolic compounds were found in peel extracts with the highest and lowest total phenolic contents of 295.5 (Ganesh) and 179.3 mg/g dry extract (Molla de Elche), respectively. Catechin, epicatechin, ellagic acid and gallic acid were found in all cultivars, of which ellagic acid was the most abundant comprising of more than 50% of total phenolic compounds detected in each cultivar.ConclusionsThe present study showed that the tested pomegranate peels exhibited strong antibacterial, antioxidant and tyrosinase-inhibition activities. These results suggest that pomegranate fruit peel could be exploited as a potential source of natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agents as well as tyrosinase inhibitors.

Evaluating the Potential Role of Pomegranate Peel in Aluminum-Induced Oxidative Stress and Histopathological Alterations in Brain of Female Rats

Studies have shown that pomegranate, Punica granatum Linn. (Lythraceae), has remarkable biological and medicinal properties. However, the effects of pomegranate peel methanolic extract (PPME) on the aluminum-induced oxidative stress and histopathological change have not been reported yet. To determine the effect of PPME (200 mg/kg bwt) on the aluminum chloride (AlCl₃; 34 mg/kg bwt)-induced neurotoxicity, aluminum accumulation in brain and oxidant/antioxidant status were determined. The change of brain structure was investigated with hematoxylin and eosin, and anti-apoptosis effects of PPME were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The present study showed an indication of carcinogenicity in the AlCl₃-treated group representing an increase in tissue tumor markers such as tumor necrosis factor-α and angiogenin and inflammation by inducing an increase in prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2α. PPME protected brain through decreasing the aluminum accumulation and stimulating antioxidant activities and anti-apoptotic proteins namely Bcl-2. Therefore, these results indicated that pomegranate peel methanolic extract could inhibit aluminum-induced oxidative stress and histopathological alternations in brain of female rats, and these effects may be related to anti-apoptotic and antioxidants activities.