Formic Acid Research Articles

Highly-Efficient Reusable [Silica@Iminophosphine-FeII] Hybrids for Hydrogen Production via Formic Acid and Formaldehyde Dehydrogenation.

The use of hybrids, developed by grafting homogeneous catalysts onto supporting materials, has already demonstrated significant potential in various catalytic processes. These systems combine the advantages of homogeneous catalysts, such as high activity and selectivity, with those of solid supports, including enhanced recyclability. Catalytic hydrogen (H2) production via dehydrogenation of C1 organic molecules targeting its use in fuel cells is a contemporary scientific issue directly connected with climate crisis. Here, Iminophospine hybrid [SiO2@benzNP] and its reduced analogue [SiO2@benzNHP] were synthesized, covalently grafted on colloidal SiO2, fully characterized (FT-IR, RAMAN, TGA, ssNMR, BET), and used for in-situ synthesis of [SiO2@benzNP-FeII] and [SiO2@benzNHP-FeII] catalytic complexes for H2 production from formic acid (HCOOH) and formaldehyde (HCHO), at 80 °C. In HCOOH, both heterogenized catalysts exhibit high selectivity, producing H2 and CO2 in a 1 : 1 ratio, without CO contamination, making them ideal for fuel cell applications. [SiO₂@benzNHP-FeII] catalyst demonstrated superior performance in both substates. In HCOOH dehydrogenation, over 82,000 turnover number (TONs) were achieved and retained its efficiency for over five cycles, without any further metal addition. In HCHO dehydrogenation, it showed excellent efficiency as well, achieving 1.3 L of pure H2 with TONs exceeding 7,000, in 3 consecutive uses. Advanced spectroscopic analysis confirmed the stability and structural integrity of the catalysts, linking the Schiff base reduction and N-H groups to enhanced activity, durability and reusability. This study demonstrates the potential of hybrid materials with non-noble metals for cost-effective and sustainable H2 production, paving the way for scalable renewable energy solutions.

Enhancing CO2 Capture and Conversion to Formic Acid via a Membrane-Photocatalytic Hybrid System with ZnO–ZnS Heterojunction Catalyst

Enhancing CO₂ Capture and Conversion to Formic Acid via a Membrane-Photocatalytic Hybrid System with ZnO–ZnS Heterojunction Catalyst

Testing Assumptions for Stable Isotope Analysis of Marine Mammal Dentin Growth Layer Groups.

Stable isotope analysis of growth layer groups (GLGs) in mammal dentin is an increasingly prevalent and noninvasive approach to study animal foraging ecology. However, empirical evidence to support assumed proper methodologies for sampling GLGs is lacking. Here, we examine the effects of intratooth and intertooth variations with respect to targeted GLGs, as well as the effects of common pretreatments (e.g., formic acid and graphite) to enhance GLG visibility, on stable isotope values (δ13C and δ15N) from dentin. We measured the δ13C and δ15N values of killer whale (Orcinus orca) dentin. We used dentin from 37 teeth to compare stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope values from multiple locations within a GLG (intratooth variation), from corresponding GLGs among teeth of an individual (intertooth variation), and from treated and untreated teeth. We observed no significant differences in the δ13C or δ15N values when sampling a single GLG from multiple locations (intratooth variation) or when comparing the same GLG across duplicate teeth of individuals (intertooth variation). One tooth in a triplicate set showed a significantly different but likely biologically inconsequential δ13C value. Lastly, formic acid and graphite highlighting to accentuate GLGs did not significantly influence measured stable isotope values. We validate several previous assumptions in this field of study. First, dentin samples for stable isotope analysis can be sampled from different locations across a GLG. Second, researchers can compare stable isotope values from the same GLGs of different teeth collected from the same individual in most cases, as the δ13C and δ15N values did not vary with the sampled tooth. Third, a common protocol of formic acid and graphite treatment to enhance GLG visibility does not bias the δ13C and δ15N values from dentin. We also describe factors to consider and cautions associated with these conclusions.

An LC–MS/MS assay for estimating conivaptan in human plasma

AbstractWe developed and validated a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method for detecting conivaptan, an arginine vasopressin receptor blocker, in human plasma to facilitate future pharmacokinetic studies. After acetonitrile protein precipitation, analytes were separated on a Grace Alltima HP C18 reverse-phase column (5 μm, 2.1 × 50 mm), and gradient elution was performed using 0.1% formic acid and 5 mM ammonium formate in acetonitrile–water (1:9) and acetonitrile–water (9:1) over a 4-min run time. Positive-mode electrospray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring were applied. The assay was linear over the concentration range of 1–500 ng mL−1, with confirmed accuracy (intra-batch, 0.5–1.1%) and precision (intra-batch relative standard deviation [RSD], ≤5.7%; inter-batch RSD, ≤6.8%). Extraction recovery varied between 94.2–100.5%, and the matrix effect was 94.9–97.0%. To establish the stability, we examined plasma for 17 h at room temperature, 21 h at 2–8 °C, 57 days at −70 °C for three freeze-thaw cycles, and after processing for 52 h in the autosampler. We detected acceptable stability under all examined conditions. Hemolysis, hyperlipidemia, and dilution integrity satisfied the validation criteria. The method developed in this current study will help accurately quantify conivaptan in human plasma and define its clinical pharmacokinetics in the future.

Carbon Dioxide Recycling into Fuels and Valuable Chemicals

The present review proposes an approach for remediation of atmosphere pollution by carbon dioxide. The global economic growth nowadays requires extensive energy consumption. Energy is produced traditionally by combustion of carbon containing fuels, resulting in the release of large amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. These emissions of released CO2 lead to the greenhouse effect on the atmosphere with subsequent impact on the global climate. Remediation of this harmful effect requires reduction in CO2 emissions. In addition to improving the efficiency of energy consumption, this reduction can be also accomplished by the recycling of carbon dioxide into fuels and useful commodities. This conversion of CO2 into fuels and commercial products leads to multiple benefits such as reduction in carbon emissions and greenhouse gases, production of value-added goods, thus reducing oil consumption and associated pollutions of the environment. This review summarizes the efforts to remove, or at least to remediate, the release of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by its conversion to value-added products prior to discharging. Some of these products are urea, methanol, formic acid, some polymers of practical importance, light hydrocarbons and methane. The recent achievements in chemical catalysis, electrochemistry, bioelectrochemistry and photocatalysis are considered. Discussion on the feasibility of the considered methods compared to the traditional technologies is made. It is concluded that although production of value-added chemicals by carbon dioxide recycling is not yet competitive, it seems promising in the future when its economic feasibility will become a reality.

Two chromatographic methods for analyzing paracetamol in spiked human plasma with its toxic metabolite, N-acetyl parabenzoquinone imine and its antidote, N-acetyl-l-cysteine

Acetaminophen, also known as paracetamol (APAP), is a highly utilized pharmaceutical agent on a global scale, particularly in the field of pediatrics. Regrettably, an overdose of APAP, resulting from the predominant oxidation, has the potential to trigger acute liver injury. The study’s goal was to find an easy, accurate, and selective way to measure APAP, N-acetyl para benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) (an APAP metabolite that is harmful), and N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) (an antidote). Two different chromatographic methods were used. The HPTLC method, which used silica gel 60 F254 as a stationary phase and a developing liquid made up of methanol, ethyl acetate, and glacial acetic acid (8:2:0.2, v/v/v) and a UV detection at 254 nm. The HPLC method was developed using a mobile phase consisting of water, methanol, and formic acid in a proportion of (70:30:0.15, v/v/v). The stationary phase used in the approach was a C18 column. Analytes quantification was established utilizing a UV detector operating at a wavelength of 254 nm. The present methods make it possible to measure the amount of APAP in plasma samples. When it comes to pharmacokinetics or medication levels in children’s plasma, for example, this may be also very helpful. The current methods can quantify NAPQI, which is helpful in figuring out drug concentrations in individuals with APAP intoxication diagnoses. Additionally, the current approaches can estimate NAC as an antidote; as a result, this study is a complete study because it can analyse drug, toxic metabolite, and antidote in one analytical run. Using the innovative blue applicability grade index software, which measures the practicality of procedures, both methodologies were compared with a reported methods. Additionally, the achievement of the eco-friendliness profile of the designed procedures was assessed. Both techniques passed the ICH validation tests.

Large-Scalable CO-Tolerant Ultrathin PtTe2 Nanosheets for Formic Acid Oxidation.

Developing large-scale platinum (Pt) alloys that simultaneously exhibit high formic acid oxidation reaction (FAOR) activity and robust CO tolerance remains a significant challenge for practical fuel cell applications. Here, a facile and universal in situ synthesis approach is presented to create ultrathin platinum-tellurium nanosheets on carbon support (PtTe2 NSs/C), which enables high CO tolerance and FAOR activity while achieving the massive production of PtTe2 NSs/C. Specifically, the 10-gram-scale PtTe2 NSs/C achieves exceptional specific activity and mass activity of 14.3mA cm-2 and 3.6 A mgPt -1, respectively, which are 52.9 and 22.5 times greater than those of commercial Pt/C. Moreover, the 10-gram-scale PtTe2 NS/C exhibits significantly higher FAOR stability than pristine Pt NSs/C and commercial Pt/C. Detailed mechanism and computational investigations collectively reveal that the integration of Te into Pt lattices enhances the utilization of Pt while constructing high-density unsaturated "Pt-Te sites" on the surface of PtTe2 NSs/C, conferring high CO tolerance to PtTe2 NSs/C and thus substantially enhancing the FAOR activity. This work contributes to providing a universal method for scaling up next-generation high-performing FAOR catalysts.

The Role of Surface Hydroxyls in Dehydration and Dehydrogenation of Formic Acid on Fe3O4(001)

The Role of Surface Hydroxyls in Dehydration and Dehydrogenation of Formic Acid on Fe₃O₄(001)

Hydrothermal reduction of CO2 into formate in a semicontinuous plant with soft wood as reducing agent

There is a growing interest in producing valuable products from renewable materials such as biomass and CO2. One of the current challenges in this field is developing processes that can be scaled up to match the large volumes of CO2 emissions. In this study, a process is developed that consists of the simultaneous conversion of biomass and reduction of CO2 into formic acid in hydrothermal media. Experimental results from a semi-continuous plant, using NaHCO3 as inorganic CO2 source and soft wood as biomass reducing agent, are presented. In addition to formic acid, the other main products are acetic acid and lactic acid. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance analyses revealed that acetic acid and lactic acid are derived exclusively from the oxidation of biomass, while formic acid is the main product originating from the inorganic carbon source. It was determined that at 300ºC, 37% of the total production of formic acid comes from the reduction of inorganic CO2. Experiments with ramp heating with temperature increments of 5ºC/min showed that low reaction temperatures (150, 200ºC) favor the production of acetic acid from biomass, while higher temperatures (300ºC) promote the production of formic acid and lactic acid from both biomass and CO2. According to these results, a staged heating can lead to a fractionation of these products. These results validate the hydrothermal reduction technology for the scalable, semicontinuous conversion of CO2 using lignocellulosic biomass reductants, and offer a new approach for the downstream processing of the effluent, based on a prior fractionation in the reactor.

Simultaneous determination of 51 indazole-type synthetic cannabinoids in urine and blood by online solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-linear ion trap mass spectrometry

To evade legal controls, new psychoactive substances (NPS), which have been designed as substitutes for traditional and synthetic drugs, are gradually dominating the drug market. Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), which account for the majority of NPS, are rapidly being derivatized; consequently, controlling increasing abuse by merely listing individual compounds is difficult. Therefore, China has included the entire SC category of SCs listed as legal controlled substances since July 1, 2021. However, new SCs obtained through structural modification are still appearing and pose significant analytical challenges for forensic laboratories. Therefore, an efficient, green, and automated detection method is urgently required to provide technical support for the accurate screening actual samples. Meanwhile, the number of indazole-type SCs has increased sharply since 2013, which is ascribable to their stronger psychoactive effects. Indeed, forensic laboratories mainly analyze this key SC subclass. Therefore, in this study, we developed a new method for analyzing 51 indazole-type SCs in human urine and blood, which involves online solid-phase extraction (online SPE) as the preprocessing technology, with analysis performed using liquid chromatography-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. Deproteinization was achieved by adding acetonitrile, with dilution performed using 10 mmol/L ammonium acetate solution (pH 4.8) containing 0.1% formic acid. Samples were then analyzed directly using acetonitrile-10 mmol/L ammonium acetate aqueous solution (containing 0.1% formic acid) as the mobile phase. The mass-to-charge ratios of protonated molecular ions ([M+H]+) in the mass spectra acquired in full-scan mode, and the retention times in the chromatograms of the analytes were selected with the aim of monitoring the MS2 ions of the various compounds. Characteristic fragment ions of the various SC structures were summarized, with five groups of isomers, each containing ten compounds, successfully distinguished using multistage mass spectrometry and their retention times. Multistage MS was used to qualitatively screen 51 indazole-type SCs, which were then quantitatively analyzed using MS2 ion pairs (as quantitative ion pairs). The analytes exhibited limits of detection (LODs) of 0.02-1 ng/mL, with limits of quantification (LOQs) of 0.04-4 and 0.1-4 ng/mL in urine and blood, respectively. Linear fitting (weighting factor 1/x) revealed good linearity for each analyte within its respective linear range, with correlation coefficients (R2) greater than 0.99 in both urine and blood. The validity of the analytical method was tested by determining precision and spiked recovery values (n=6). Recoveries of 83.47%-116.95% were obtained at LOQ levels, with precisions of 2.29%-13.40%. In addition, recoveries of 86.63%-113.38% and precisions of 0.58%-13.79% were obtained at low, medium, and high levels. The method described herein is not only easy to operate but also can be automated. Indeed, high-throughput sample analysis was achieved when sample extraction, enrichment, and analysis were performed in dynamic mode through valve switching. Meanwhile, the method exhibited good sensitivity and is applicable to a wider range of compounds than those previously reported; it also provides a scientific basis and technical support for the rapid screening and quantitative analysis of SCs in actual relevant cases.

Thiol-Assisted Regulated Electronic Structure of Ultrafine Pd-based Catalyst for Superior Formic Acid Electrooxidation Performances

In order to further boost the electrocatalytic performances of small organic molecule oxidation and maintain the structure stability of Pd-based catalyst during long cycle, a new ligand compound (i.e. propanethiol) was introduced into the Pd/C anode catalyst to prepared Pd/C-SH catalyst by two main steps of propanethiol adsorbed on Vulcan XC-72 carbon (C-SH) by water bath impregnation method and Pd nanoparticles anchored on the functionalized C-SH support by improved liquid reduction method. Results showed that the Pd nanoparticles with high dispersion in Pd/C-SH catalyst were obtained and their particle size distribution was in the range of 1.6-4.8nm. Moreover, Pd particle size became smaller with the modification of propanethiol, indicating that propanethiol could facilitate the formation of smaller Pd. Electrochemical measurements showed that the mass activity of Pd/C-SH (1229mAmg-1) was 4.6 times that of Pd/C (267mAmg-1) towards formic acid oxidation. Higher stability (30 times higher than Pd/C) and more faster charge transfer kinetics of oxidation reaction were also recorded for Pd/C-SH catalyst. The enhancement of electrochemical performances of Pd/C-SH catalyst might be related to highly dispersed Pd with reduced particle size, adjusted electronic structure of Pd as well as maintained stable Pd structure and particle size.

Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for quantifying total and unbound doravirine in human plasma.

A robust LC-MS/MS method was developed to quantify total and unbound doravirine in plasma samples from patients receiving daily doses of 100mg doravirine, in combination with lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, in a phase 3 clinical trial. The trial is ongoing, and sample analysis is planned to commence once all samples have been collected. The method was validated to quantify both total and unbound doravirine using a single calibration curve. Protein precipitation was used to obtain the total doravirine from plasma and ultrafiltration was used to obtain the unbound doravirine. A Kinetex 1.7µm EVO C18 100Å column was used for chromatography using a gradient mobile phase (0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid acetonitrile) at a flow rate of 250µL/min during a five minute runtime. The analyte was ionized by positive electrospray ionization and detection was by multiple reaction monitoring on a Sciex API3200 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Using calibration standards prepared in whole plasma, the calibration curve fitted a quadratic regression (weighted by 1/x) over a calibration range of 7.00-2000ng/mL and was applied successfully for the measurement of both total and unbound doravirine. Validation experiments, conducted according to international guidelines, proved the accuracy and precision of the method over three consecutive days. The method demonstrated robustness in the presence of matrix components, different anticoagulants, hemolyzed blood (2%), and concomitant medications, showing the necessary sensitivity and selectivity for the quantification of both total and unbound doravirine concentrations expected in the study samples.

A Low-cost and Rapid Method for Determination of Five Flavonoids in Herbal Medicines with Rutin by HPLC-UV at Equal Absorption Wavelength

Background: Flavonoid is a type of active constituent in herbs and always used as the quality control markers of herbal medicines. Owing to the extensive diversity of flavonoids, numerous reference compounds are necessitated for the analysis of flavonoids, and some are usually very expensive, which engenders challenges in the analysis of flavonoids in herbal medicines. Consequently, the development of a simple, rapid, and reference compounds saving method is important for the determination of flavonoids in herbal medicines. Objective: In order to develop a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of 5 flavonoids (mangiferin, hesperidin, baicalin, buddleoside, and rutin) in five herbal medicines (Anemarrhenae rhizome, Sophorae flos, Citri reticulatae pericarpium, Scutellariae radix, and Chrysanthemi indici flos) with rutin. Methods: Five herbal medicine samples were prepared according to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia which includes ultrasound and reflux methods. The separation of the sample was performed on a PoroShell 120 EC-C18 (4.6 mm×100 mm, 2.7 μm) by gradient elution with 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The wavelengths were set as follows: Anemarrhenae rhizome (363 nm), Sophorae flos (256 nm), Citri reticulatae pericarpium (236 nm), Scutellariae radix (263 nm), Chrysanthemi indici flos (354 nm). Results: The method validation showed that the established HPLC method was accurate and stable for quantitative analysis of flavonoids in five herbal medicines. The comparative analysis revealed that the determination results of the current HPLC method and Chinese Pharmacopoeia method are consistent, exhibiting less than 1% relative error. Remarkably, the developed HPLC method needs one cheapest reference compound (rutin) and costs 8 min for sample HPLC analysis. Conclusion: The developed HPLC method for quantitative analysis of five flavonoids in five herbal medicines is simple, rapid, and reference compound saving, which provides a good alternative method for quality control of flavonoids in herbal medicines.

A convenient synthesis of Os3(CO)12 from OsO4 and formic acid

A convenient synthesis of Os3(CO)12 from OsO4 and formic acid

Development and optimization of a high-throughput HPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of Cedazuridine, Gemcitabine and its metabolite in mouse plasma.

Gemcitabine (GEM) has been extensively applied in treating various solid tumors. Nonetheless, GEM is easily metabolized in vivo by cytidine deaminase (CDA) to inactive 2', 2'-Difluorodeoxyuridine (dFdU) results in a low oral bioavailability, which limit its clinical application. It was found that Cedazuridine (CDZ) could effectively inhibit the deamination of the drug by CDA, and its combination with GEM might affect the oral bioavailability of GEM. To investigate the effect of CDZ on the bioavailability and metabolism of GEM after oral administration, an HPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous determination of CDZ, GEM, and its metabolite dFdU in mouse plasma. The separation of CDZ, GEM and dFdU was performed on an acetonitrile and water containing 0.1% formic acid in isocratic elution on a COSMOSIL® 5C18-PAQ packed column (150×4.6mm, 2.6µm). The three analytes and the internal standard were determined in a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode under positive ion conditions. The three analytes showed good linearity in the range of 5-10,000ng/mL, and all quality control samples showed good precision and accuracy. The method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of GEM with CDZ. The results showed that CDZ significantly improved the oral bioavailability of GEM by reducing the metabolism of CDA to GEM in mice, which will provide a reference for the combined application of GEM and CDZ in clinical therapy.

Determination of three metabolites of thromboxane A2 and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α in urine by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), a prothrombotic factor that induces platelet aggregation and thrombosis, acts as a vasoconstrictor by activating TXA2 receptors (TP receptors). TXA2 is extremely unstable and metabolizes into three major metabolites: 2,3-dinor thromboxane B2 (2,3-dinor-TXB2), 11-dehydro TXB2(11-dh-TXB2), and 11-dehydro-2,3-dinor TXB2(11-dh-2,3-dinor-TXB2). 8-Iso-prostaglandin F2α(8-iso-PGF2α), a prostaglandin-like compound widely considered the best biomarker of oxidative stress, can also activate TP receptors. The accurate quantification of TXA2 metabolites and 8-iso-PGF2α is critical in cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this study, a method based on ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of 2,3-dinor-TXB2,11-dh-2,3-dinor-TXB2, 11-dh-TXB2, and 8-iso-PGF2α in human urine. Urine samples were collected from healthy volunteers and patients with CT- or MRI-confirmed ischemic stroke occurring less than 48 h earlier, and cryopreserved at -80 ℃ within 1 h after collection. The urine samples were thawed at room temperature and acidified to pH 2.0-4.0 using hydrochloric acid. The supernatant was collected after centrifugation. A total of 1 mL of each urine sample was added with 100 μL of the internal standard working solution and mixed well. The samples were loaded onto a C18 SPE column (50 mg). The SPE cartridges were preconditioned with 500 μL of methanol and then equilibrated with 500 μL of water. After sample loading, the SPE cartridges were washed with 500 μL of water, 500 μL of 5% methanol aqueous solution containing 0.5% (v/v) ammonia, and 500 μL of 5% methanol aqueous solution containing 2% (v/v) formic acid. The cartridges were dried, and the analytes were eluted with 400 μL of methanol. The eluents were dried and subsequently reconstituted with 50 μL of 13% acetonitrile aqueous solution. After filtration through a filter membrane, the samples were analyzed on an ACQUITY UPLC® BEH phenyl column (50 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) via gradient elution using 2 mmol/L ammonium acetate aqueous solution containing 0.002% (v/v) ammonia and acetonitrile as the mobile phases. The flow rate was 0.3 mL/min, and the column temperature was 40 ℃. The analytes were determined in negative electrospray ionization and multiple-reaction monitoring modes. The four target compounds showed satisfactory linearity within the relevant ranges, with linear correlation coefficients (R2) greater than 0.99. The limits of detection of the method were 0.02 ng/mL for 2,3-dinor-TXB2 and 0.01 ng/mL for 11-dh-2,3-dinor-TXB2, 11-dh-TXB2, and 8-iso-PGF2α. The limits of quantification were 0.1 ng/mL for 2,3-dinor-TXB2 and 0.05 ng/mL for 11-dh-2,3-dinor-TXB2, 11-dh-TXB2, and 8-iso-PGF2α. In actual urine, the recovery rates at the LOQ level were in the range of 91.48%-104.87%. The recovery rates at low, medium, and high levels were in the range of 92.95%-104.90%. The intra- and inter-day precisions were in the range of 2.79%-13.01% and 4.45%-13.67%, respectively. The relative error (RE) between the average peak area of the mixed matrix and the sum of the ratios of the pure solution and urine matrices was within ±20%. The samples were stable at 4 ℃ for 24 h and at -70 ℃ for 10 d. The developed method is the first to realize the simultaneous determination of 2,3-dinor-TXB2, 11-dh-2,3-dinor-TXB2, 11-dh-TXB2, and 8-iso-PGF2α in urine. The method was used to determine the concentrations of 2,3-dinor-TXB2, 11-dh-2,3-dinor-TXB2, 11-dh-TXB2, and 8-iso-PGF2α in healthy controls and patients with ischemic stroke, and the results were corrected using creatinine. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to construct the prediction model, and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to evaluate the clinical diagnostic ability of the method for the target compounds. TXA2 was calculated as the sum of its three metabolites. The area under the curve (AUC) of TXA2 was 0.849, and the method sensitivity and specificity were 69.2% and 92.3%, respectively. The AUC of 8-iso-PGF2α was 0.775, and the method sensitivity and specificity were 84.6% and 76.9%, respectively. The proposed method has good clinical value and is expected to assist in the early screening and diagnosis of ischemic stroke.

Dehydrogenation of formic acid by first-row transition-metal/crown ether complexes studied by mass spectrometry and theoretical calculations

Dehydrogenation of formic acid by first-row transition-metal/crown ether complexes studied by mass spectrometry and theoretical calculations

Improving electrocatalytic formic acid oxidation performance via catalyst layer design utilizing porous boron nitride-supported Pd catalysts

Improving electrocatalytic formic acid oxidation performance via catalyst layer design utilizing porous boron nitride-supported Pd catalysts

Simultaneous alkali/air activation for hierarchical pore development in biochar and its use as catalyst carrier for formic acid dehydrogenation

Simultaneous alkali/air activation for hierarchical pore development in biochar and its use as catalyst carrier for formic acid dehydrogenation

Ternary PdCoNi flower-like ultrathin nanosheet assembly with efficient electrocatalytic performance for formic acid oxidation

Ternary PdCoNi flower-like ultrathin nanosheet assembly with efficient electrocatalytic performance for formic acid oxidation