Methane Gas Emissions Research Articles

Investigating the impact of biochar on methane gas emissions and its effect on enteric fermentation

This study aims to evaluate the impact of biochar on methane gas emissions and to investigate its effect on enteric fermentation. Methane gas emissions from Naeemi ewes' ruminants were measured, with animals divided into two groups, each containing 14 ewes. The treatment group was fed a combination of biochar and a basal ration, while the control group received the basal ration alone. The results demonstrate that the initial gas emission for both animal groups at day 0 was 1082 ppm, and the inclusion of biochar in the diet significantly (P < 0.05) reduced CH4 gas emissions by 65.58 %–78.39%. Furthermore, feeding Naeemi sheep with biochar and the basal ration led to a significant (P < 0.05) increase in body weight (63.66 kg) and growth rate (length: 79.3 cm, waist: 81.75 cm, and height: 99.76 cm) compared to the control group. Additionally, it raised the average body condition score (BCS) to 3.56, in contrast to the control group's score of 2.83, primarily due to the positive impact of biochar on fat gain. The study revealed that biochar enhances nutrient utilization, improves feed efficiency, and significantly reduces methane gas emissions in livestock. When incorporated into the sheep's diet, biochar can modify digestive processes and promote better nutrient absorption.

Hybrid bottom-up and top-down framework resolves discrepancies in Canada’s oil and gas methane inventories

Estimating accurate oil and gas methane emissions has been a global challenge, highlighted by a twofold discrepancy between atmospheric measurement-based estimates and emission inventories. The principle of continuous improvement in Canada’s National Inventory Report has led to an unstable baseline in recent years for tracking emission reduction progress. The gaps between previous inventory estimates and inversions exceeded 60%. Here we show that incorporating new source-resolved information derived from low-altitude aerial survey data has narrowed this gap by 80%, reducing the discrepancy to 10% for the 2010–2014 baseline. This study proposes a hybrid emission reporting framework, complemented by an ensemble inversion top-down method using continuous tower-based atmospheric measurements, to establish a stable baseline and provide independent verification. As the 2030 target year for emission reduction approaches, we report a significant 27% decline (19%–34%) in inverse oil and gas methane emissions from 2010 to 2022 in Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada, and a 41% decline (26%–56%) as calculated using the 2024 official inventory.

The effect of Vachellia eriolaba leaf meal inclusion on growth performance, blood parameters and methane gas emission in lambs fed diets containing ammoniated maize stover

The study evaluated the effect of Vachellia erioloba leaf meal in diets containing ammoniated maize stove on growth performance, methane emission and heath of growing lambs. Thirty-two female lambs were allocated to the following four dietary treatments: total mixed ration (TMR, control), 20% inclusion of untreated maize stover (UMS), 20% inclusion of ammoniated maize stover (AMS), and combined inclusion of 10% ammoniated maize stover and 10% Vachellia erioloba leaves (AMSVL). Each treatment was replicated 8 times and a lamb in an individual pen was regarded as an experimental unit in a completely randomized design. Feed intake was higher (P < 0.05) in lambs fed the AMS and AMSVL diets compared to those fed UMS. Final body weights were higher in lambs fed the AMS and AMSVL diets. Both average daily gain (ADG) and feed convention ratio (FCR) were not affected by diet. In comparison with the AMS and AMSVL diets, the lambs fed the UMS diet had the highest (P < 0.05) methane emission. Overall, lambs fed the control diets had the lowest (P < 0.05) methane gas emission. Blood hematological values were affected by diet with the AMSVL fed lambs having the highest (P < 0.05) mean platelet volume (MPV) and procalcitonin (PCT) values. Furthermore, total albumin, amylase and total bilirubin were the highest (P < 0.05) in lambs fed on the AMSVL diet. Lambs fed on AMS diet had the highest (P < 0.05) serum urea levels. It can be concluded that combined inclusion of ammoniated maize stover and Vachellia leaves improved feed value and lamb performance when compared to the individual inclusion of both UMS and AMS.

Application of omega 3,6 with Moringa oleifera suplemented vitamin E on rumen fluid characteristics, microbial protein synthesis, and methane gas production in goats on suboptimal lands

Changes in feeding patterns were needed to overcome the problem of methane gas emissions from ruminant livestock and the problem of low productivity at the smallholder livestock level. This solution involves direct action against the gas produced in the stomach of ruminants by providing feed containing active substances to reduce the microbes that produce gas in the stomach. One alternative feed that was often used as a promoter of improving rumen fluid characteristics was the use of omega 3.6 sources together with Moringa leaves enriched with vitamin E. This research aimed to investigate the effect of feeding on methane gas production in goats. The research method used a Randomized Block Design (RAK) with four treatments and five replications in vitro. From the research results, it could be concluded that the use of omega 3.6 together with Moringa leaves enriched with vitamin E was able to reduce methane gas production by 25.62% with a Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) value of 144.53 mM, pH around 6.99, NH3 11.87 mg/100ml, microbial biomass 20.42 mg/ml, microbial protein 217.58mg/ml, bacterial colony 5.34x109 cells/ml and protozoa population 29x106 cells/ml. This conclusion shows that the use of omega 3.6 with Moringa oleifera supplemented with vitamin E has the potential to consistently improve rumen fluid characteristics and reduce methane gas emissions by using a combination of omega 3.6 sources and Moringa leaves in suboptimal land, as well as vitamin E supplementation.

The Combined Effect of Four Nutraceutical-Based Feed Additives on the Rumen Microbiome, Methane Gas Emission, Volatile Fatty Acids, and Dry Matter Disappearance Using an In Vitro Batch Culture Technique

This study aimed to investigate the effect of an essential oil/fumaric combination, mannan-oligosaccharide, galactooligosaccharide, and a mannan-oligosaccharide/galactooligosaccharide combination on the dry matter disappearance (DMD), gas production, greenhouse gasses, volatile fatty acid, and microbial community of a total mixed ration using a 24 h in vitro batch culture technique. The study design was a completely randomized design with four treatments as follows: a control treatment without any additives, the control treatment supplemented with galactooligosaccharide at 3% (Gos treatment), a galactooligosaccharide and mannan-oligosaccharide mixture at 1:1 at 3% (Gosmos treatment), or an essential oil blend (200 μL/g feed) and fumaric acid at 3% combination (Eofumaric treatment). The Gosmos treatment had the highest (p &lt; 0.05) DMD (63.8%) and the numerical lowest acetate–propionate ratio (p = 0.207), which was 36.9% higher compared to the control. The lowest Shannon index, Simpson’s index, and all the diversity indices were recorded for the Eofumaric treatment, while the other treatments had similar Shannon index, Simpson’s index, and diversity index. The Z-score differential abundance between the Eofumaric and the control indicated that the inclusion of the Eofumaric treatment differentially increased the abundance of Patescibacteria, Synergistota, Chloroflexi, Actinobacteriota, Firmicutes, and Euryarchaeota while Verrucomicrobiota, WPS-2, Fibrobacterota, and Spirochaetota were decreased. The Random Forest Classification showed that the lower relative abundance of Fibrobacterota, Spirochaetota, and Elusimicrobiota and the higher relative abundance of Firmicutes and Chloroflexi were most impactful in explaining the microbial community data. Overall, the essential oil blend showed great potential as a methane gas mitigation strategy by modifying rumen fermentation through changes in the microbial community dynamics.

Constructing a measurement-based spatially explicit inventory of US oil and gas methane emissions (2021)

Abstract. Accurate and comprehensive quantification of oil and gas methane emissions is pivotal in informing effective methane mitigation policies while also supporting the assessment and tracking of progress towards emissions reduction targets set by governments and industry. While national bottom-up source-level inventories are useful for understanding the sources of methane emissions, they are often unrepresentative across spatial scales, and their reliance on generic emission factors produces underestimations when compared with measurement-based inventories. Here, we compile and analyze previously reported ground-based facility-level methane emissions measurements (n=1540) in the major US oil- and gas-producing basins and develop representative methane emission profiles for key facility categories in the US oil and gas supply chain, including well sites, natural-gas compressor stations, processing plants, crude-oil refineries, and pipelines. We then integrate these emissions data with comprehensive spatial data on national oil and gas activity to estimate each facility's mean total methane emissions and uncertainties for the year 2021, from which we develop a mean estimate of annual national methane emissions resolved at 0.1° × 0.1° spatial scales (∼ 10 km × 10 km). From this measurement-based methane emissions inventory (EI-ME), we estimate total US national oil and gas methane emissions of approximately 16 Tg (95 % confidence interval of 14–18 Tg) in 2021, which is ∼ 2 times greater than the EPA Greenhouse Gas Inventory. Our estimate represents a mean gas-production-normalized methane loss rate of 2.6 %, consistent with recent satellite-based estimates. We find significant variability in both the magnitude and spatial distribution of basin-level methane emissions, ranging from production-normalized methane loss rates of &lt; 1 % in the gas-dominant Appalachian and Haynesville regions to &gt; 3 %–6 % in oil-dominant basins, including the Permian, Bakken, and the Uinta. Additionally, we present and compare novel comprehensive wide-area airborne remote-sensing data and results for total area methane emissions and the relative contributions of diffuse and concentrated methane point sources as quantified using MethaneAIR in 2021. The MethaneAIR assessment showed reasonable agreement with independent regional methane quantification results in sub-regions of the Permian and Uinta basins and indicated that diffuse area sources accounted for the majority of the total oil and gas emissions in these two regions. Our assessment offers key insights into plausible underlying drivers of basin-to-basin variabilities in oil and gas methane emissions, emphasizing the importance of integrating measurement-based data when developing high-resolution spatially explicit methane inventories in support of accurate methane assessment, attribution, and mitigation. The high-resolution spatially explicit EI-ME inventory is publicly available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10734299 (Omara, 2024).

DETERMINATION OF THE CARBON FOOTPRINT OF ANIMAL WASTE AND CLIMATE CHANGE; KARAMAN EXAMPLE

Climate change is a major concern around the world. In this context, the carbon footprint of animal waste is of critical importance for sustainability and climate change management. The aim of this study is to estimate the carbon footprint resulting from animal breeding and animal waste in the Karaman region. In the study, 2022 data was used and there are 1019277 sheep and 81368 cattle for Karaman. In the study, Tier 1 and Tier 2 approaches were used to estimate methane gas emissions related to both enteric fermentation resulting from animal digestive processes and manure management. According to the results of the study, the results obtained using Tier 1 and Tier 2 approaches are as follows: 0.4924-0.5014 kg CO2e per 1 liter of milk for Cattle. For sheep, it is 4.5167-6.5627 kg CO2e per 1 kg of meat. For goat, it is 5.0813-6.0231 kg CO2e per 1 kg of meat. These results can be taken into account when creating strategies to reduce methane gas emissions. It is recommended to add better quality and high energy content foods to the feed ration, especially to reduce enteric fermentation. In addition, this study is a resource for relevant researchers working in the field in calculating the carbon loads of animal waste and is thought to be a guide for decision makers and practitioners.

A Comprehensive Integration and Synthesis of Methane Emissions from Canada's Oil and Gas Value Chain.

Methane emissions from the global oil and gas value chain are a major contributor to climate change, and their mitigation could avoid 0.1 °C of warming by 2050. Here, we synthesize nearly a decade of research encompassing thousands of multiscale methane measurements along the oil and gas value chain (production to end use) to better constrain estimates of methane emissions from Canada's energy sector and to identify research gaps contributing to uncertainty in current estimates. We find that total value chain methane emissions are 2,600 (2,100-3,700) kt, which broadly agrees with Canada's latest official inventory that now includes atmospheric measurement data in some of their oil and gas methane estimates. Accurate understanding of emission magnitudes is critical because Canada committed to a 75% reduction of oil and gas methane emissions by 2030. We also identify and discuss information gaps in both emissions and activity data, namely, from the midstream, downstream, and end-use sectors. While they make up a smaller portion of the total inventory, accurate quantification of these emissions is still important and could point to more cost-effective mitigation solutions. This work emphasizes the need for frequent, comprehensive measurements to better constrain the climate impacts of the oil and gas sector and to validate reductions and commitments pledged by industry and governments.

The effects of fertilizer pretreatment on nitrogen cycling in an intensively managed temperate grassland

Effective nitrogen (N) management is essential for minimizing fertilizer nutrient losses and maximizing N use efficiency. This study, conducted over two years on permanent grassland sites in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, explored the effects of urea treatment with a urease inhibitor and digestate acidification on N-cycling and yield performance in a temperate maritime grassland context. Micro plots within these grasslands received varying N rates via acidified (with sulphuric acid) or non-acidified digestate (biogas residues), urea treated with- or without urease inhibitor (N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide) or calcium ammonium nitrate. Parameters measured included dry and N matter accumulations, NH3 volatilization, N2O emissions, NO3--N leaching, methane (CH4), and total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soils. The findings demonstrated that the acidified digestate consistently enhanced metabolizable energy (ME), N yields (up to 47 %) and the apparent N recovery (ANR). While the acidified digestate and treated urea concurrently reduced NH3 emissions, the treated urea did not significantly affect (p> 0.05) dry matter (DM) and N yields, ANR, or total GHG emissions. Thus, digestate acidification or urea N stabilization could effectively mitigate the environmental impact of forage grass production while maintaining higher or comparable yields. However, higher risks of pollution swapping to groundwater bodies may result from higher N input rates. Applying acidified digestate or stabilized urea N to grasslands at a 120 kg mineral N ha−1 rate offers a practical approach, yielding appreciable N and ME while minimizing N losses.

Optimizing protein, energy, and protein degradable ratios to enhance in vitro ruminal fermentation and reduce methane gas emission

Abstract The traditional approach to feeding ruminant is based on the needs of protein and energy to enhance production and productivity. It is crucial to note the protein degradability in feed as microbial rumen needs ammonia from rumen degradable protein (RDP), while ruminant needs bypass protein also known as rumen undegradable protein (RUP) alongside microbial crude protein. Through the use of an in vitro technique, the recent study aimed to determine the optimal level of protein, energy, and RDP:RUP ratio in the diet of beef cattle by observing VFA partial production, protozoa population, and methane gas emissions. Various dietary treatments were formulated (based on dry matter content) comprised three protein levels (12%, 14%, and 16%), two energy levels (65% and 70%), and three RDP:RUP ratio levels(55:45 for low RDP, 60:40 for medium RDP, and 65:35 for high RDP). The study followed 3x3x2 factorial randomized block design with three replications. The dietary treatments were incubated with buffered rumen fluid. This study showed acetic, propionic, and butyric acid production were influenced by protein, energy, RD:RUP ratio (P&lt;0.05). Meanwhile, protozoa population and methane gas emission were reduce by dietary protein, energy, and RDP:RUP ratio. In summary, dietary protein, energy, and RDP:RUP ratio impacts the production of VFA, protozoa population, and methane gas emissions. The diet comprising 14% dietary protein, 70% energy, and 60%:40% of RDP: RUP optimizes the production of VFA, while simultaneously reducing protozoa population and methane gas emissions.

Unveiling Unprecedented Methane Hotspots in China's Leading Coal Production Hub: A Satellite Mapping Revelation

AbstractChina is likely the world's largest anthropogenic source of methane emissions, with coal mine methane (CMM) being the predominant contributor. Here, we deploy 2 years of satellite observations to survey facility‐level CMM emitters in Shanxi, the most prolific coal mining province in China. A total of 138 detected episodic events at 82 facilities are estimated to emit 1.20 (+0.24/−0.20, 95% CI) million tons of methane per year (Mt CH4/yr) during 2021–2023, roughly equivalent to 4.2 times the integrated flux from the Permian plumes and four times of the integrated flux from the Four Corners plumes, two of the world's largest hotspots for oil and gas methane emissions. This work reveals the heavy‐tailed distribution characteristic of CMM emission sources for the first time, with 20% of emitters contributing approximately 50% of total emissions. Comparison with the Global Energy Monitor (GEM) inventory reveals that the GEM estimate is about 4.1 times our estimate.

Mathematical Modeling of The Estimate of Methane Gas Generation, of The Organic Fraction Of Msw From The Agreste Alagoano Sanitary Landfill, From Standard Data And Experimental Data

Objective: The objective of this study is to carry out mathematical modeling in the generation of methane gas, through two mathematical models, using standard data and data obtained in the laboratory. Theoretical framework: The emission of methane gas, generated by the decomposition of solid waste in landfills, is one of the serious problems of air pollution and one way to minimize the impacts of methane on the environment is through its use to generate energy. To this end, there are ways to estimate the generation of CH4 during the useful life of the landfill. Method: For modeling, the computer programs of LandGEM and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) were used to carry out the theoretical estimate of CH4 production during the useful life of the Agreste Alagoano landfill in two scenarios: one with standard program values for the local climate region and another with information obtained from experimental data from research by Santana (2022). Results and Discussion: When standard input data was adopted, the LandGEM model presented a 38% higher value in CH4 production compared to the IPCC model. When considering input data obtained experimentally, the IPCC showed CH4 generation 32.66% higher than the LandGEM, this was possible due to the COD value that was high as a result of the L0 of the organic fraction, exceeding the theoretical value of 0.15 to the experimental value of 0.27 in the new scenario. Implications of the research: Determining parameters for modeling methane gas generation will help in managing landfill waste and its energy recovery potential, in addition to the application of mathematical models for estimating biogas production potential as tools essential for both energy and environmental studies. Originality/value: This research presents as originality the determination of experimental parameters applied to the mathematical modeling of methane gas generation in landfills in the rural region, since studies on modeling in landfills with the climatic conditions of the rural region of Brazil are not common in the literature.

Effects of herbal plant supplementation on rumen fermentation profiles and protozoan population in vitro.

In the livestock sector, particularly ruminants, an approach to minimize methane emissions can be carried out through a feeding strategy involving herbal plants containing bioactive compounds that can reduce protozoa and decrease methane gas emissions. The aim of this in vitro study was to analyze the effects of herbal plant supplementation on rumen fermentation, total gas, and methane production, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), and protozoa populations within the rumen. Two experiments were conducted in this study. Experiment 1 was conducted to determine the most promising herbal plants capable of increasing total gas production and reducing protozoan populations. Three potential herbals selected in Experiment 1 were continued in Experiment 2 as supplements in the palm kernel meal (PKM)-based ration (70% PKM + 30% herbal plants). Experiment 1 revealed that Eurycoma longifolia (EL), Cola acuminata (CLA), and Cassia alata (CSA) were potential herbal candidates for enhancing total gas production and the percentages of IVDMD and IVOMD. In Experiment 2, supplementation with EL, CLA, and CSA significantly increased IVDMD from 62.84% to 70.15%, IVOMD from 61.61% to 53.18%, and NH3 from 13 mM to 17 mM, as well as reduced partial volatile fatty acids and total gas production. In addition, the methane gas and protozoan populations were reduced. The utilization of EL, CLA, and CSA effectively increased the production of total gas, IVDMD, and IVOMD while reducing methane gas protozoa populations in rumen fermentation compared with the control.

Management of methane emission in coal mines using artificial neural networks: A systematic review

Underground mines are responsible for a large number of the released methane worldwide. Our study paper can contribute to mitigating methane emissions, hence reducing the concentration about greenhouse emissions within the environment and mitigating the associated hazardous risks. In this study, more than 45 recent journals on Methane emission in Coal Mines were gathered from Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, and ResearchGate. A systematic review is accomplished of the past four years of various parts of Methane gas emission such as anthropogenic emission sources, gas emissions detection, prediction of methane using different technology and the Artificial intelligence projection model for methane emission. The outcomes reveal that since the methane emission management has obtained increasing attention over the past four years. This study also shows that big countries are using technology to control and utilize the methane emission to reduce the energy crisis. To decrease the coal mine injuries, academic understanding of underground methane management has increased, different technologies are integrated and support from various IT departments has amplified for the forecasting. In the future, the most critical task for coal mines risk assessment is to restore the worker's trust in mine safety, and the primary solution is to give more awareness to the underground management and workers through utilizing Artificial Intelligence (AI) mainly Artificial Neural Networks (ANN).

Methane gas emission during the spontaneous combustion of sub-bituminous C coal with different organic sulfur content in the temporary stockpile

ABSTRACT Sub-bituminous C coal stored in temporary stockpiles for long periods often causes spontaneous combustion. Intensive spontaneous combustion causes negative impacts such as methane gas emissions that are exposed to the air. This research aims to analyze the effect of differences in organic sulfur content in the form of carbon disulfide on the formation of methane gas emissions in the spontaneous combustion of sub-bituminous C coal in the temporary stockpile. The method used in this research uses field surveys and the data are analyzed using normality and regression tests. The results show that the spontaneous combustion of sub-bituminous C coal that occurs in the temporary stockpile is strongly influenced by the organic sulfur content in the form of carbon disulfide and the water content of the coal. Regression analysis shows BB52HS coal with high organic sulfur content and low water content produces methane gas emissions of 1,450 - 24,000 ppm.

Middle East oil and gas methane emissions signature captured at a remote site using light hydrocarbon tracers

The observational characterization of anthropogenic methane (CH4) emissions in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East (EMME) region, known for its significant oil and gas (OG) production, remains limited. Light alkanes, such as ethane (C2H6), are co-emitted with CH4 by OG activities and are promising tracers for identifying the CH4 emissions from this sector at the wider regional scale. In this study, in-situ measurements of CH4 and alkanes (C2–C8 were collected during a field campaign at a regional background site (Cape Greco, Cyprus). A mobile laboratory housed the instrumentation at the south-eastern edge of the island between December 2021 and February 2022. This specific location and time of year were selected to capture air masses originating from distant southern and eastern regions, primarily impacted by sources from the Middle East. Based on these observations we 1) evaluate the significance of long-range transported versus local sources in Cyprus, 2) identify and document regional anthropogenic CH4 sources with the help of the concomitant alkane measurements, and 3) assess the accuracy of the EDGAR sectoral emission inventory over the EMME region. The highest alkane mixing ratios observed were associated with the Middle Eastern OG CH4 signal. Surprisingly, the Middle Eastern emissions of CH4 were found to be heavily influenced by the breeding and waste management sectors. By investigating the measured CH4 mixing ratios together with an atmospheric dispersion model (FLEXPART), we derive a comprehensive characterization of the pollution sources at a regional scale over the Eastern Mediterranean region. Our results indicate that CH4 emissions from the Middle Eastern OG sector are likely underestimated by ca. 69 %. These findings underscore the efficacy of using experimental observations of alkanes for CH4 source identification at receptor sites. This tracer approach would also benefit from a substantial revision of light hydrocarbon emission inventories.

Increased methane emissions from oil and gas following the Soviet Union’s collapse

Global atmospheric methane concentrations rose by 10 to 15 ppb/y in the 1980s before abruptly slowing to 2 to 8 ppb/y in the early 1990s. This period in the 1990s is known as the "methane slowdown" and has been attributed in part to the collapse of the former Soviet Union (USSR) in December 1991, which may have decreased the methane emissions from oil and gas operations. Here, we develop a methane plume detection system based on probabilistic deep learning and human-labeled training data. We use this method to detect methane plumes from Landsat 5 satellite observations over Turkmenistan from 1986 to 2011. We focus on Turkmenistan because economic data suggest it could account for half of the decline in oil and gas emissions from the former USSR. We find an increase in both the frequency of methane plume detections and the magnitude of methane emissions following the collapse of the USSR. We estimate a national loss rate from oil and gas infrastructure in Turkmenistan of more than 10% at times, which suggests the socioeconomic turmoil led to a lack of oversight and widespread infrastructure failure in the oil and gas sector. Our finding of increased oil and gas methane emissions from Turkmenistan following the USSR's collapse casts doubt on the long-standing hypothesis regarding the methane slowdown, begging the question: "what drove the 1992 methane slowdown?"

Relationship between Dairy Cow Health and Intensity of Greenhouse Gas Emissions.

The dairy industry is facing criticism for its role in exacerbating global GHG emissions, as climate change becomes an increasingly pressing issue. These emissions mostly originate from methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2). An optimal strategy involves the creation of an economical monitoring device to evaluate methane emissions from dairy animals. Livestock production systems encounter difficulties because of escalating food demand and environmental concerns. Enhancing animal productivity via nutrition, feeding management, reproduction, or genetics can result in a decrease in CH4 emissions per unit of meat or milk. This CH4 unit approach allows for a more accurate comparison of emissions across different animal production systems, considering variations in productivity. Expressing methane emissions per unit allows for easier comparison between different sources of emissions. Expressing emissions per unit (e.g., per cow) highlights the relative impact of these sources on the environment. By quantifying emissions on a per unit basis, it becomes easier to identify high-emission sources and target mitigation efforts accordingly. Many environmental policies and regulations focus on reducing emissions per unit of activity or output. By focusing on emissions per unit, policymakers and producers can work together to implement practices that lower emissions without sacrificing productivity. Expressing methane emissions in this way aligns with policy goals aimed at curbing overall greenhouse gas emissions. While it is true that total emissions affect the atmosphere globally, breaking down emissions per unit helps to understand the specific contributions of different activities and sectors to overall greenhouse gas emissions. Tackling cattle health issues can increase productivity, reduce GHG emissions, and improve animal welfare. Addressing livestock health issues can also provide favourable impacts on human health by reducing the prevalence of infectious illnesses in livestock, thereby mitigating the likelihood of zoonotic infections transmitting to humans. The progress in animal health offers the potential for a future in which the likelihood of animal diseases is reduced because of improved immunity, more effective preventative techniques, earlier identification, and innovative treatments. The primary objective of veterinary medicine is to eradicate clinical infectious diseases in small groups of animals. However, as the animal population grows, the emphasis shifts towards proactive treatment to tackle subclinical diseases and enhance production. Proactive treatment encompasses the consistent monitoring and implementation of preventive measures, such as vaccination and adherence to appropriate nutrition. Through the implementation of these measures, the livestock industry may enhance both animal well-being and mitigate the release of methane and nitrous oxide, thereby fostering environmental sustainability. In addition, advocating for sustainable farming methods and providing farmers with education on the significance of mitigating GHG emissions can bolster the industry's endeavours to tackle climate change and infectious illnesses. This will result in a more robust and environmentally sustainable agriculture industry. This review seeks to conduct a thorough examination of the correlation between the health condition of cattle, the composition of milk produced, and the emissions of methane gas. It aims to identify areas where research is lacking and to provide guidance for future scientific investigations, policy making, and industry practices. The goal is to address the difficulties associated with methane emissions in the cattle industry. The primary global health challenge is to identify the causative relationship between climate change and infectious illnesses. Reducing CH4 and N2O emissions from digestive fermentation and animal manure can be achieved by improving animal well-being and limiting disease and mortality.

Nutrient digestibility, characteristics of rumen fermentation, and microbial protein synthesis from Pesisir cattle diet containing non-fiber carbohydrate to rumen degradable protein ratio and sulfur supplement.

To achieve optimal feed efficiency in ruminants, especially Pesisir cattle, it is necessary to maintain a harmonious equilibrium between energy and protein levels within the rumen. Sulfur supplementation can potentially escalate the energy-protein balance in the rumen. The aim of this study was to explore the formulation of ruminant diets by synchronizing rumen degradable protein (RDP) and non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) while adding sulfur minerals at different levels. Nutrient digestibility, NH3 concentration, volatile fatty acids (VFA) production, microbial protein synthesis (MPS), and methane gas production were assessed. We employed a randomized block design with a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangement and examined diverse incubation periods of 6, 24, and 48 h. Treatment consisted of RDP (60% and 65%), NFC (35% and 40%), and sulfur (0%, 0.15%, and 0.3%) levels. In this study, the Tilley and Terry in vitro technique, which used Pesisir cattle's rumen fluid, was employed to assess the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and RDP-Rumen undegradable protein. In addition, it measures various rumen fluid attributes, including pH, NH3, VFA, MPS, and methane gas production. Treatment with a coordinated combination of 65% RDP and 40% NFC combined with 0.15% sulfur supplement yielded significantly improved digestibility and notably reduced methane gas production (p < 0.05). The enhancement in digestibility and reduction in methane gas emissions can be attributed to the interaction of RDP, NFC, and sulfur. Feed digestibility was increased in the 65% RDP treatment with 40% NFC and 0.15% sulfur, along with a decrease in methane gas production.

Ridge with no-tillage facilitates microbial N2 fixation associated with methane oxidation in rice soil

Aerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) play a crucial role in mitigating the greenhouse gas methane emission, particularly prevalent in flooded wetlands. The implementation of ridge with no-tillage practices within a rice-rape rotation system proves effective in overcoming the restrictive redox conditions associated with waterlogging. This approach enhances capillary water availability from furrows, especially during periods of low rainfall, thereby supporting plant growth on the ridges. However, the microbe-mediated accumulation of soil organic carbon and nitrogen remains insufficiently understood under this agricultural practice, particularly concerning methane oxidation, which holds ecological and agricultural significance in the rice fields. In this study, the ridge and ditch soils from a 28-year-old ridge with no-tillage rice field experiment were utilized for incubation with 13C-CH4 and 15NN2 to estimate the methane-oxidizing and N2-fixing potentials. Our findings reveal a significantly higher net production of fresh soil organic carbon in the ridge compared to the ditch soil during methane oxidation, with values of 626 and 543 μg 13C g−1 dry weight soil, respectively. Additionally, the fixed 15N exhibited a twofold increase in the ridge soil (14.1 μg 15N g−1 dry weight soil) compared to the ditch soil. Interestingly, the result of DNA-based stable isotope probing indicated no significant differences in active MOB and N2 fixers between ridge and ditch soils. Both Methylocystis-like type II and Methylosarcina/Methylomonas-like type I MOB catalyzed methane into organic biomass carbon pools. Soil N2-fixing activity was associated with the 15N-labeling of methane oxidizers and non-MOB, such as methanol oxidizers (Hyphomicrobium) and conventional N2 fixers (Burkholderia). Methane oxidation also fostered microbial interactions, as evidenced by co-occurrence patterns. These results underscore the dual role of microbial methane oxidation – not only as a recognized sink for the potent greenhouse gas methane but also as a source of soil organic carbon and bioavailable nitrogen. This emphasizes the pivotal role of microbial methane metabolism in contributing to soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation in ridge with no-tillage systems.