Basic Metaphor Research Articles

Media Presentation of English Borrowings of Pedagogical Discourse

Introduction. Currently, the Russian value picture of the world is changing under the influence of American culture as the leader of globalization. Borrowings in different types of discourse become an expression of these changes, the perception of which is formed in media discourse, playing an important role in understanding these borrowings. The purpose of the study is to investigate the features of the media representation of English borrowings of pedagogical discourse.Methodology and sources. The basis of the research was the collected thematic corpus of texts of different genres: texts of forums, articles of media educational platforms and media texts themselves with a total volume of 42 thousand words.Results and discussion. This article examines the features of the media presentation of the key imported concepts of pedagogical discourse “trend” and “rating”, which express the key idea of competitiveness for American culture. The borrowing “trend” is closely related to the contexts of the use of other borrowings included in its content structure: “know-how”, “startup”, “hackathon”, etc. and includes in its interpretative field the concepts of “innovation” and “modernization”, which receive an assessment depending on the subject of the assessment qualification. The interpretative field of the "rating" concept includes words such as “bullying”, “pressure”, “competition”. In most media texts, it is negatively assessed as contributing to a pragmatic approach to gaining knowledge, causing rivalry and negative emotions in children, causing psychological trauma and problems of relationships in the team. The basis for the metaphorical conceptualization of the processes taking place in education is the basic metaphor “man-nature”, as well as the metaphor of computer games and value, which allow us to highlight the value accents of perception and the attitude of society to the phenomena being mastered.Conclusion. It is revealed that the borrowings “trend” and “rating” have figurative and value characteristics, have pronounced evaluative labeling and metaphorical conceptualization. The study of borrowings of pedagogical discourse indicates the importance of the discursive factor in understanding concepts.

The Source Domain “Boxing” in Vietnamese Newspaper Discourse: The Case of Online Newspapers

The article explores the appearance of the metaphor ‘POLITICS IS A BOXING MATCH’ in online Vietnamese newspapers. Based on the linkages embedded in the experience and knowledge projected from the source domain to the target domain, the article clarifies the mapping mechanism between the spatial domains 'boxing' and 'politics' and explains the mechanism of moving and copying attributes between the two spatial domains ‘source’ and ‘target’ in the authors' linguistic thinking. Based on the partial projection principles of metaphors, this paper presents the hierarchical characteristics of the authors’ conceptual thinking. From the basic metaphor ‘POLITICS IS A BOXING MATCH’, through the mapping structure, the paper proves that four derived metaphors in online Vietnamese newspapers relate to four prominent characteristics of the source domain: ‘a blow’, ‘boxing tactics’, ‘the rules of boxing’, and ‘illegal blows’. The paper highlights the distinct way of thinking in conceptual structures on political issues based on the logical relationships in the mapping organization of conceptual metaphors. It also helps to clarify how Vietnamese media views politics, a topic that is intrinsic to the social superstructure and vital to the survival and advancement of a nation that is firmly devoted to socialism and is moving toward development.

THE CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR «PERSON AND SOCIETY» IN MASS MEDIA TEXTS ON THE MATERIAL OF THE UKRAINIAN AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES

The article provides a comparative analysis of the conceptual metaphor "Person and Society" in mass media texts on the material of the Ukrainian and English languages. A metaphor is a tool for thinking and knowing the world, it reflects fundamental cultural values. The cognitive-semantic content of the conceptual metaphor "Person and Society" makes it possible to divide it into four frames that are common to both studied languages: "War and Crime", "Medicine", "Sports and Games", and "Culture and Art". The conceptual metaphors of the "War and Crime" frame refer to war and its varieties, military actions, weapons, criminals and their victims, and places of imprisonment. The frame "Medicine" includes metaphors depicting various diseases, their treatment, names of drugs, as well as nominations of patients and staff and names of medical institutions. The frame "Sports and Games" combines metaphorical expressions indicating sports and its terminology, athletes and their qualifications, the results of sports competitions, as well as the names of games and their rules. The frame "Culture and Art" is the basis of metaphors, focused on the elements of creative artistic activity, education and science, which depict theater, visual arts, literature, as well as music and cinema. It should be noted that the frame "Economics and Finance" is frequently used in the English mass media texts and is almost never found in the Ukrainian mass media. The framework "Economics and Finance" includes the concepts of financial and economic activity, which are based on the appropriate terminology during verbalization.

Когнитивни аспекти на метафорите в съвременните български политически речи

The development follows two sides of the manifestation of cognitive metaphors as a communicative mechanism in contemporary Bulgarian political discourse: the rhetorical aspects of Bulgarian political communication; the linguistic-communicative features of cognitive metaphors in political speech, through which they function as a mechanism for interaction between the parties of political discourse. An important direction in the course of the study is to clarify the mechanisms by which the interaction between the parties in communication is realized. In this regard, several specific features of the national political discourse can be identified: the authority of the speaker and his ability to control all levels in the structure of the context of the political message; the dominant role of individual discourse; aggressive linguistic presence in communication; the dominant presence of conversational speech at the expense of the official; manipulation of objectivity; low level of informative ness. The cognitive and semantic aspects of metaphors in contemporary Bulgarian political discourse impose the following differentiation of their features: specificity of archetypal metaphors - the possibility of the basic metaphor to be reproduced as a stable cognitive core in the contemporary political communicative act; specificity of variant metaphors - the cognitive projection of the archetypal metaphor and its inscription in a new metaphorical perspective (cognitive range of metaphors path and body); cognitive links between the source sphere, the conceptual sphere and the target sphere - the associative link between the target and the source is the specificity of the cognitive metaphor, and all variant projections between them make up the volume of the conceptual sphere. The summary affects the function of cognitive metaphorical models in Bulgarian political discourse.

Cognitive, Structural, and Semantic Features of Professional Neologisms in Modern English

This article describes 180 modern English neologisms with a professional component. Their structural and semantic features reveal how native speakers perceive and conceptualize new words through spiritual and practical activities, thus adjusting their worldview to the changing reality. The research involved the methods of definitional analysis, word formation, semantic assay, and cognitive-discursive interpretation, as well as various standard linguistic and statistical methods. The material was classified according to the type of professional activity. These lexical and semantic groups were united by intralinguistic links based on interrelated and interdependent connotative shades of meaning. Many neologisms demonstrated a metaphorical basis, which served as a tool for creating expressive images. All the neological units were emotive and evaluative. The emotive content conveyed the thoughts and feelings of the speaker, while the evaluative content was associated with the pragmatic function and contained information about the speaker’s attitude to the denotation. Most professional neologisms were gender-neutral. The universal nature of the images behind the neologisms probably testifies to the current mental changes in a society that values gender equality. Interdiscursivity appeared to permeate all lexical and semantic fields of the English neological space. The heterogeneity reflected the complex activity the speaker performs in an attempt to comprehend a complex and multifaceted environment, which, in turn, gives the neological units an anthropocentric character. The relevance of the research is determined by the rapid development of various social spheres, which inevitably affects the modern communication and the linguistic worldview in general.

Conceptual Field of Subsphere “Natural World” on Basis of Political Metaphors (Ukrainian and English)

The article is devoted to the conceptual field of the subsphere “Natural world” based on metaphors in political discourse in the Ukrainian and English languages. The frequency of political metaphors use in the research languages was studied. The special features of the subsphere “Natural world” in metaphors of political discourse in the Ukrainian and English languages are determined. The conceptual field’s lexical-semantic content of the subsphere “Natural world” is analyzed. The peculiarities of the subsphere conceptual field, its division into concepts, and the connotative nuances of this subsphere on the material of the research languages are distinguished. The frames of the animal and plant world are determined, where metaphors reflect the specifics of political life, election procedures, ways of attracting voters, the nature of the interaction between political parties and voters, the processes of adopting laws, reforming and international interaction. Political metaphors in the field of geology and meteorology are also analyzed, where metaphors are actively involved in political rhetoric, reflecting the political life of the country as a whole, as well as political events abroad; metaphors are actively used to denote elements of the country’s political life, which journalists present as changeable, poorly predicted, but at the same time dynamic and cyclical.

The algorithm for articulating meanings of entrepreneurship as a social concept

The development of social sciences based on positivism led to a multiplicity of social concepts’ definitions. The study aims to operationalize a constructionist approach to the formation of concepts’ meanings in specific place and time. The study used metadata of articles on entrepreneurship from OpenAlex with the “entrepreneurship as” search syntagm. The resulting sets of authors’ operational metaphors and analogies were analyzed semantically and contextually; social cartography was used to study the distribution of meanings within discourse. The results of the study are: (1) identification and schematic modeling of social concept`s sense as an outcome of discourse consolidation process through basic metaphor detection; (2) the notion explication and schematic modeling of the concept`s meaning as an interplay of complementary tensions within discourse; (3) the construction of a generalized model of articulation and dispersion of the social concept’s meanings based on the interaction of discourse’s metaphors and its tenseness.

Comparative constructions with the multifunctional lexeme ush ‘as; the same as’ as a means of forming figurativeness in Chalkan folklore

This paper is dedicated to the comparative constructions formed by the lexeme ush in the Chalkan language. The lexeme ush is a multifunctional means that is used in different types of syntactic constructions to express similarities both between the characteristics of objects and events. The conceptual and terminological apparatus for the analysis of comparative constructions is discussed with the aim of systematizing their plane of content, as well as the principles of modeling different types of comparative constructions, taking into account all the components necessary to express the comparative relation, regardless of their explicit expression. The relevance of the study is due to the appeal to comparison as one of the nuclear means of forming figurativeness. Comparative relations are the basis of epithets, metaphors and other expressive means that are actively used in folklore and literary texts to describe characters and events. The material for this paper consists of examples collected by continuous sampling from Chalkan folklore texts. In addition, several surveys were conducted among native speakers of the Chalkan language in cases when it was necessary to clarify the specifics of the language material. The main method of analysis used is the method of modeling a sentence as a unit of language, through which the plane of content of a linguistic sign is reconstructed by restoring the components missing in the utterance as the result of reduction, but necessary for the formation of a comparative relation. The following types of comparative constructions with the word ush are identified: polypredicative constructions with verbal and nominal predicates, in which ush marks the second compare (comparative standard), as well as simple and complex sentences with predicative ush, in which it plays the role of a nominal predicate with the semantics of equivalency. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that it is the first to identify the analytical-synthetic type of polypredicative constructions with the postposition ush, in which the main predicative unit represents the first comparee, the dependent predicative unit represents the second comparee, and the lexeme ush functions as a means of expressing equivalent relations between two events. The comparative use of ush is contrasted with that of another Chalkan comparative marker shylap // shchylap // shchynap, as well as cognates of the lexeme ush in other Turkic languages of Southern Siberia, primarily the functionally similar oskhas in the Khakas language, with a number of similarities and differences having been identified.

Сочетаемость слова «будущее» как лингвокогнитивный инструмент изучения образной семантики поэтического концепта

The study aims to present various mechanisms of cognitive modelling as a way to detect integrity and stability in the figurative system of poetic language. The paper considers the semantic representation of one element of the figurative-associative level of the FUTURE concept, i.e., the lexeme будущее (the future) in comparison with the element прошлое (the past) of the same conceptual macro-field “Time”. The scientific novelty lies in identifying the general patterns of figurative conceptualization of a poetic reality fragment, i.e., the Future universal. As a result of the study, it was found that the system of figurative paradigms developed on the basis of cognitive metaphors is characterized by stability and reproducibility, serves to store and transmit methods of poetic thinking in linguistic forms. When examining asymmetry of related literary concepts as independent units of literary discourse, collocability becomes an effective tool for identifying the figurative-associative content of the concept. Predicative and non-predicative phrases perform the task of cognitive modelling in different ways. The semantic compatibility of the lexeme representing the concept is stable in poetic language as a secondary semiotic system.

Metaphorical Conceptualisation of Women in Arabic and English

This study aimed at presenting a comparative analysis of some metaphorical expressions used for conceptualizing women in English and Arabic. It adopted a qualitative research model. A set of English and Arabic expressions conventionally used when describing women were collected and grouped according to the Conceptual Metaphor Theory by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) into three general source domains: ANIMALS, PLANTS, and OBJECTS. Then a cross-cultural comparison was made by adopting Barcelona's (2001) framework. Data analysis revealed that the two languages share several basic (universal) metaphors in conceptualizing women. However, some differences between Arabic and English have been detected when conceptualizing women metaphorically. The differences might be due to the different sociocultural interpretations of the source and target domains in each language. In sum, this area of study must be a subject of further research by Arab scholars since Arabic involves a great number of metaphorical exploitations, which needs to be investigated from different perspectives.

At høre det uhørte: Teologisk epistemologi som dialogisk livsorientering

What does it mean to listen to what cannot be heard? In this article, the “unheard-of” is explored along two different tracks: (a) as something God-given or divinely revealed (in the context of theology and philosophy of religion) and (b) as something egregious or criminal (in the context of ethics and trauma studies). Theological epistemology is here developed with a special focus on the limits of the cognition and knowledge of God in Christianity (Anselm of Canterbury, Luther) and contemporary Judaism (Buber, Levinas), and on the significance of dialogue and second-person encounters. Epistemology is connected with a hermeneutics of the senses, where the human being is regarded as a witness who “listens” to something transcendent which can only be articulated on the basis of acoustic or auditory metaphors but nonetheless remains inaudible. In relation to an ethical and religious life-orientation (Kant, Stegmaier, etc.), listening is described as medio-passivity “in-between” activity and passivity, subjectivity and alterity. It is argued that the listener’s personal responsivity (Waldenfels) and responsibility (Buber, Levinas) remain opposed to “resonance” (Rosa) and an “echo” (Nancy) that has no distinct voice. Methodologically, epistemology as dialogical life-orientation is seen as part of a theory-practice feedback-loop which requires patient, hospitable listening practices in view of irresolvable theoretical tensions and fruitful paradoxes that always spur further thought.

Basic Metaphors and Frames in Chinese Media Discourse on COVID-19

Basic Metaphors and Frames in Chinese Media Discourse on COVID-19

Modern Concepts of Psychology: Evolution of Understanding the Logic of their Organization

A post-nonclassical methodology was used, within which simple, complex, self-developing systems are considered. In accordance with the methodology, the system of concepts is considered as a set of autonomous terms, on the basis of which theories are constructed, which are part of the semiotic space of their authors. Semiotic space as a microcosm of individual meanings and meanings, formed in the process of life, serves as a model of the world, an instrument of self-organization of the subject, and a potential mechanism for joint development. Considering that the mental organization of the researcher and the organization of his social context are interdependent and linked by circular causality, the complexity of their organization turns out to be conjugate. The same principle applies to the collective subject of science. Science as a social institution of society reproduces the complexity of the organization of society, and the complexity of the mental instrument of scientists becomes associated with the complexity of the organization of their scientific community and the problems of society that it solves. In the history of science, there is an evolution of basic metaphors for understanding scientific knowledge from an archive of knowledge and a network tool for researchers to a quantum compass, which indicates the directions of development of society based on joint activities in building the future, suggesting the possibility of its self-development in this process. The system of concepts as a fragment of the mental tool of researchers in understanding its development reproduces the logic of the evolution of scientific knowledge. Understanding the organization of a system of concepts, depending on the methodology of researchers, is transformed from the classification of concepts to their system-network organization, and from them to the hypertext of a self-developing collective subject of science.

Representation of Ethno-Kultural Metaphors in Chechen Poetry

The author in the article considers the uniqueness of the Chechen poetic picture of the world and the role of metaphor as a figurative means and mechanism of thinking in the translation of ethnocultural meanings. Based on the analysis of the poetic works of Chechen authors, dominant metaphor concepts in Chechen poetry are distinguished, an attempt is made to establish the system, internal structure and connections of metaphorical models, reveal their mental intentions and determine the role of metaphor in creating imagery in the artistic structure of a lyrical text. A practical analysis of the representation of basic ethno-cultural metaphors in a poetic work is carried out on the material of the lyrics of the classics of Chechen literature by M. Isaeva, Sh. Aishanova, A. Dudaeva, M. Mamakaeva, etc. It is revealed how metaphor participates in the creation of artistic reality, how the idea of metaphor, which has developed in cognitive linguistics, correlates with the realization of the symbolic load of the image in the lyrical text. The author defines the dominant ethno-cultural metaphors of the Chechen ethnos “mountain, tower, river, burka, papakha, dzhigit (monk), wolf, eagle” and a number of others and correlates them with the national axiological scale, namely its categories such as “freedom, fearlessness, inflexibility, love for the native land, protection of the motherland, honor, dignity” and others. Attention is drawn to the fact that the author’s picture of the world is under the unconscious influence of his ethnic worldview. The analysis allows us to conclude that the Chechen poetic text implements a single metaphorical complex in which the basic ethno-cultural concepts of the Chechen linguistic worldview interact, complementing and enriching each other.

A Synectic Model Based on Literature Ecocritic in Poetry Writing Learning

The synectic model is the basis for increasing creativity. The synectic model in learning to write poetry is one of the right steps to research. Creativity is the basis for writing activities. Writing activities require high creativity in producing good and original writing. The ability to write is always a problem from time to time because bringing out the creativity that exists in a person is not easy, but a way is needed to foster that creativity. One of the steps is to use the synectic model in learning to write poetry. The synectic model that carries steps to think creatively on the basis of metaphors helps students grow their creativity in writing poetry. The synectic model in learning to write poetry is then juxtaposed with literary ecocriticism, the goal is to produce literary works that care about the surrounding environment. Submission of criticism of the environment in the form of poetry will make an interesting work. This type of research is quantitative with a quasi-experimental method using a control class and an experimental class.

THE COGNITIVE ESSENCE OF THE METAPHOR

THE COGNITIVE ESSENCE OF THE METAPHOR

N400 Indexing the Motion Concept Shared by Music and Words.

The two event-related potentials (ERP) studies investigated how verbs and nouns were processed in different music priming conditions in order to reveal whether the motion concept via embodiment can be stimulated and evoked across categories. Study 1 (Tasks 1 and 2) tested the processing of verbs (action verbs vs. state verbs) primed by two music types, with tempo changes (accelerating music vs. decelerating music) and without tempo changes (fast music vs. slow music) while Study 2 (Tasks 3 and 4) tested the processing of nouns (animate nouns vs. inanimate nouns) in the same priming condition as adopted in Study 1. During the experiments, participants were required to hear a piece of music prior to judging whether an ensuing word (verb or noun) is semantically congruent with the motion concept conveyed by the music. The results show that in the priming condition of music with tempo changes, state verbs and inanimate nouns elicited larger N400 amplitudes than action verbs and animate nouns, respectively in the anterior regions and anterior to central regions, whereas in the priming condition of music without tempo changes, action verbs elicited larger N400 amplitudes than state verbs and the two categories of nouns revealed no N400 difference, unexpectedly. The interactions between music and words were significant only in Tasks 1, 2, and 3. Taken together, the results demonstrate that firstly, music with tempo changes and music without tempo prime verbs and nouns in different fashions; secondly, action verbs and animate nouns are easier to process than state verbs and inanimate nouns when primed by music with tempo changes due to the shared motion concept across categories; thirdly, bodily experience differentiates between music and words in coding (encoding and decoding) fashion but the motion concept conveyed by the two categories can be subtly extracted on the metaphorical basis, as indicated in the N400 component. Our studies reveal that music tempos can prime different word classes, favoring the notion that embodied motion concept exists across domains and adding evidence to the hypothesis that music and language share the neural mechanism of meaning processing.

PICTORIAL AND MULTIMODAL METONYMY IN POLITICAL NEWSPAPER DISCOURSE: THE CASE OF BREXIT REPORTS

This paper analyses several examples of pictorial and multimodal metonymy found in political cartoons and photographs related to the topic of Brexit and collected from the two British daily newspapers, The Guardian and The Telegraph. The first part of analysis deals with instances of pictorial metonymy, emphasising the importance of certain distinctive features such as colour, graphic representation, or photographic composition. The second part of analysis focuses on multimodal metonymy of the verbo-pictorial variety, particularly scrutinising the relationships between the two modes. Based on the different ways in which the pictorial and the verbal mode interact, the examples are classified into three separate categories: (1) image-dominant metonymy, (2) text-dominant metonymy, and (3) complementary metonymy. Furthermore, the analysis sheds some light on how these metonymies can form the basis of pictorial and multimodal metaphors, how several source and target concepts can be chained together within a single metonymy, and how metonymy in visual communication can also possess an indexical, rather than merely iconic character.

Базисные концептуальные метафоры в системе чеченской поэтической образности

In this article, the authors consider the metaphor in accordance with the cognitive science achievements in the context of the figurative system of Chechen poetry of the XX century. Based on the analysis of the poetic texts of the word masters, basic metaphors, conceptually significant for the Chechen national consciousness, are revealed, that is, the emphasis is not on the occasional system of tropes and the individual author’s model of the world, but on what role mentally conditioned metaphorization plays in this system. The subject of the study is the ethnocultural concepts-metaphors “mountain”, “tower”, “river”, “burka”, “papakha”, “wolf”, “eagle”, “jigit (konakh)” and a number of others, which are characterized on the basis of classical lyrical works of Sh. Aishanov, A. Dudaeva, M. Isaeva, A. Mamakaeva, M. Mamakaeva The methodology of literary criticism and cognitive linguistics is used in this work. The analysis carried out by the authors of the publication allows us to conclude that the individual picture of the world is under the unconscious influence of national imagery, which is a part of the world national language picture, which makes it possible to encode in the poetic text the most significant axiological concepts for the ethnic group “honor”, “freedom”, “dignity”, “bravery”, “love for the native land”, “loyalty to the word” and others, the lexical and symbolic expressions of which are the concepts-metaphors indicated above.

Re-Conceptualizing the Rule of Law in Africa: Metaphors of the Tool and the Causeway

AbstractThe rule of law embodies two basic metaphors: the tool and the causeway. Under the tool metaphor, the rule of law is applied more as an instrument of power, while in the causeway metaphor, the law emphasizes a form of relationship between state and society where “ground rules” are established, not just for electoral politics but for the daily transactions and commercial necessities of individuals. The choice between these two metaphors has always been crucial for the legal and political development of democratic states. This article argues that in many African states, the rule of law is presently used as a tool, and contends that if this superficial perception is discarded, in favour of concentrating instead on the more expansive causeway metaphor, the continent will stand the chance of building more modern democratic states that can compare favourably with other consolidated democracies across the globe.