Metaphorical Expressions Research Articles

Hortus Conclusus: A Mariological Symbol in Some Quattrocento Annunciations, According to Church Fathers and Medieval Theologians

This paper seeks to interpret the biblical metaphor of the hortus conclusus (closed garden) according to a Mariological projection, as presented iconographically in various Quattrocentro Annunciations. The author bases his interpretations on the exegesis developed by many Latin and Greek-Eastern Church Fathers and theologians, who considered this metaphorical expression of the Song of Songs to symbolize Mary’s virginal divine motherhood and perpetual virginity. Their textual interpretations of this doctrine helps elucidate the Mariological meaning in six Quattrocento paintings that include a more or less explicit “closed garden.” These six paintings present a closed garden as a visual metaphor illustrating the Mariological dogmas unveiled by the Church Fathers and theologians when explaining this biblical metaphor.

Drawing a Portrayal of Science Teachers’ Epistemic Cognitions Around Different Concepts Characterizing Science Education

AbstractThe objective of this descriptive study is to provide a detailed examination of science teachers’ perspectives regarding scientific knowledge, science learning, science concepts, and science teaching. A total of 304 science teachers created metaphors to express their cognitions about the epistemological aspects of their work. A specifically designed metaphor construction task was used to capture the participants’ epistemic cognitions. The participants’ metaphorical reasoning was captured since the metaphors might deliver experience-based conceptions, perceptions, beliefs, or comprehensions about four concepts regarding epistemic cognition. In-depth, descriptive analysis was undertaken through open, axial, and selective coding procedures with higher validity and reliability. The participants’ epistemic cognitions were gathered around five-order themes: function (accepting science knowledge and science concepts and their teaching/learning as vital entities by adopting an instrumentalist or tool-based perspective), personal epistemological stance (seeing science knowledge and science learning as an endless and immortal accumulation of factual knowledge), motivational construct (scientific knowledge attaches importance so it should be taught in the school systems in the science lessons), sociological construct (science knowledge provides power), and pedagogical construct (not the science knowledge but the science concepts should be taught in the schools in the science lesson). This study concluded that the participant science teachers mostly held conventional orientations in externalizing their epistemic cognitions. Theory-based explanations are presented in terms of the participants’ traditional epistemic orientations in the sense of future directions of further research.

Gender Identity Construction of Mother in A Woman’s Story Based on Social Identity Theory

Papers on A Woman’s Story are mainly about the novel’s narrative strategies and writing techniques, mostly onanalyzing the static features rather than the dynamic characteristics of the novel. According to the theory of social identity,identity construction is a spontaneous process driven by individual self-esteem, with social mobility as one of its commonidentity construction strategies. As spatial mobility is a metaphorical expression of social mobility, which also could beregarded as the active choice and practice of Mother’s identity determination, we explored the corresponding changes inMother’s clothing and cognitive information based on her space mobility through her life. We then analyzed the awakeningof her identity consciousness and the processes involved in her identity construction. The dilemma and breakthroughof identity construction, represented by Ernaux’s mother, in the spatial mobility of marginalized individuals living in20th-century French society, were expounded. Thus, we excavated the correlation between spatial mobility and identityconstruction.

Understanding Political persuasion: Analyzing Image Schemas as Catalysts in Campaign Strategies

This study delves into the role of image schemas in language with a specific focus on their presence in the construction of metaphors in political speeches delivered during the 2018 electoral campaigns in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Image schemas refer to recurring patterns of understanding that arise from our bodily movements through space. To achieve this, the study utilizes the Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Image-Schema Theory, which investigate the presence of image schemas in political discourse. The study centers on the PATH, CONTAINER and FORCE image schemas, examining their role in the formation of metaphors and how they structure the relationship between source domains (journey and container) and the target domain (politics). Precisely, the study examines how politicians conceptualize politics as a journey or container, identifying four structural elements that define this relationship. The research also considers the persuasive techniques employed by Kurdish politicians and how they impact voting patterns. Overall, the study shows that image schemas are an essential tool in gaining public support and influencing voters, and they work as source domains for accessing target domains.

The use of metaphors by service users with diverse long-term conditions: a secondary qualitative data analysis.

Long-term conditions and accompanied co-morbidities now affect about a quarter of the UK population. Enabling patients and caregivers to communicate their experience of illness in their own words is vital to developing a shared understanding of the condition and its impact on patients' and caregivers' lives and in delivering person-centred care. Studies of patient language show how metaphors provide insight into the physical and emotional world of the patient, but such studies are often limited by their focus on a single illness. The authors of this study undertook a secondary qualitative data analysis of 25 interviews, comparing the metaphors used by patients and parents of patients with five longterm conditions. Analysis shows how similar metaphors can be used in empowering and disempowering ways as patients strive to accept illness in their daily lives and how metaphor use depends on the manifestation, diagnosis, and treatment of individual conditions. The study concludes with implications for how metaphorical expressions can be attended to by healthcare professionals as part of shared care planning.

Analysis of Allama Iqbal’s Poetry “Kabhi Ae Haqeeqat E Muntazir” Under The Light of Eugene Nida’s Linguistic Model

This study examined Allama Iqbal’s poem “Kabhi Ae Haqeeqat-e-Muntazir” through Eugene Nida’s dynamic equivalence model, evaluating Dr. Mustansir Mir’s English translation against the original Urdu text. The analysis revealed a nuanced interplay between literal meaning and metaphorical expression, highlighting challenges in conveying cultural nuances. The Findings indicated that Mir’s translation adeptly preserves the essence of Iqbal’s profound themes—encompassing the quest for truth, the transcendent power of music, the soul’s significance, sacrifice, peace, and sincerity in prayer. By navigating linguistic complexities and cultural barriers, the translation succeeds in ensuring accessibility and cultural resonance for a wider audience, affirming Nida’s principles in maintaining fidelity to the original while adapting it to a different linguistic and cultural milieu. Keywords: Dynamic Translation; Nida’s Linguistic Model; Iqbal’s Poetry

Cognitive perspective of metaphors in Chinese Hua'er folksongs

The cognitive frame and transferences from sources to targets of metaphor study have been evident in humanities. The present article aims to compare Chinese heritage Hua'er folksongs, Chinese new poetry, Chinese prose, Chinese news reportage, and Chinese news editorials. By adopting the indicator I1, the results show that the A = B metaphor is typically representative of Chinese Hua'er folksongs. At a more detailed level of comparison of the a-index, heritage folksong Hua'er bears the lowest level of metaphoricity for its repeated use of the metaphorical lexis both in the target domain and source domain. The genre-specific metaphorical expressions in Chinese poetic texts show that the higher a-index is, the more metaphoricity and more cognitive the effort will be. The nominalized metaphorical expressions in heritage Hua'er might limit the working memory constraints and the cognitive mastery of source-to-target structure for the singers to create metaphors.

A postcolonial structuralist critique of Yolisa Madolo’s Ndinetyala kusini na? (Am I guilty?)

Yolisa Madolo’s Ndinetyala kusini na? (‘Am I guilty?’) proves the notion that isiXhosa short stories could be viewed as making sociopolitical commentary on pertinent subjects such as natural creation, language and politics, road safety and accidents as well as HIV/AIDS stigmas and mythologies. It cannot be denied that Ndinetyala kusini na? contains covert meanings for the very reason that isiXhosa literary writers commonly use metaphorical expressions and sometimes magical realism. With this in mind, this article aims to critique how Madolo interweaves these subjects in the selected isiXhosa short story. The short story itself is recognised as a primary source of data, while postcolonial structuralist theory is applied to uncover and unravel the selected subjects. The objective of this article is to find the hidden meanings that Madolo may have purposively or inadvertently embedded in this literary narrative. During the discussions, it becomes clear that this short story is multifaceted in terms of meaning, and thus, cannot be classified as possessing just one subject. The closing remarks underline the necessity to appreciate that Ndinetyala kusini na? is epistemologically multidimensional in nature, in that multiple meanings could be enacted through literary critique.

The invisible divine in the history of art. Is Erwin Panofsky (1892–1968) still relevant for decoding Christian iconography?

References to the divine have been frequent in the history of Christian art. As examples, this article surveys the symbolism of light and gold, the rhetoric of gesture, and the theatricality of the pictorial space. Sacred art is closely linked to biblical, liturgical and theological texts which are full of metaphorical expressions of transcendent realities. Since artists, patrons and viewers considered these texts authoritative, they must be consulted to interpret artworks correctly. This study argues that Catholic theology and the magisterium have constantly called for references to the divine. As a theoretical framework, this image theology helps to interpret the art-historical data with new questions that tourists and communicators today usually do not ask. This is because Christian art mediates the meaning of divine revelation, which is not self-explanatory. It needs to be decoded with a method interested in both images and texts. Erwin Panofsky has presented such a method. His ‘iconology’ consists of three steps for describing, analyzing and interpreting images. This article claims that the interpretation of Christian art is a prime example of the ongoing applicability of Panofsky’s method as a tool for decoding iconography in pastoral, academic and social media communications, and examines a selection of best practices in such communications.

Conceptual Metaphors of “风 (Wind)” and “雨 (Rain)” in English and Chinese Idioms: A Corpus-Based Comparative Study

This study, framed within the paradigm of cognitive linguistics, systematically examines and analyzes the metaphorical expressions of “风 (wind)”, “雨 (rain)”, and “风雨 (wind and rain)” in English and Chinese idioms. The Chinese language data for this study primarily originates from Modern Chinese dictionary and the BCC corpus, while the English language data is predominantly sourced from the COCA corpus. Through a comprehensive comparative analysis, the following conclusions are drawn: regarding the metaphorical expressions of the “风 (wind)” , both English and Chinese languages predominantly exhibit similarities, demonstrating a characteristic of “differences within similarities”; in contrast, the metaphorical expressions of the “雨 (rain)” is not as rich as that of the “风 (wind)”, and the majority of metaphorical expressions manifest differences between English and Chinese, reflecting a “similarity within differences” pattern. The metaphorical expressions of the “风雨 (wind and rain)” show uniqueness in Chinese and an absence in English. This study suggests that the target domain of meteorological metaphorical terms can be broadly categorized into three aspects: (1) the natural target domain, (2) the social target domain, and (3) the psychological target domain. In English and Chinese languages, the similarities of meteorological metaphorical terms is mainly observed in the natural domain, whereas differences are primarily evident in the psychological domain, with fewer differences in the social domain.

A Study on Recognizing and Communicating Metaphors in Picture Book Creation in the Digital Age

Abstract Picture book creation has a rich metaphorical connotation, which is becoming more and more popular along with the development of digitalization. In this paper, the textual metaphors of picture book creation are extracted by combining the textual feature extraction model of the BERT pre-training model and HAN network, the ResNet50 network extracts the illustration metaphors of picture book creation, and the extracted metaphorical features are multimodal fused and recognized with the help of fully connected layer. In addition, a picture book metaphor dataset was constructed, and after analyzing the basic features of picture book metaphors, the effect of the constructed multimodal metaphor recognition was explored, and the recognition and communication of metaphors in picture book creation was studied. The results showed that the recognition accuracy in picture book creation ranged from 0.67 to 0.77, and the high degree of metaphor recognition in picture book creation showed a positive correlation with the average response time of communication, with the regression equation RT=138.45*IdentificationStd+1045.The results of the analysis of the metaphorical picture book creation pictures with textual references showed that the degree of communication comprehension (M=22.38. Std.=3.68), communication liking (M=94.86, Std.=13.58) and reaction time (M=82.44s, Std.=14.15s). Picture books facilitate better interactive communication through their metaphorical expression.

A Multimodal Metaphor Analysis of WeChat Emoticon From the Perspective of Visual Grammar

The WeChat emoticon in China is a multimodal discourse comprising words, pictures, and other symbols. It figuratively represents communication purposes using static symbols, such as words and images and dynamic symbols, such as animation, in synchronisation with both parties' perceptive abilities. This paper analyses the construction of multimodal metaphors with WeChat emoticons as the corpus, based on the three meta-functional theories of visual grammar and the concept of cognitive linguistics, to improve communicators' metaphorical understanding of emoticons and thus promote communication.

ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИЯ МЕТАФОР ЗАГОЛОВКА ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ТЕКСТОВ В ПРЕССЕ

The aim of this article is to analyze the interpretation of metaphors in the headlines of economic texts in the press. The corpus for analysis consists of economic texts published under the section "Wirtschaft" in the German news and political magazine "Der Spiegel". The article examines the role and significance of metaphors in the headlines of economic publications, as well as their interpretation within the texts themselves. It analyses examples of economic headlines and focuses on the repetition of metaphorical units and expressions within the texts. The interpretation of metaphors in the headlines of economic texts published in the press plays an important role in organizing the content and coherence of the texts, as well as in shaping evaluative characteristics and convincing the reader of the legitimacy of the phenomena being presented.

The Metaphorical Conceptualization of Two Conceptual Domains “Personality” and “Emotion” Through English Speakers’ Language

From the theory of conceptual metaphor, this study investigates how the two conceptual domains “personality” and “emotion” are conceptualized by English speakers through the language they use and finds out the role of that conceptualization in creating and comprehending the meaning of linguistic expressions referring to “personality” and “emotion”. The study is expected to provide the learners and teachers of English language with more insights into what lexicon can be used to talk about the two conceptual domains “personality” and “emotion” in English, avoiding the possibility of misunderstanding due to cultural-cognitive differences. The data was collected from 99 stories in the book “101 healing stories for kids and teens: Using metaphors in therapy” by George W. Burns through the metaphor identification method proposed by the Pragglejaz group (2007). Results show that PERSONALITY is often perceived in relation to more concrete concepts, including: A BUILDING, A DISEASE, A FLUID IN A CONTAINER A CONTAINER, A RESOURCE, A SOCIAL FORCE, and HEAT. Similarly, the category EMOTION is conceptualized as A CONTAINER, A MOVING OBJECT, AN ANIMAL, AN OBJECT, and HEAT. The results also show that English speakers’ perception is the basis for creating and comprehending the meaning of metaphorical linguistic expressions. From the analysis, the study suggests that the teachers of English language should be based the English native speakers’ conceptualization of these two domains “personality” and “emotion” to teach English collocations with “personality traits” and “kinds of emotions” and the the learners of English language should conceptualize and talk about “personality traits” and “kinds of emotions” in the way the native speakers do.

Metaphorical events in translation: Does language type matter?

Speakers across different languagesstructure a similar set of target domains (e.g., emotions, time, ideas) as spatial motion, relying on the same metaphorical mappings (abstract concept as moving entity; abstract concept as location). These crosslinguistic similarities co-occurwith crosslinguistic differences in the lexicalization of the source domain, with some languages encoding manner more frequently than others (e.g., English vs. Spanish). But do these patterns ofsimilarities and differences extend to translations of written texts?In this study, we analyzed metaphorical motion expressions from novels written in typologically distinct (German vs. Spanish) vs. typologically similar languages (German vs. Polish) and their translations into a language from the opposite (German vs. Spanish) or the same typological group (German vs. Polish). We observed strong crosslinguistic similarities in target domains and metaphorical mappings and systematic crosslinguistic differences in the lexicalization of the source domain, with translations largely adhering to the patterns of the target language. Our findings thus suggest that translations of metaphorical motion events to a target language—be it of a similar or a different typological group—followthe same patterns in the target and source language in structure (mappings) but adhere to the patterns of the target language in the lexicalization of the metaphorical event.

The Arewa Symbol

The Arewa symbol is much more than an emblem or a decorative pattern for the people of Northern Nigeria. It is an embodiment of their rich religious, cultural and philosophical heritage. While several works have been written on the Arewa symbol, this paper distinguishes itself by its focus on the interaction of philosophy, culture, and theological ideals in the Arewa symbol. The symbol is, therefore, a metaphorical expression of the philosophical, theological and cultural principles of the Northern region’s heritage. For the purpose of achieving the aim and objectives of this paper, the historical, hermeneutic and analytical methods of inquiry will be used. The paper discovered that the Arewa symbol captures the very essence of Hausa identity and the enduring legacy of Northern Nigeria’s rich tapestry of beliefs, traditions, and wisdom.

Dreaming of being chased reflects waking-life experiences related to negative relationships with others metaphorically.

It has long been argued that there are dream metaphors which express waking-life experiences indirectly. Most of empirical evidence concerning this topic was in a qualitative way, while few studies explored the topic in a quantitative way. Under this background, we investigated whether dreaming of the typical theme 'being chased or pursued' was a metaphorical expression for waking-life experiences related to 'negative relationships with others'. One hundred and sixty participants reported their waking-life experiences and dreams for a single day. Following this, two external judges rated whether there were any elements related to 'negative relationships with others' in both waking-life experiences and dreams. In addition, the judges assessed if there was any content related to 'being chased or pursued' in both waking-life experiences and dreams. The frequency of dreaming of 'negative relationships with others' was higher than the frequency of the same topic in waking-life experiences, which in turn was higher than the frequency of typical theme dreaming of 'being chased or pursued'. In addition, 'negative relationships with others' in waking-life experiences were correlated with both dreaming of 'being chased or pursued', and 'negative relationships with others' in dreams. These results suggested that the typical theme 'being chased or pursued' in dreams may represent some waking-life experiences metaphorically. In addition, the results support the threat simulation theory of dreaming, which suggests that threatening events in waking life increase the possibility of threatening events in dreams.

Krytyczna analiza tezy o przydatności idei metafory konceptualnej w wykładni prawa

Since George Lakoff and Mark Johnson published a book entitled Metaphors We Live By, metaphors and their role in everyday life have been recognised. Metaphor has henceforth ceased to be a means only of poetic imagination and rhetorical embellishment. It began to be seen also as a form of human thinking, a tool of cognition. Metaphor began to be seen in areas of life where it had hitherto been absent. These areas included law. However, the enthusiasm of authors who see the great role of metaphorical imagery in law is not justified. An analysis of the examples of metaphors in legal texts given in scientific studies indicates too much freedom in qualifying certain expressions as metaphors and seeing their role or usefulness where there is none – that is, also in legal texts and in the interpretation of law. Metaphors are mistaken for phraseological compounds and for previously metaphorical expressions that have permanently lost this character as a result of conventionalization or lexicalisation. The potential effect of adopting a cognitivist perspective has previously been otherwise achieved in the legal sciences at the expected level. The results indicated as possible with the tools of cognitive science are nothing new, and the possibility of achieving them is either debatable or impossible. The conceptual metaphor, on the other hand, can play an important role when it comes to the justification of judicial or administrative decisions, the content of law textbooks, statements of doctrinal representatives with regard to the law Using the language of cognitive science, the radial structures of legal and ethical concepts can more promisingly be made the subject of research, which can enable the coexistence of humans and artificial intelligence. The research material was mainly investigated using the method of linguistic analysis.

Features of metaphors in song discourse based on the texts of rock musicians

This article is devoted to the study of some linguistic and stylistic features of the English and Russian-language song discourse. The study is based on examples taken from the rock band songs. The lyrics of the songs were analyzed for the use of such a linguistic means of expression as metaphor. Research has shown that both Russian and English-speaking authors often use this linguo-stylistic means of expressiveness during the writing of their musical works to give euphony, a special expressive coloring and to convey their emotional state. It was revealed that song lyrics are an important element of musical culture and can convey to listeners not only musical, but also socio-political and philosophical ideas, while using various metaphorical constructions to give a vivid image. The article considers the impact on the imagination, emotions of the Russian and English-speaking listener through the use of metaphor and how this linguistic means draws attention to a certain feature of the described phenomenon and reflects the author’s attitude to the text.

Językowo-kulturowa kreacja myśliwego we wspomnieniach polujących (Szczęśliwe dni Stefana Badeniego i Wspomnienia myśliwskie Juliana Ejsmonda) – rekonesans

The article depicts the image of hunters in memoirs of those who used to hunt. There has also been done the attempt of analysis of the linguistic and cultural creation of hunters in the world presented in “The Happy Days “ by Stafan Badeni and “ Memoirs of Hunters “ by Julian Ejsmond.The analysis of the excerpted parts shows that in both works the image of the hunter is complex. The writers point out that the final and total score of the hunting is not the main purpose of the hunter. Both writers signify strong feelings and emotions experienced in contact with the nature, spending time with people sharing the same passions, cultivating centuries- long traditions and the observation of the St. Hubert cult in particular; emphasize also the uniqueness of experiences witnessed only by those connected with hunting. Analyzing the linguistic creation there have been used various stylistic devices (epithets, idioms, metaphoric expressions , images preserved in culture).