Metaphorical Expressions Research Articles

THE CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR «PERSON AND SOCIETY» IN MASS MEDIA TEXTS ON THE MATERIAL OF THE UKRAINIAN AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES

The article provides a comparative analysis of the conceptual metaphor "Person and Society" in mass media texts on the material of the Ukrainian and English languages. A metaphor is a tool for thinking and knowing the world, it reflects fundamental cultural values. The cognitive-semantic content of the conceptual metaphor "Person and Society" makes it possible to divide it into four frames that are common to both studied languages: "War and Crime", "Medicine", "Sports and Games", and "Culture and Art". The conceptual metaphors of the "War and Crime" frame refer to war and its varieties, military actions, weapons, criminals and their victims, and places of imprisonment. The frame "Medicine" includes metaphors depicting various diseases, their treatment, names of drugs, as well as nominations of patients and staff and names of medical institutions. The frame "Sports and Games" combines metaphorical expressions indicating sports and its terminology, athletes and their qualifications, the results of sports competitions, as well as the names of games and their rules. The frame "Culture and Art" is the basis of metaphors, focused on the elements of creative artistic activity, education and science, which depict theater, visual arts, literature, as well as music and cinema. It should be noted that the frame "Economics and Finance" is frequently used in the English mass media texts and is almost never found in the Ukrainian mass media. The framework "Economics and Finance" includes the concepts of financial and economic activity, which are based on the appropriate terminology during verbalization.

Perception of Women Through Conceptual Metaphor “WOMEN ARE PLANTS”: A Case Study of 20th-Century Vietnamese Literature

Based on the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), the article elucidates the conceptual metaphor “WOMEN ARE PLANTS” in 20th-century Vietnamese literary works. Through the analysis of low-level metaphors, the study focuses on determining the number and frequency of metaphorical linguistic expressions, hence shedding light on cultures and thinking of the Vietnamese community in a correlation between universality and distinctive characteristics of this ethnic group. Different perspectives on women are also revealed.

How Art Has Been a Window to the Post-War Generation in Japan

In this research, our primary focus revolves around the role of art as a lens through which we can examine the impact of World War II on Japanese citizens, with a particular emphasis on the post-war generation. Two renowned Japanese contemporary artists, Nara Yoshimoto and Takashi Murakami, are central to our study. While their artworks may not seem directly related to the war at first glance, a closer examination reveals that both artists use metaphorical expressions to convey the fear and aftermath of the war. Through this study, I also found that both artists experienced the war's effects during childhood due to the bombings that marked its conclusion. This analysis explores how the Japanese perceive themselves in the aftermath of the war. Rather than addressing the topic directly, they often employ metaphorical references. The significance of this study lies in shedding light on the indirect ways in which the Japanese people reflect on their post-war identity and the lasting impact of World War II.

Metaphoric visual expressions in African art: an iconographical analysis of selected artworks by contemporary visual artists

Contemporary African artworks in their diversity are rich carriers of cultural meaning and values. In African art, there is an evolution in the context of visual metaphors as artists create narratives that are cognisant of global aesthetic developments. This study examines the creation and interpretation of indigenous visual metaphors by four selected contemporary Zimbabwean visual artists. An interpretive research design was used and this informed the use of in-depth interviews with purposively selected artists, studio observations, and artwork analysis to generate data. The diversity of art genres, media, and the creation of metaphoric artworks determined the sampling of artists. Findings revealed that visual metaphoric creations were inspired by community experiences and other artists. Visual metaphors were pronounced as vehicles for transmitting community messages. This study recommends extending the creation and interpretation of indigenous visual metaphors to the art education curriculum to inform culturally relevant and diverse practices.

A case study of comparative metaphor analysis in Finnish and Hungarian news texts

Abstract Despite remarkable previous results of cognitive linguistic analysis of metaphorization in Finnish and Hungarian even in a cross-linguistic context (Huumo 2019; Máthé 2022), a systematic comparative study of the patterns of linguistic metaphors in these two languages is still to be carried out. The aim of this paper is to fill this research gap by proposing a MIPVU-inspired protocol for metaphor identification in languages with rich morphology and presenting the preliminary results of a small-scale corpus analysis. The study is organized around the following questions: (i) How can we adapt and extend the original MIPVU method for agglutinative Uralic languages like Hungarian and Finnish? (ii) How can we implement the adapted method in a collaborative parallel annotation process of sampled news texts? (iii) What are the differences in metaphorical patterns between Finnish and Hungarian? The paper details the adapted protocol of MIPVU for the Hungarian language (Simon et al. 2023), and how it can be applied to Finnish, demonstrating its applicability in a research corpus. Our findings demonstrate a relatively similar metaphorization in Hungarian and Finnish with slight differences in terms of the frequency of metaphorical expressions, their semantic relations, and the complexity of argument structure constructions.

Corpus-Based Diachronic Study of WAR Metaphor in Indonesian Political Discourse

The use of metaphor in political discourse is pervasive. One of the common source domain used in political metaphor is of WAR source domain. The increasing use of WAR metaphor reflects the intensity of the political situation. This paper examines the diachronic used of WAR metaphor in Indonesian Political Discourse. The aim is to analyze the use of the WAR source domain of metaphor used to speak about the Indonesian Political Situation and to compare the use of the metaphor before and after the direct election system is in effect (in 2004). The data are taken from 1896 news articles related to the political situation dan political coalition, that spans from 1980 to 2020 in Tempo online magazine. The study is corpus-based with The Conceptual Metaphor Framework of Lakoff and Johnson used as the theoretical background. The data analysis is conducted in two stages, first by quantitative analysis using Antconc Corpus Concordance Software to measure the frequency of WAR metaphor used to speak about Political situation and the second is the qualitative analysis to evaluate the change and the development of metaphor use. The result of the study should reflect how the political change that occurred in Indonesia can be reflected through the language in particular reflected from the metaphor used to speak about the political condition. The finding shows that there are three categories of diachronic change of WAR metaphorical expression: the first is the terms that have been used metaphorically even before 1998 (reformation era); the second is the terms that are recorded in use as a metaphor after 1998 and the last is the metaphorical expressions that are recorded in use before 1998 but have not been recorded after that.

A Study on Chinese Culture in High School English Textbooks of BNUP from the Perspective of Conceptual Blending Theory for Multimodal Metaphors

At the end of the 20th century, scholars represented by Forceville dived into the construction and representation of metaphors using various modalities, leading the shift of metaphor studies towards multimodality, which consequently put the study of multimodal metaphors in the spotlight. English textbooks, as a combination of visual and linguistic modes of expression, contain a large number of metaphors. From the perspective of conceptual blending theory, the paper explores the construction and meaning of multimodal metaphors of Chinese culture in three compulsory high school English textbooks of Beijing Normal University Press. It is found that these three compulsory high school English textbooks of Beijing Normal University Press (BNUP) contain many multimodal metaphors of Chinese culture, and these multimodal metaphors can activate student’s cultural background knowledge and convey the communicative intention of the pictures, thus arousing students’ interest in Chinese culture and fostering cultural confidence.

Poeticizing medical moods during pandemics: a cognitive psychoanalysis of COVID-19 metaphors in doctors’ poetry

ABSTRACT This paper is a cognitive psychoanalysis of COVID-19 metaphors in four poems composed by doctors during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. It aims to demonstrate the efficacy of Metaphor as a vehicle for expressing different medical temperaments and modeling doctors’ psychological responses to the pandemic. Using Conceptual Metaphor theory as the theoretical framework, the study investigates the metaphorical expressions doctors use by framing them in terms of concrete concepts to make the abstract moods behind them more easily comprehensible. The study finds that doctors use medical imagination to generate metaphorical devices related to Hospital, Heart, Military, and Climate to express feelings of stress depression, self-affirmation, and elation. The study attempts to respond to the enormous need of the literary-stylistic investigation of Medicinal poetry as a representation of constructive collaboration between medicine and literature and offering reflections of the accounts of human psychology in times of global health crises.

리처드 파워스의 소설『갈라테아 2.2』에 기술된 인공 지능(AI) 헬렌(Helen)의 특징적인 언어양상 연구

Richard Power’s novel Galatea 2.2 presents the task and prospect of Artificial Intelligence’s language although the novel is based on story-telling and the author’s imagination. In particular, it is worth to note not only terms of address and terms of reference but also terms of body concerning Artificial Intelligence Helen. She is mostly addressed by her first name (Helen) and other terms such as machine, apparatus, bag of networks, fancy tin-can telephone, distributed process, multidimentional shape, etc. Also, Artificial Intelligence Helen is a symbol of A (a twenty-two year old woman and post-graduate student) and imitating A, some terms like ‘a gifted cockatiel’ and ‘twin’ are used for Helen in terms of reference. In comparison, Rick is addressed in various ways, that is first name, surname, affectionate names and other nicknames. In addition, Artificial Intelligence Helen has no nose, mouth or fingers and only she has partially functioning eyes and ears. Thus Helen is not able to fully understand metaphorical language expressions concerning emotion. For instance, in some expressions like ‘your stomach in knots’, ‘embarrasment shrinks you’, or ‘amazement strikes you dead’. Helen could not feel the meanings and thus she has a lack of knowledge in similar linguistic circumstances. Lastly, Artificial Intelligence Helen is Imp. H. It means that Helen has been evolved from Imp. A, Imp. B, Imp. C, and so on. So the shut down of herself in the novel suggests and hints at the revival of a new version of Artificial Intelligence may be named “Galatea 3.3”.

Advancing semantic and pragmatic theoretical frameworks through an analysis of Taylor Swift's "Look What You Made Me Do"

Semantics and pragmatics, as theoretical frameworks, continue to prove their appropriateness in the examination of literary texts and conversations, as well as in songs and music. This denotes that the two theoretical frameworks cannot solely be constricted within the parameters of general linguistics; instead, they are applicable to other disciplines or subject areas. In view of this fact, this article aims to uncover the covert meanings in Taylor Swift's "Look What You Made Me Do" lyrical song. To do this, semantic and pragmatic theoretical frameworks are applied, while the song itself is acknowledged as a primary source of data. The objective of this article is to demonstrate the development of semantics and pragmatics, as theoretical perspectives, and the ways in which meaning can be explicated using these theoretical perspectives in the chosen song and other areas of interest. Ultimately, the overall objective is to demonstrate how words, phrases and sentences may be understood differently by language users. The results and discussions validate that Taylor Swift uses different linguistic techniques, as well as metaphorical expressions to communicate her message to her audience. Nevertheless, such abilities of this singer and songwriter may not always be clear to everyone, hence the necessity to apply semantic and pragmatic theoretical lenses. The closing remarks underline the importance of continuing to develop the two theoretical perspectives beyond the limitations of general linguistics. In addition to this, the closing remarks underscore the synergetic relationship that exists between language and music.

The Relationship between Metaphors of Addiction and Character Development in 19th Century British Novels

The 19th century marked an unprecedented period of prosperity in British literature, giving rise to numerous distinguished authors and works. During this era, the metaphor of addiction, as a unique narrative technique, established a close connection with character development. This metaphor not only deepened the portrayal of characters but also enriched the thematic content of the works, allowing readers to understand more profoundly the inner worlds and complex personalities of the characters. The use of addiction metaphors in 19th century British novels was not accidental; it reflected the societal attention to drug issues and the profound exploration of human nature. Through the symbolic element of addiction, authors could reveal the inner conflicts, struggles, and pursuits of their characters, thereby creating more dimensional and vivid character portrayals. Moreover, the development of character personalities also influenced the representation of addiction metaphors in novels. Different character personalities led to varied attitudes and responses to addiction, further enriching the connotation and expression of the addiction metaphor. Therefore, the relationship between addiction metaphors and character development is intertwined and mutually reinforcing.

Making the Unseen Seen: The Role of Signaling and Novelty in Rating Metaphors

Comprehension of metaphorical expressions differs with their degree of novelty. Conventional metaphors are typically comprehended as easily as literal sentences, while novel metaphors are responded to less quickly than their conventional counterparts. However, the influence of metaphor signals on the interpretability and acceptability of sentences with metaphors, especially their potential interaction with novelty, remains an open question. We conducted six online experiments among 1,694 native speakers of American English to examine how interpretability and acceptability ratings of individually presented sentences were affected by metaphor novelty and different types of metaphor signals. Across all six experiments, we consistently found that novel metaphors decreased the interpretability and acceptability of sentences compared to both conventional metaphors and literal controls. Signals, on the contrary, did not impact the interpretability or acceptability of the sentences. Moreover, only in experiment 3b did we find an interaction between metaphor type and signals. Specifically, when a metaphor was marked by double signals (i.e., both lexical signals and a typographical signal were added around the metaphorical keywords) vs. no signals, acceptability of novel metaphors increased, but acceptability of conventional metaphors decreased. We hypothesize that the double signaling of novel metaphors marks their novelty, making them more acceptable. By contrast, the double signaling of conventional metaphors may have been perceived as redundant, leading to a lower acceptability.

A Gradient of Unisons: The Emergent Superunit in Collective Action

Abstract As design practice shifts from designing material goods to shaping and facilitating social situations, there is a compelling need to develop a richer understanding of specific social relations as facilitated by design. This article explores bodied unisons—enkinaesthetic entrainments of self + other. We present these unison acts as identifiable patterns of behavior that are observable when people coordinate, patterns that foster a move from individual to superunit. Extending the metaphor of musical unison, this article provides perspective on the varied qualities of consensus, offering insight for those designing to coordinate behavior. The disciplines of service design, interaction design, and experience design all aim to coordinate behavior toward specific ends. In each discipline, there are two or more entities (the client and the service provider, for instance) searching for congruence, and the success or failure of the interaction can be assessed through this spectrum of unisons. This study explores the definition of unison as an enkinaesthetic embodied act, provides a framework for analysis, and concludes with implications for the design profession and some ethical considerations regarding designed unisons. The analytical framework encourages novel attention to shared experience, opening avenues for intervention in experiential design fields. As a metaphoric construct and as embodied performance, unison offers participants a sense of stability and cooperation with varying degrees of independence and agency.

한국어 개념적 은유의 문화상대주의적 특성과 이에 따른 교육 방안

Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze the face threat posed by Korean metaphors from a cultural relativist perspective and present educational approaches accordingly.
 Methods To achieve research goal, a survey was conducted with a total of 124 participants, including 48 Koreans, 56 Americans, and 20 Chinese individuals, to compare and analyze their perceptions of face threat in Korean metaphors. According to the theory of the great chain of being, we classified Korean metaphorical expressions with a threat to dignity into categories of human, animal, organic, and inanimate objects. Using SPSS version 27, we analyzed the perceptions of respondents from three countries based on their familiarity, power distance, and sex.
 Results According to the analysis, respondents from the three countries generally felt little discomfort when using person-related metaphors. However, they experienced significant face threat when using metaphors related to inanimate objects and organic substances. On the other hand, Korean and Chinese respondents showed a greater awareness of the interpersonal closeness aspect in metaphor usage, while this tendency was less pronounced among American respondents.
 Conclusions Korean, Chinese, and American respondents demonstrate a simultaneous combination of universality and cultural relativism in their perception of face threat in metaphorical expressions, depending on the relationship between the metaphorical expression and the cultural context.

예비유아교사의 전자그림책에 대한 은유분석

Objective: This study aimed to explore the formation of conceptual metaphors by pre-service early childhood teachers concerning electronic picture books. The goal is to gain insights into how these metaphors may impact the integration of electronic pictures books within early childhood education settings.
 Methods: A total of 210 pre-service early childhood teachers participated in this study and responded to a metaphorical questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods.
 Results: The research findings categorized the 210 metaphorical expressions into the following eight main categories: Convenience, Visual Effects, Innovation, Developmental Hindrance, Immersion, Educational Effects, Ambiguity, and Enjoyment.
 Conclusions: This study analyzed metaphorical expressions and their underlying rationales among prospective preschool teachers regarding electronic picture books. The aim is to provide guidance and support for prospective teacher education to foster a proper understanding and effective utilization of electronic picture books.

구비공식구로 본 <새끼 서 발> 설화의 인물 성격과 서사적 의미

This provides an in-depth analysis of the characters and narrative significance of the Korean folktale Saekki Seo-Bal(An Unfinished Short Straw Rope) focusing on the oral-formulaic phrases of characters “Eating a meal in the warmer part and pooping in the colder part in the same room.” This oral-formulaic phrase, “Eating a meal in the warmer part and pooping in the colder part in the same room,” is fixedly and regularly combined with the folktales Saekki Seo-Bal and Chamkkaenamu(Sesame Tree). Therefore, the characters in the two folktales were named “Saekki Seo-Bal” type characters.
 The oral-formulaic phrase which appears in the character of Saekki Seo-Bal, is an essential binding element of the introductory narrative structure, linking to the success narrative of the ending section. This oral-formulaic phrase is not a rhetorical expression representing the character’s lazy behavior but a metaphorical expression of the character's deliberation or plan ahead of his social initiation. In other words, it defines the protagonist as an active person with emergent thinking who prepares to become independent from his mother and move into the world rather than as a problematic person with a lazy personality. This study interprets the folktale Saekki Seo-Bal, which is combined with the oral-formulaic phrase “Eating a Meal in the Warmer Part and Pooping in the Colder Part in the Same Room” as an initiation tale depicting a son growing from an individual to a social being.
 The social initiation process of characters consists of three stages: the preparatory stage for initiation, the stage of accumulating experiences and growth, and finally, social approval. In the first stage, characters prepare for social initiation through acts of oral-formulaic phrases. They demonstrate qualities as beginners in society by engaging in activities with materials provided by the community, such as “twisting straw ropes” in Saekki Seo-Bal and “sowing seeds” in Chamkkaenamu. The second stage appears in the narrative where the protagonist acquires the maiden who will become his wife through continuous bartering, starting with the “Saekki Seo-Bal.” Therefore, the character accumulates experience in solving problems in relationships with various others and grows into a social being with experience narratives that can solve any problem. In the third stage, the character’s abilities are tested through a “riddle bet” while returning to the community with the maiden who will become his wife. He eventually protects his wife and gains the approval of the social community as a marriage ritual.

Conceptualization of the metaphor of body parts lisanun ’tongue’ in the Koran: Cognitive semantic study

This research aims to describe the conceptualization of the metaphor of body parts lisanun 'tongue' in the Koran. The Koran, as a guide for Muslims not only uses denotative language to convey meaning, but also figurative language, one of the variants of which is metaphor. Metaphors are basically not just words but involve the human cognitive side as well. Therefore, to understand the message in the Koran, a deep understanding of the conceptualization of metaphor is required. One of the things that is often used as a metaphorical expression is parts of the human body. Therefore, it is an object that is close to human life. This research is descriptive and qualitative in nature, with the Koran as the data source. Data were analyzed using conceptual meaning theory, according to Lakoff and Johnson. The results of the research show that the body part 'tongue' in the Koran is often used metaphorically to express several things, namely (1) the tongue as an action, which consists of the act of mocking, the act of lying, the act of accountability, the act of reading, the act of not being fluent in speaking, the act of speaking, the act of exchanging news, (2) the tongue as speech, and (3) the tongue as language.

Discursive Representation of Cyber Scam in Selected Nigerian Hip Hop Songs

This study examines the representation of cyber scam in Nigerian hip hop songs. Forty-five singles of twelve Nigerian hip hop artistes constituted the study population. Purposively selected cyber scam-related lyrics of seven artistes constitute the study population. Relevant aspects of Scollon’s »Mediated Discourse Analysis Theory« (MDAT) were used to engage the data. The Nigerian government, scammers, victims and religious clerics were identified as participants in cyber scam discourse. With re-course to context, Nigerian hip hop artistes articulate specific discourse acts such as glamorisation of cyber scam, assertion of identity, appeal to scammers’ cognitive abilities and justification of cyber scam. These acts are discursively projected through metaphorical expressions, repetition, pronominal references, lexical choices and rhetorical questions. This study has contributed to scholarship on cyber fraud by identifying and describing how context functions in articulating the roles, attitudes and orientations of social actors involved in cyber scam.

Ontological Metaphorsin Pink Floyd’sselected Songs

This study is about the analysis of ontological metaphors in Pink Floyd’s selected songs based on the metaphors theory by Lakoff and Johnson. In Lakoff and Johnson theory, metaphors are divided into structural metaphors, oriental metaphors, and ontological metaphors.The author uses qualitative methods in conducting this research. Researchers focused on written data in the form of scripts from lyrics of Pink Floyd selected songs. The researcher uses Jan Mukarovsky's dynamic structuralism approach. There is a relationship between ontological metaphors, social commentary, and idealism. The purpose of this study is so that people can know the impact of ontological metaphors in songs. If they are aware, then this will benefit themselves and the people around them. This research concludes that Pink Floyd often uses ontological metaphors to convey their metaphorical expression and idealism. From this ontological metaphor in Pink Floyd's selected songs, there are plots, characters, themes, and points of view that can be analyzed.

SEMIOTICS OF HARLEY-DAVIDSON ADVERTISING THROUGH STYLISTICS AND PRAGMATICS

The article explores the semiotic construction of consumer identity through the stylistics and pragmatics of Harley-Davidson discourse, actualizing semiotic codes of its advertising. The findings provide evidence of the role of metaphorical expressions encoded in slogans and other stylistic devices in actualizing the hermeneutic code of the brand's advertising. The antitheses underlying the juxtaposition of brand values against mainstream ones underlie the symbolic code of the slogans' messages. The actional code relies on directives that stimulate the behavioral model, and implicit commissive acts, promising to fulfill the consumers’ needs. The obtained data demonstrate the semiotic function of the key signified Freedom and its derived sub-concepts in constructing the target brand identity