Permineralized stems, leaves and a fertile structure assignable to Cyathotheca Taylor are described from the Late Pennsylvanian Duquesne Coal of eastern Ohio. The new material, C. ventilaria sp. nov., provides the first evidence of vegetative structures for the genus. Vegetative parts are referred to the fertile fragments based upon distinctive vascular morphology, common histological features, and close association. Stems are up to 5.0 mm in diam and have an apparently endarch dictyostele with scalariform metaxylem tracheids. Secondary xylem consists of tracheids with bordered pitting and uniseriate, parenchymatous rays 1–9 cells high. Leaves are arranged in a 3/8 pattern. They are small, pinnately-lobed, and vascularized by an U-shaped bundle. Distal to divergence, one of the apparent leaf traces becomes radial to resemble the base of a fertile structure. This implies a mode of attachment for the fructification and suggests evidence to interpret its homologies. The fertile specimen consists of laminae that diverge from a short stalk, and bifurcate distally. Laminae bear sporangia 0.6–0.7 mm in diam attached adaxially by vascularized pedicels. Spores average 36 μm in diam and are of the Kewaneesporites type. The combination of features now known for Cyathotheca exclude it from assignment to a currently-recognized major group of vascular plants, thus emphasizing that the Pennsylvanian coal swamp flora included a greater diversity than commonly is interpreted.