Metaphorical Associations Research Articles

Perceptions and experiences of leadership in undergraduate nurse education: A narrative inquiry

BackgroundThis research explored the experiences and perceptions of leadership preparation in pre-registration nursing education. The development of leadership skills in the pre-registration period is often considered a continuous process, and evidence suggests there has been an inconsistent approach to leadership within undergraduate nurse education. Exploring perceptions of experiences in this area was deemed important to guide future leadership development for undergraduate nursing students and formed the rationale for this Doctoral study. Design and methodsThe phenomena of interest were the expectations, experiences and perceptions of student nurses, academics, and nurses in preparation for the role of leadership. A narrative methodology to learning and contexts of learning was applied, data collection included semi structured interviews conducted early in 2020. Metaphorical associations through images are thought to support leadership development and philosophies; therefore, photographic elicitation was used to evoke association and emotions, facilitate reflection, and enable expression. The framework for narrative inquiry combined with the theoretical background was used for data analysis. ResultsLeadership is perceived to be an important aspect of the role of a qualified nurse and should be considered as central to learning development for undergraduate students. While all participants valued the importance of leadership in nursing, this research revealed how each narrated experience of leadership holds emotional impact on how leadership is viewed in self and others. ConclusionsParticipants' experience shaped each story of perceptions of leadership, both within education and in clinical practice. Students' narratives revealed tensions between expectations of leadership, defining leadership and associating their experiences with a personal vision of self as leader in the future role, along with a perceived disconnect between the social and cultural experiences and context of learning. Tensions within the experiences of the academics also revealed a juxtaposition between aligning their experience of leadership with the educational preparation of students and the experiences from clinical leadership, within the social constructs of dual professions and learning contexts.

The Cyborg’s Plant: Trans-corporeality in Kim Cho-yeop’s The Greenhouse at the End of the Earth

ABSTRACT This paper argues that Kim Cho-yeop’s science-fiction novel The Greenhouse at the End of the Earth (2020) reveals “trans-corporeal” material and ethical entanglement through its representation of a plant and a cyborg. The “mossvana” plant is genetically manufactured by a cyborg to resist and reduce the destructive effects of a human-induced environmental disaster. The plant is able to withstand the devastation of human-caused “dust,” which decimates entire human, animal, and plant populations in the mid-twenty-first century. In this post-apocalyptic novel, the plant emerges not only as the nexus of human and non-human agencies, but also as a figure for human ethical commitments toward non-human others. Through tracing recent trends in the environmental humanities and building on Stacy Alaimo’s thesis of “trans-corporeality,” this paper argues that this post-pandemic novel reveals a new kind of ethics that fosters inter-species awareness and human-nonhuman connection. In the concluding section, I discuss air pollution in Korea and the metaphoric associations with breathing. I argue that breathing is also a “trans-corporeal” act that transports microscopic particles from the external environment into the human lungs and bloodstream. Breathing is a trans-corporeal act in both the material and ethical senses of the term.

ІНТЕРТЕКСТУАЛЬНІСТЬ ЗАГОЛОВКОВИХ КОМПЛЕКСІВ У МЕДІАТЕКСТАХ

The article deals with the functional-stylistic and communicative-pragmatic features of intertextuality in headline complexes and their compositional role in the modern mediatexts (based on the publications of the information-analytical weekly "Dzerkalo tyzhnya"). Intertext is a cognitive-communicative category and a text-forming element, which implements the author's idea. The intertextual techniques are used in the main headings, subheadings, inner headings, epigraphs, leads. They serve to pay attention to the problem, to express the attitude and leading opinion of the publication, to draw parallels, comparisons, analogies between the intertext and mediadiscourse. These components concisely set the topic, reveal the idea, concept or create a subtext, adjust the reader to the appropriate perception of the publication. The main intertextual means in the headline complexes are proverbs and sayings, winged expressions, quotes, titles of literary works and films, their characters, etc. Analysis of mediatexts has shown that they are included in the headlines in a transformed form more often, the structure and semantics of the original intertext are changed. Allusions as the intertextual methods of imagery and expressiveness in the media evoke metaphorical associations with hinting at well-known social-historical or literary facts, events, phrases, characters of other texts. The elements of the mediatext (epigraph, lead, summary etc) complement and reveal intertextual headings. The epigraph is an optional element of the headline complex of mediatexts and a laconic intertextual technique. Before the text an accurate quotation helps to understand the concept and problem-thematic parameters of the mediatext. The intertextuality in the headline complex provokes emotional and semantic associations, they facilitate the perception of the text, but do not reveal the topic and content of the article, attract the interest of the reader only pragmatically. The intertextual means contribute to language economy and at the same time expand the semantic perspective of media headline, successfully implement their advertising function – to interest, to intrigue, to influence the subconscious referring to well-known texts and images. The language game expresses the headline complex aesthetically, attracts the reader to a productive knowing the publication, analytical understanding of reality.

Use of projective metaphorical association cards "pockets" in the process of training social sphere specialists

Use of projective metaphorical association cards "pockets" in the process of training social sphere specialists

Sweet taste brings happiness, but happiness does not taste sweet: the unidirectionality of taste-emotion metaphoric association

ABSTRACT According to the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, abstract concepts can be understood in terms of concrete concepts, but not vice versa, suggesting the unidirectionality of metaphoric association. In the current four experiments (valid N = 541), we examined the directionality of taste-emotion metaphoric association. To test the taste-to-emotion metaphoric association, we had participants rate on pleasantness after consuming a chocolate or rate their change in emotion using different scales before and after consuming a chocolate. To examine the emotion-to-taste metaphoric association, we induced participants’ emotion via watching film clips or retrieving autobiographical memory and asked them to rate the sweetness and bitterness after consuming a chocolate. With a more optimal design, results showed that sweet chocolates increased positive emotion and reduced negative emotion, whereas bitter chocolates increased negative emotion and reduced positive emotion. In contrast, induced emotion did not influence participants’ perception of chocolate taste. Other possible mechanisms are discussed.

To Africanize Spain: Twentieth-Century Spanish Poetry and the Persistent Forms of al-Andalus

To Africanize Spain: Twentieth-Century Spanish Poetry and the Persistent Forms of al-Andalus

God is Not Always Bright: Explicit and Implicit Associations between Brightness/Darkness and God in Bai People

ABSTRACT Across many languages and cultures, people tend to explicitly and implicitly associate brightness with God and darkness with the Devil. In the current research, we used an explicit Brightness-Godassociation test(Study 1) and an implicit reaction-time task (Study 2) to investigate religious cognitions in Bai people, an ethnic minority group in southwest China. While Bai people were faster to categorize Devil-related words appearing in a black font versuswhite font, they showed no significant differences in categorizing God-related words when the words presented in a white font versus black font, consistent with their explicit conventions that link“God”with both“brightness”and “darkness”. This pattern of God representations seems to contrast sharply with many other metaphorical associations documented to date. These findings are consistent with the worship of Mahakala (known as “Black Sky god”) in Benzhuism, a local religion in Bai people. Such results cannot be accounted for by valence correspondence such as both concepts of darkness and God having positive meanings. This is because Bai people demonstrate a strong preference for the color white versus black in their culture. We provide the first empirical evidence that light-dark metaphors in religious representations can show variations across cultures.

Controlled or automatic? Influence of congruency proportion and stimulus-onset asynchrony on the brightness-valence and spatial-valence metaphoric congruency effects

Whether a cognitive process is operated automatically or in a controlled manner has been a long-standing question in cognitive psychology. However, this issue has not been investigated in the activation of metaphoric association. A primed word valence judgement task is often used to test the activation of metaphoric association, in which participants first see a prime (bright/dark square or fixation point moving up or down from the centre of the screen) and then make a valence judgement to a target word. Metaphoric congruency effect occurs when participants make faster judgements to the target with valence being matched with the prime (good followed bright/top prime) than being mismatched with the prime (good followed dark/bottom prime). In the present two experiments, we manipulated prime-target stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA) and proportion of metaphorically congruent trials (congruency proportion) to tease apart the effects of automatic and controlled activation of brightness-valence and spatial-valence metaphoric associations on word valence judgements. Results showed an overall effect of congruency proportion on brightness-valence and spatial-valence metaphoric congruency effect, which was independent of prime-target SOA. The effect was enhanced or reversed when congruency proportion was higher or lower than 0.5, respectively, suggesting that the activation of metaphoric association could be modulated by strategic control. The implications of these findings on the Conceptual Metaphor Theory and semantic priming theories are discussed.

Corona Equivalents

This article, centered on the experience of photographing the sky during the COVID-19 pandemic, examines photographic history, the metaphorical associations of skies and clouds, and the photography of contrails. It contains an account of Alfred Stieglitz’s “Equivalents” which are used to contrast with the current situation of sky photography, in particular analyzing his framing, manipulation, and expressive symbolism, alongside nationalist readings of his images. Monochrome images of the sky are juxtaposed to an account of the varying associations of the color blue, drawing on the work of Derek Jarman. Nineteenth century views of the sky and the sublime are also discussed, including the work of John Ruskin and Edmund Burke, to suggest that current environmental peril undercuts the sublime effect. The article is illustrated with photographs from the sequence ‘Corona Equivalents’ made by the author.

特征整合与加工深度对道德概念容器隐喻联结的影响

特征整合与加工深度对道德概念容器隐喻联结的影响

Moral metaphorical effect of cleanliness on immoral workplace behaviors

Cleanliness connotes cleanness, hygiene, and beauty. Physical cleanliness is also a metaphor for moral purity, as proposed in recent literature. However, cleanliness means not only physical cleanliness but also environmental cleanliness. The article proposes that environmental cleanliness and physical self-cleanliness may metaphorically influence immoral behaviors in the workplace, and their effects may be different. The current study conducted a 2 (environmental cleanliness: clean vs. dirty) × 3 (self-cleanliness: hands-cleansing vs. face-cleansing vs. non-cleansing) between-subjects field experiment with employees as participants in a Chinese enterprise. One-hundred-seventy-seven employees volunteered to participate in the experiment. It was found that a clean workplace, rather than physical self-cleansing, renders harsh moral judgment regarding immoral workplace behaviors. The participants were less willing to accept immoral workplace behaviors in a clean environment than in a dirty environment, while self-cleanliness (hands-cleansing or face-cleansing vs. non-cleansing) had no significant influence on employees’ moral judgments of immoral workplace behaviors. In addition, the significant effects of environmental cleanliness were found in all the ten dimensions of immoral workplace behaviors. The findings reveal the metaphorical association between environmental cleanliness and the concept of higher social moral norms, and confirm that environmental cleanliness is a key factor leading to moral metaphorical effects. This result provides unique insight to the social significance of environmental cleanliness, and has important implications to prevent immoral workplace behaviors. A theoretical framework is proposed to explain why environmental cleanliness is more likely to affect moral judgment involving organizational interests than self-cleanliness. Considering most previous research has been done with samples of college students, this study is especially valuable through a field experiment on actual employees.

Time and Reversal in Birtwistle's Punch and Judy

We examine the occurrence of peripeteia in Harrison Birtwistle's 1967 opera Punch and Judy, as manifest in a reversal of cyclic time. Specifically, we extend a metaphorical association between the passage of cyclic time in the opera and discrete rotation in the complex plane generated by the imaginary unit i. Such a rotation moves alternately between the real and the imaginary axes, as scenes in the opera pass correspondingly through sacred and profane orientations. The instance of peripeteia results in a counter rotation, a dramaturgical inversion. To bring this reversal into the metaphor, we extend it from its situation in the complex plane to one in the space of Hamilton's quaternions, wherein such negation is obtained through the product of upper-level imaginary units. The scene that contains the reversal and that which consists of the opera's comic resolution epitomize the drama and occupy the highest level of dramatic structure.

Семантические особенности фитонима «полынь» в современной калмыцкой лирике: английский перевод в аспекте имагологии

The article focuses on verbal olfacty representation on the example of phytonym “sage” in the poetic text of Rimma Khaninova “Sage Scent” (2008) and the literary translation by Nikolay and Gala Burlakovs. The comparative analysis of the original and the English translation enables us not only to set the intercultural dialogue but also see the distinctive features of one culture through the prism of another language. The phytonym “sage” in the author’s text has a strong and associative dominance reflecting the underlying peculiarities of the culture of the Kalmyk people. Such floral features of phytonym “sage” as a long-lasting fragrance and color create a lot of additional metaphorical associations. On the figurative level, the scent of sage represents the scent of motherland, freedom, on the emotional level – it is the memory of the native land, a landmark. The national identity is expressed implicitly through positive evaluative characteristics of sage scent. In the poetic translation by N. and G. Burlakovs the main idea and the plot line of the poem remained the same, however, the verbal olfacty representation – the sage scent ― is rendered from the point of view of the people of the Western culture. The emotional and image associations in English stay the same, but they do not reflect the unique feature of the phytonym “sage” for national identity of the Kalmyk people, they lack the dominant ethnic-specific feature of this plant which is the equality to the native land and national language.

The influence of congruency proportion, target eccentricity, and valence strength on the spatial-valence metaphoric congruency effect in a word valence judgment task.

In a word valence judgment task, positive words (e.g., excellence) are judged faster when presented at the top (congruent position) than at the bottom of the screen (incongruent position), whereas the opposite pattern occurs for negative words (e.g., disaster). This spatial-valence metaphoric congruency effect reflects top-positive/bottom-negative metaphoric association and may be attributed to at least three possible mechanisms: spreading activation between spatial and valence concepts (activation account), epistemic function that a conceptual metaphor serves to reduce the uncertainty associated with valence concepts (epistemic account), and/or the extent to which spatial-valence metaphoric association is relevant to task demand (relevance account). In three experiments, we manipulated congruency proportion, target eccentricity, and valence strength in a word valence judgment task to test these three possible accounts. Results showed that the metaphoric congruency effect was larger when a high (vs. equal) proportion of targets appears in congruent, relative to incongruent, position, and for targets with strong (vs. weak) valence. However, the effect in reaction time measure was not modulated by whether the target appeared in the position being near vs. far away from the center of the screen. The overall findings are better accommodated by the relevance account. The implications of the current findings on other theoretical accounts, such as Conceptual Metaphor Theory and polarity correspondence account, are also discussed.

Colorative Challenges in English Economic Terminology

The paper focuses on multicompound English economic terms with colorative components that constitute a large lexis group, creating constant challenges for translators of economic literature. The introductory part briefly outlines the cognitive aspects of terminology research and discusses advantages of descriptive approach toward economic terminology. Then, it is demonstrated that terminology displays emotive and expressive content by means of connotations as well as such tools as colour-related metaphors. The general trend within this terminological group is the diversity of metaphorical associations that influenced term-formation and the diversity of translating keys that can give the right semantic insight to the translator. Finally, colorative term compounds in economic terminology are regarded as a challenge posed in the context of translation.

The Fixed Childfree Subjectivity: Performing Meta-Facework about Sterilization on Reddit

ABSTRACT Although sterilization is the most common and effective form of birth control available, childfree individuals often report difficulty actually obtaining the procedure. The ideological and material constraints that impede access have been well documented, including physicians’ pronatalist perceptions that childless women will regret sterilization when they mature or meet the right partner. However, researchers have demonstrated that childfree women experience low levels of regret after sterilization, indicating that physicians’ reluctance is empirically unfounded. In order to mitigate physicians’ hesitancy, childfree individuals organize and communicate online in order to share health-related information, seek support, and engage in identity work to more effectively procure the procedure. The current study contributes to critical health, interpersonal, and family communication conversations by employing performative face theory to study online interactions on the childfree subreddit, the largest and most active online forum dedicated to child freedom. Through critical-qualitative analysis of a cross-section of subreddit posts about sterilization, this study demonstrates how subreddit discourse draws upon ideological and metaphorical associations to articulate the fixed childfree subjectivity, which rejects negative significations of regret in favor of positive notions of repair and permanence. Users further engage in subversive meta-facework, or facework presented online about facework users engaged in offline, which maintains shared face and denaturalizes taken-for-granted linkages between gender, identity, and parenthood. Implications for health activism across individual, relational, communal, and cultural levels are discussed.

The Taste of Emotion: Metaphoric Association Between Taste Words and Emotion/Emotion-Laden Words.

According to the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, abstract concepts can be metaphorically associated with more concrete, physically embodied concepts, such as gustatory experience. Studies on taste–emotion metaphoric association reported that people associate love with sweet, jealousy with sour and bitter, and sadness with bitter. However, few studies have systematically examined the metaphoric association between taste and words referred to emotion (e.g., “sad”) or emotion-laden concepts (e.g., “funeral”). In the current four studies (total N = 357), we examined this metaphoric association by having participants come up with a taste word when reading an emotion and emotion-laden word (Study 1—explicit association of taste words-to-emotion/emotion-laden words), come up with an emotion word when reading taste words (Study 2—explicit association of emotion words-to-taste words), rate the association between taste words and basic or non-basic emotion words (Study 3), and rate the association between taste words and a more expanded pool of emotion/emotion-laden words (Study 4). Results showed that sweet was mostly associated with positive emotion and emotion-laden words, whereas bitter, followed by sour and spicy, was mostly associated with negative emotion and emotion-laden words. The bidirectionality of taste–emotion metaphoric association was supported by our dataset. The implications of these findings on the Conceptual Metaphor Theory and embodied cognition are discussed.

Do up-displayed eco-friendly products always perform better? The moderating role of psychological distance

With the deterioration of the human living environment, the consumption of eco-friendly products has received increasing attention, specifically with regard to morality. Given the positive metaphorical associations between morality and up-position, up-displayed eco-friendly products can enhance consumers’ positive responses to such products. More importantly, we find that the up-position enhancement effect depends on consumers’ psychological distance from environmental issues. The results from five studies (Studies 1a, 1b, 1c, 2, and 3) demonstrate that when consumers perceive a far psychological distance from environmental issues, up-displaying eco-friendly products can enhance their processing fluency for product information, resulting in more positive product evaluations and higher purchase intentions. However, the enhancement effect of up-displaying eco-friendly products is attenuated when consumers perceive environmental issues as proximal to them. The present findings theoretically contribute to dual-processing models and construal level theory and provide practical benefits to companies’ marketing strategies of eco-friendly products.

Visual Metaphor and Trademark Distinctiveness

This Article examines images in the context of trademark law’s inherent distinctiveness doctrine. While trademark law still lacks a coherent, uniform, and predictable framework for deciding the distinctiveness of visual image marks—logos and product packaging—it has long used the “imagination” test to effectively determine a word mark’s distinctiveness. Under this doctrine, immediately protectable word marks must operate in a metaphoric relationship to the words from which they are drawn (i.e., as figures of speech), requiring consumers to use their imagination to reach a conclusion as to the nature of the goods or services offered under the marks (e.g., “Klondike” for ice cream and “Greyhound” for a bus service). This makes sense because the first requirement of a valid trademark is that it be a “symbol”, and, as this Article shows, the basic characteristic of any symbol is its figurative quality. Research in conceptual metaphor theory finds, however, that metaphor is “primarily a matter of thought and action and only derivatively a matter of language.” Indeed, brands rely not just on verbal metaphor, but also on visual metaphor to differentiate themselves from competitors in the marketplace (e.g., McDonald’s “golden arches” and Starbucks’s “siren”). This Article thus claims that visual metaphor provides a figurative, cognition-based vehicle by which to extend trademark law’s imagination test of inherent distinctiveness from words to images. In doing so, it conceives of metaphorical association as a central consideration in analyzing the inherent distinctiveness of both word and image marks.

An Appreciation of Metaphors in Management Consulting from the Conceptual Lens of Holistic Flexibility

AbstractMetaphors are popular in human interaction as a means to make relevant associations, convey complex ideas, and even dramatize reality or introduce humour in conversations. Metaphors, if leveraged effectively, can be a powerful tool for management consultants in their client engagement process. Chosen with a sensitive and empathetic rationale, metaphors can not only help fathom highly complex problem situations, they can also bring in an element of light‐heartedness in consulting conversations that may otherwise be stale and unexciting. Metaphorical associations can enable informality, trust, and long‐term engagement between consultants and their clients. This paper presents a first person narrative of how the author has used metaphors as a tool for creative consulting. A reflection is provided on how the experiences narrated in this paper align with the conceptual lens of holistic flexibility introduced by Rajneesh Chowdhury in his latest book on systems thinking for management consultants in 2019.