Methanol Concentration Research Articles

Multi-physics field modeling and electrochemical performance analysis of medium-temperature methanol-fueled proton-conducting solid oxide fuel cell

ABSTRACT A two-dimensional axisymmetric multi-physics field simulation for a methanol-fueled proton-conducting solid oxide fuel cell (CH3OH-SOFC-H) was created in this work. The influence of structural and operating parameters on the performance of the cell was analyzed. Moreover, the cell performance was compared with that of a methanol-oxygen ion-conducting SOFC (CH3OH-SOFC-O) under the same operating conditions. It was found that the anode support enables CH3OH-SOFC-H to exhibit higher performance, with the highest power density being 1493.3 W‧m−2 at 973 K. As the anode flow rate rises, the current density rises and subsequently falls, with a peak of 7623.6 A‧m−2. Meanwhile, as the methanol content in the gas composition and the cathode flow rate increase, so does the current density. CH3OH-SOFC-H has better electrochemical performance at low and medium temperatures, reaching 562.64 W‧m−2 at 773K (66% higher than that of CH3OH-SOFC-O at the same operating conditions). Meanwhile, CH3OH-SOFC-O has better performance at high temperatures. This study provides a theoretical reference for the subsequent application and promotion of CH3OH-SOFC-H.

Process Optimization for Production of Persimmon Wine with Lower Methanol.

Persimmon wine has various nutritional elements and high commercial potential. However, the high content of methanol, which is derived from the fruit's pectin, always hinders persimmon wine production. To reduce the methanol level in the wine, the effects of persimmon cultivar, starter, pectinase, and pretreatment methods were investigated via single-factor and orthogonal experiments. The persimmon cultivar 'MaoKui' was finally used throughout the study owing to its lowest pectin concentration (24.5 g/kg). The best treatment conditions against the persimmon pulp were pectinase (0.04 g/kg) at 30 °C for 4 h, then boiled at 115 °C for 15 min before fermentation started. The optimized fermentation conditions for wine production were pectinase (0.03 g/kg), 250 mg/kg starter (BO213 and SPARK with equal amounts), at 28 °C for 6 d. The obtained wine had 77.7 mg/L methanol and a 68.4% raw juice yield. The fruit wine had 111.4 mg/L methanol and a 90.6 sensory evaluation score. Forty-nine volatile aromas were identified. Ethyl acetate content was the highest, followed by 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2,3-butanediol, and lactate ethyl ester. The persimmon wine had a unique style with transparent color, elegant aroma, and pure taste.

Study of the Formation of Hydrates with NaCl, Methanol Additive, and Quartz Sand Particles

During deepwater drilling, testing, production, or hydrate mining, the circulating medium in the wellbore may contain solid particles, such as rock chips and sand, in addition to drilling fluids, gas, and water. In the high-pressure, low-temperature conditions of deep water, gas intrusion can easily combine with free water in the drilling fluid to form hydrates, increasing the drilling risk. Therefore, understanding the formation patterns of hydrates in drilling fluids is of significant importance for the prevention and control of hydrates. This study utilized a small-scale high-pressure reactor to investigate the impact of the stirring rate, NaCl, and methanol additives, as well as the sand content on the hydrate formation process and gas consumption. The results indicate that the hydrate formation process can be divided into an induction stage, a rapid formation stage, and a slow formation stage. The induction stage and rapid formation stage durations are significantly reduced under stirring conditions. In NaCl and methanol solutions, hydrate formation is inhibited, with the induction stage duration increasing with higher concentrations of NaCl and methanol. There was no apparent rapid formation stage observed. The final gas consumption decreases substantially with increasing concentrations of NaCl and methanol, reaching no significant hydrate formation at a 20% concentration. The sand content has a significant impact on the slow formation stage, with the final gas consumption increasing within a certain range (in this work, at a sand content of 20%), and being notably higher than in the pure water system under the same conditions.

Polyphenol Content, Antioxidant Properties and Trypsin Inhibition Activity of Methanol Seed Extract and Fractions of White Velvet Bean from Vietnam

Background: White Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) is a very valuable plant due to its medical potential. Different parts of the plant have been studied by various researchers. However, the seeds, which contain a lot of bioactive compounds, have been considered of substantial medicinal importance. Methods: The total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant and trypsin inhibition properties in the methanol extract of white Velvet bean (WVB) seeds and its fractions (methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous) were studied. Result: The highest total phenolic content was recorded in the methanol extract (206.3 mg GAE g-1). The highest total flavonoid content was in the n-hexane fraction (7.75 mg rutin g-1). The methanol extract showed the highest total antioxidant potential (261.5 mg AAE g-1). The methanol extract also had the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity and the highest level of trypsin inhibitory activity compared to the other fractions with an IC50 value (35.3 ìg mL-1).

Expression of VEGFR2 Ligand Binding Domain in Pichia pink™ 4 Cells and Evaluation of Its Interactions with VEGF-A165 Receptor Binding Domain.

Vascular endothelial growth factor A165 (VEGF-A165) and VEGF receptor 2 (KDR) are important mediators of angiogenesis. We aimed to express the soluble KDR ligand-binding domain (sKDR1-3) and evaluate its interaction with the VEGF-A165 receptor-binding domain (VEGFA165-RBD). sKDR1-3 DNA was designed and subcloned into pPinkα-HC plasmid. The cassette was transfected into the Pichia pink™ 4 genome by homologous recombination. We optimized the expression of sKDR1-3 under the induction of different methanol concentrations. VEGFA165-RBD was expressed in E. coli BL21 harboring pET28a( +)─VEGFA165-RBD vector under induction with IPTG with/without lactose. Interaction and biological activity of sKDR1-3 and VEGFA165-RBD were investigated by ELISA and anti-proliferation tests. sKDR1-3 migrated on SDS-PAGE gel as a 35-180kDa protein due to glycosylation. The relative expression level of sKDR1-3 under 1% methanol was higher than 0.5% and 4% methanol induction. IPTG and cysteine were suitable for induction and refolding of VEGFA165-RBD. 25ng sKDR1-3 and 20ng VEGFA165-RBD showed strong binding. sKDR1-3 bound to VEGFA165-RBD and VEGF-A165 with dissociation constants of 0.148 and 0.2nM, respectively. 4-10nM concentrations of sKDR1-3 inhibited the proliferation of HUVE cells induced by 5nM VEGFA165-RBD. In consideration, sKDR1-3 in the nanomolar concentration range, is a promising anticancer drug to inhibit angiogenesis.

Development of a Microwave Sensor for Real-Time Monitoring of a Micro Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

Micro direct methanol fuel cells (μDMFCs) are a promising power source for microelectronic devices and systems. As the operating state and performance of a μDMFC is generally determined by both electrochemical polarization and methanol crossover, it is important to monitor the methanol concentration in μDMFCs. Here, we design and fabricate a microwave sensor and integrate it with a μDMFC for the online detection of methanol concentration in a nonintrusive way. The sensing area is set at the bottom of the anode chamber of a μDMFC which exhibits a maximum output power density of 28.8 mW cm−2 at 30 °C. With a square ring structure, the dual-mode microwave sensor shows a sensitivity of 9.5 MHz mol−1 L. Furthermore, the importance of methanol concentration monitoring is demonstrated in the long term. A relatively smooth methanol decline curve was obtained, which indicated a normal and stable operating status of the μDMFC. Derived from real-time recording data, fuel utilization was additionally calculated as 28.5%.

Integration of jackfruit seed-derived carbon dots and electronic nose for a sensitive detection of formaldehyde vapor

The preparation of carbon dots from jackfruit seeds through a pyrolysis method at 280℃ and their use for the detection of formaldehyde were reported. The as-prepared carbon dots showed a high fluorescence efficiency with a quantum yield of 12.7% and excellent photostability and dispersibility in aqueous solution with a zeta potential of ‒62.5 mV. The integration of carbon dot thin film and a home-made optical electronic nose system possessed sensitivity towards formaldehyde vapor with a detection limit of 24.7%v/v across a linear range of 25%v/v to 100%v/v. Furthermore, the sensor showed the highest sensitivity towards formaldehyde against other volatile organic compounds through a strong interaction between the carbonyl groups and the carbon dots. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to achieve quantitative measurements of formaldehyde content in different formaldehyde volume ratios with substantial variance. Due to the significance of methanol as a typical chemical precursor for the industrial manufacturing of formaldehyde, the quantitative analytical method is essential to determining formaldehyde or methanol concentration. The sensing ability of carbon dot film-integrated electronic nose towards formaldehyde in formaldehyde/methanol mixtures was measured to be 10.74%v/v in a linear range of 25%v/v to 100%v/v. The PCA showed orderly linear combinations of the data set, which can be potentially utilized to analyze formaldehyde and methanol content in industrial processes. The results indicate the significant potential of carbon dots and optical electronic nose system as an effective formaldehyde sensing platform. Potential applications include the quantification of formaldehyde from methanol conversion and determination of methanol contaminant in formaldehyde.

Simultaneous quantification of 4-hydroxytamoxifen and hesperidin in liposomal formulations: Development and validation of a RP-HPLC method

Breast cancer treatment options are diverse, with tamoxifen commonly used as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. However, tamoxifen can have adverse systemic effects. Local transdermal therapy offers a potential solution by delivering the drug directly to the breast and minimizing systemic exposure. Hesperidin, a flavonoid, exerts synergistic effects when combined with anticancer agents. This combination therapy may be a more effective approach to breast cancer management. Analytical methods have been developed to quantify 4-Hydroxytamoxifen (4-HT) and hesperidin separately; however, no method currently exists for their simultaneous quantification in pharmaceutical formulations. This study aimed to develop and validate a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the simultaneous quantification of 4-HT and hesperidin in liposomal formulations. A Design of Experiments (DoE) approach was employed using a Box-Behnken design (BBD) to optimize the RP-HPLC method. BBD allowed for a reduction in the number of required tests by creating a statistical model to estimate the significance of various factors and interactions. The methanol concentration, flow rate, and injection volume were considered as independent variables for optimization. A mobile phase (90:10 ratio of methanol: 0.1% v/v orthophosphoric acid) with a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min, and an injection volume of 10 μL was selected as optimized chromatographic condition. 4-HT showed a retention time (Rt) of 5.05 min and hesperidin showed an Rt of 7.11 min using an optimized analytical method and was detected at 275 nm. The developed RP-HPLC method was validated according to the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines, confirming its accuracy, precision, linearity, selectivity, and robustness. The validated method was then successfully applied to determine the entrapment efficiency and permeation of 4-HT and hesperidin into loaded liposomes. This study fills a gap in the literature by providing a simple and reliable RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous quantification of 4-HT and hesperidin in liposomal formulations.

Production of biliverdin by biotransformation of exogenous heme using recombinant Pichia pastoris cells

Biliverdin, a bile pigment hydrolyzed from heme by heme oxygenase (HO), serves multiple functions in the human body, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune response inhibitory activities. Biliverdin has great potential as a clinical drug; however, no economic and efficient production method is available currently. Therefore, the production of biliverdin by the biotransformation of exogenous heme using recombinant HO-expressing yeast cells was studied in this research. First, the heme oxygenase-1 gene (HO1) encoding the inducible plastidic isozyme from Arabidopsis thaliana, with the plastid transport peptide sequence removed, was recombined into Pichia pastoris GS115 cells. This resulted in the construction of a recombinant P. pastoris GS115-HO1 strain that expressed active HO1 in the cytoplasm. After that, the concentration of the inducer methanol, the induction culture time, the pH of the medium, and the concentration of sorbitol supplied in the medium were optimized, resulting in a significant improvement in the yield of HO1. Subsequently, the whole cells of GS115-HO1 were employed as catalysts to convert heme chloride (hemin) into biliverdin. The results showed that the yield of biliverdin was 132 mg/L when hemin was added to the culture of GS115-HO1 and incubated for 4 h at 30 °C. The findings of this study have laid a good foundation for future applications of this method for the economical production of biliverdin.Graphical

Structural Optimization of Reactor for the Enhancement of CO2 Electrochemical Reduction Based on Gas–Liquid Mixing Flow Model

The CO2 electrochemical reduction reaction (CO2ERR) is heralded for carbon dioxide and renewable energy utilization. However, complexities in catalyst optimization and reactor structure research hinder its practical application. Herein, rather than traditional catalyst optimization, emphasis is placed on refining the reactor structure to enhance gas–liquid mixing. The goal is to raise the CO2 concentration in the reaction zone and extend its residence refining CO2ERR. Building on prior reactor designs, this work introduces the N‐reactor (the nozzle‐type reactor) with a ring electrode suited for gas–liquid mixing and reaction interplay. Through finite element simulations using the gas–liquid flow model, compared with the S‐reactors (the wide‐straight‐type reactor and the narrow‐straight‐type reactor), the N‐reactor's ring electrode shows a 12.99% CO2 concentration rise in the electrode zone and a 67.11% surge at the cathode exit. As a consequence, the total concentration of the product methanol is increased by 6.37%, with a maximum concentration increase of 26.96% and a concentration increase of 49.08% at the cathode outlet. These results validate the feasibility of optimizing the reaction from the perspective of gas–liquid mixing flow and provide novel methods and ideas for further optimization of CO2ERR, contributing to the practical application of the technology.

The effect of temperature, time, and methanol concentration on enhancing the yield of biodiesel production of castor and rapeseed seeds via the Transesterification process

The effect of temperature, time, and methanol concentration on enhancing the yield of biodiesel production of castor and rapeseed seeds via the Transesterification process

Yanıt yüzey yöntemi kullanılarak Ziziphus jujube Mill yapraklarından fenolik bileşenlerin ultrason destekli ekstraksiyonunun optimizasyonu

The phenolic compounds in jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill) leaf were extracted using ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) for potential of antioxidant food additive in this study. The extraction factors such as methanol concentration, temperature and time were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) to maximize of the total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2 -diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and phenolic profile in jujube leaf extracts (JE). The best possible range for methanol concentration (25-50%), duration of ultrasound (20-40 min), ultrasonic temperature (40–60 °C) were obtained using the Box-Behnken design (BBD). The optimum extraction parameters were obtained with 25% methanol concentration, 20 min duration of ultrasound and 49.89 °C ultrasonic temperature. Ellagic, caffeic, rosmarinic acid, and rutin were determined as major phenolics in JE under optimal extraction parameters. The results revealed that UAE is an effective pretreatment for extracting bioactive ingredients from JE as potential functional food additive. Furthermore, RSM is an effective method for optimizing the UAE factors.

Solid-Liquid Equilibrium Study of Binary System Saturated Fatty Acid in Short Chain Alcohols

Unsaturated fatty acids are potential to be used for preventing degenerative diseases and developing brain function in babies. Separation of unsaturated fatty acids from saturated fatty acids efficiently achieved by urea complexation fractionation method. It is considered to be the simplest, most efficient, and lowest cost method. This study aimed to optimize urea complexation for increasing PUFA concentrations by determining solid-liquid equilibrium data of saturated fatty acids in short chain alcohols. In this study, there were two types of short chain alcohol, methanol and ethanol, in various concentrations (99,7%; 95%; 88%; 76% w/w) towards the solubility of saturated fatty acids, palmitic and stearic acid (PA and SA). PA and SA dissolved in various concentration of methanol and ethanol to get homogeneous solutions. When solid SFA disappeared by heating the solution, or first formed by cooling the solution, the temperature was determined as the solid-liquid equilibrium temperature. The results showed that the best composition of solvent within high solubility level is ethanol 95% and methanol 99,7% over palmitic acid because it can dissolve at room temperature and below 0.01 mole fraction.

Larvacidal effects of methanolic and ethanolic leaf extracts of <i>Xienemia americana</i> against female <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> S.L. (Culicidae: Diptera)

Anopheles gambiae complex is the most important vector of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. It is thought that Nigeria comprises about 45 species of Anopheles mosquitoes of which Anopheles gambiae is the most prevalent. Extract of different concentrations were evaluated at the level of 2.00 3.00, 4.00, 5.00 and 0.00 (Control) mg/ml. Distilled water only was used as control. Twenty (20) larvae were put into four (4) cups containing 100ml of the test solution of each concentration. Larval to pupa mortality were recorded and calculated after 24, 48 and 72h after treatment. Mortality results were used to determine LC50 and LC90 using probit analysis. The larvicidal activity of methanol and Ethanolic extracts of the X. Americana were evaluated on 4th instar larvae of Anopheles gambiae. From the results concentration of X. americana with ethanol has shown high larvicidal effect with 10%, 12%, 3% adult emergence when compare with control. While Methanol concentration reveals low larvicidal effect with 16 % adult emergence. Treatment group X. Americana showed highest survival from pupa to adult (28, 18% and 6%) recorded, this means concentration of ethanol has larvicidal effect against A. gambiae. However, methanol concentration shows low activity with 45, 21 and 16% followed by X. Americana with 18, 15 and 10% recorded the highest larvicidal activity among all the concentrations with methanol respectively. Concentration of 5.0 mL, 12.0 mL, 20.0 mL, 25.0, 30.0mL compare to control group. All the extracts proved to be toxic to the test organism, though there was a remarkable difference in the concentrations and timing of their activity.

High-Speed Schlieren Imaging of Vapor Formation in Electrospray Plume.

Previous mechanistic descriptions of electrosprays mostly focused on the dynamics of Taylor cones, initial droplets, and progeny droplets. However, vapor formation during droplet desolvation in an electrospray plume has not been discussed to a great extent. Here, we implement a double-pass on-axis schlieren high-speed imaging system to observe generation and propagation of vapors in an offline electrospray source under different conditions. Switching between turbulent and laminar vapor flow was observed for all of the scanned conditions, which may be attributed to randomly occurring disturbances in the sample flow inside the electrospray emitter. Calculation of mean vapor flow velocity and analysis of vapor flow patterns were performed using in-house developed image processing programs. Experiments performed at different electrospray voltages (0-6 kV), solvent flow rates (100-600 μL min-1), and methanol concentrations (50-100%), indicate only a weak dependency between electrospray voltage and mean vapor velocity, implying that the vapor is mostly neutral; thus, the vapor is not accelerated by electric field. On the other hand, electrospraying solutions of analytes (with mass 151 Da or 12 kDa) did not remarkably increase the overall vapor flow velocity. The source of vapor's velocity is attributed to the inertia of the electrospray droplets. Although there are some differences between a modern electrospray ionization (ESI) setup and the setup used in our experiment (e.g., using a higher flow rate and larger emitter), we believe the findings of our study can be projected to a modern ESI setup.

Microwave-assisted transesterification of Litchi chinensis seed oil using extracted KOH from potato waste for sustainable development

The fast depletion of conventional fuel supplies has forced the world to find suitable substitutes to overcome the expected energy crisis. Fossil fuels also contribute to global warming because of their harmful emissions. Biofuels are sustainable and environment friendly. Biodiesel can be sourced from both edible and non-edible oils to replace fossil fuels. To avoid a shortage of food supply, it is preferred to produce biodiesel from non-edible oils. In this research, Litchi chinensis seed oil (LSO) is used as a feedstock to synthesize biodiesel employing transesterification using a microwave oven. The catalyst, potassium hydroxide (KOH), used in this research was extracted from potato waste. Sun-dried potato waste was converted into ash. The produced ash is then dissolved in distilled water, leading to a 34% yield of KOH. The transesterification achieves a 92.9% conversion rate under the conditions: 30% microwave power utilization, a catalyst loading of 15% (W/W), a stirring speed of 700 RPM, and a methanol concentration of 70% (V/V) with an 8-min reaction time. Response surface methodology (RSM), in comparison with artificial neural networks (ANNs), has been utilized for the optimization of biodiesel yield, giving efficient results with errors of 0.003% for RSM and 0.005% for ANN. Consequently, the study reports optimized biodiesel yields of 92.9% (experimental), 93.27% (RSM), and 92.40% (ANN). Physicochemical properties such as kinematic viscosity (4.4 mm2/s) at 40°C, density (875 kg/m3) at 15°C, cetane number (53.2), calorific value (38.8 MJ/kg), flash point (175°C), oxidative stability (6.1 h), and cold flow properties were determined with respect to the ASTM and EN standards. The findings reveal that biofuels primarily support Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7 and 13, with the prime focus on “affordable and clean energy” and “climate action,” respectively.

CuNi2O4/MWCNTs nanocatalyst for methanol and ethanol electro-oxidation

The widespread use of cheap and efficient catalysts in energy storage and production in electrochemical processes led our research team to the synthesis and evaluation of CuNi2O4/MWCNTs nanocatalyst for alcohol oxidation. Nanocatalyst was characterized in terms of structure and morphology by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). The ability of CuNi2O4/MWCNTs was evaluated with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) analyses in the oxidation process of methanol and ethanol alcohols in alkaline media. The optimal concentration of methanol and ethanol for CuNi2O4/MWCNTs and CuNi2O4 was obtained to investigate the methanol oxidation reaction and ethanol oxidation reaction processes. The mechanism of these processes was also evaluated in detail. The stability of both nanocatalysts was investigated by performing several consecutive CVs and in 3600 s by chronoamperometric analysis. The results showed the good stability of this catalyst. The synergistic effect of placing CuNi2O4 on the surface of carbon nanotubes improved the oxidation process of methanol and ethanol. In general, the proposed catalyst can be an efficient, stable, and cheap option and at the same time very stable for use in alcohol fuel cells.

Evaluating the commercial potential of Cocos nucifera derived biochar catalyst in biodiesel synthesis from Kanuga oil: Optimization, kinetics, thermodynamics, and process cost analysis

In the current study, sulfonic acid functionalized steam-activated char catalyst was prepared from Cocos nucifera (coconut) husk (named as ACH-SO3H) at low temperatures for the pre-treatment of Kanuga oil to its methyl ester. This catalyst is attempted reportedly first time for Kanuga oil-derived biodiesel production. An ester yield of 99.51% was achieved over parametric states optimized by response surface methodology of catalyst loading 4.9 wt%, methanol concentration of wt%, for 83 min at 55.75 °C. Based on the proximate analysis, the feedstock Kanuga oil exhibited a high free fatty acid suggesting that the fuel production require the usage of an acid catalyst. Catalyst developed was examined using BET, SEM, EDAX, FTIR, and XRD. Fuel characterization of the produced methyl ester demonstrated that it has physico-chemical properties acceptable for biodiesel according to ASTM standards. The esterification reaction with ACH-SO3H exhibited kinetics that resembled pseudo-first-order behaviour, with an Ea of 68.83 kJ mol−1. Endothermic nature and non-spontaneity of the esterification reaction were confirmed through the thermodynamic study. Despite repeated use, the catalyst demonstrated outstanding stability, with the capacity to be reused thrice without notable decay in catalytic action. Catalyst production cost of $6.74/kg was estimated in the work.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction using response surface methodology and quantification of polyphenol compounds in Avicennia officinalis L. from Vietnam

Response surface methodology was used to estimate the optimum extraction parameters, for which the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of Avicennia officinalis L. extract were the highest. Based on the 3D surface plots and regression analysis of the independent variables, the optimal conditions for the ultrasound-assisted extraction were as follows: methanol content, 55.27%; liquid-to-solid ratio, 14:1 (mL/g, v/w); temperature, 48.8 °C, and time, 9.66 min. Optimal extraction conditions were applied to validate the quantification. The bioactive compounds from the Avicennia officinalis L. extract were identified through ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detector for the first time. These methods were applied to quantify phenolic acids and flavonoids from A. officinalis extracts collected at six different locations in Vietnam. The results showed that the concentrations of these compounds varied from 0.319 ± 0.022 to 3.524 ± 0.125 mg/g in the methanol extract. The result showed that cinnamic acid is the major compound in A. officinalis collected in Vietnam. In the present study, an optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction was first designed to improve the content of phenolic acids and flavonoid compounds from A. officinalis. Additionally, the bioactive compounds from the A. officinalis extract were identified through UFLC-DAD for the first time.

Effect of tunable composition-shape of bio-inspired Pt NPs electrocatalyst in direct methanol fuel cell: Process optimization and kinetic studies

Highly efficient bio-inspired platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) as an electrocatalyst with superior intrinsic kinetics and high performance for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) derived from green synthesis of bio-waste utilization is of great interest. The bio-inspired Pt NPs were examined for their kinetic parameters in terms of the Tafel plot, exchange current, square root of the scan rate, methanol diffusion coefficient, activation energy (Ea), and factors influencing current density. Bio-inspired Pt NPs exhibit a fast kinetic reaction with a low Tafel value of 179 mV dec−1 and exchange current, α = 0.33, compared to commercial Pt black (233 mV dec−1, α = 0.25). The bio-inspired Pt NPs display low activation energy, Ea, as the potential increases, indicating improved intrinsic kinetics, and the MOR catalyzed by bio-Pt NPs was discovered to be a diffusion-controlled process. The parametric effect of bio-inspired Pt NPs concentration has a crucial influence on the anisotropic morphological structure and interconnection to the current density (mA mg−1) of MOR. Central Composite Design (CCD) was applied for RSM-based modeling and analyzing the parameter effects, including bio-inspired Pt NPs concentration, methanol concentration, and electrocatalyst loading to optimize the current density. The optimized current density produced by bio-inspired Pt NPs was 640.11 mA mgPt−1 at ideal conditions of 1.5 mM bio-Pt NPs, 1.05 M CH3OH, and 2.14 mg. Ultimately, the passive DMFC single-cell powered by bio-inspired Pt NPs generates power density with Pmax of 5.70, 6.67, and 8.28 mW cm−2 at 25, 80, and 100 °C. Thus, bio-inspired Pt NPs derived from green synthesis pathways and biomass-mediated extract have been proven to be viable and sustainable anode electrocatalysts for utilization in the energy conversion of renewable energy with outstanding performance.