Categories Of Metaphors Research Articles

东盟中文学习者画作中的中文教师角色：基于隐喻的分析

<p>With the implementation and promotion of the "Belt and Road" initiative, economic and trade cooperation and humanistic exchanges between China and ASEAN are going deeper, and Chinese language education in ASEAN has shown a booming development. As a core participant of international Chinese language education in the region, the role of Chinese language teachers is an important conceptual source of ASEAN youth's perception of China, which has a crucial impact on Chinese language learners. Based on the creation of visual metaphors, this study uses the teacher metaphor analysis framework to summarize the ASEAN Chinese teacher role metaphor categories and explore the ASEAN Chinese teacher traits from the learners' perspective. We selected 60 graphic works created by ASEAN Chinese learners as the research material, extracted 31 Chinese teacher role metaphors, and delineated six metaphorical conceptual categories. This study aims to arouse the attention of international Chinese teacher educators, social organizations, and Chinese teachers themselves to the developmental changes of Chinese teacher roles, and to provide a reference for the professional development of international Chinese teachers.</p>

The influence of stadium renovations on the ambiance perceived by soccer audiences: the case of the Maracanã stadium in Rio de Janeiro

Carrying a triple economic, social, and political dimension, the ambiance of a football stadium is an essential intangible asset as a cultural heritage. It is a subject of conflicts of use between organizations in the sports-spectacle sector and supporters. This article aims to analyze the impact of the renovations carried out in Maracanã Stadium, which took place from 1999 to 2014, on the ambiance experienced by cariocas clubs’ public. An ethno-topographic study was conducted, involving participant observation of 15 matches and 26 individual active non-directive interviews with spectators, to design a mnemonic archive of Maracanã. Through exploring the memories of the public, this research reveals five categories of metaphors that hold significance in describing the ambiance experienced and perceived before and after the renovations. These renovations, not only alter the ambiance of the stadium but are universally experienced as an urban trauma, compromising the re-appropriation of this public space by its users.

War on feminism: an analysis of metaphorical representations on Weibo

ABSTRACT Social media has become a critical medium for disseminating key feminist ideas; however, negative representations of feminism have been observed on Chinese platforms. Metaphor analysis offers valuable insights into public perceptions and attitudes towards social issues, highlighting the role of metaphors in influencing reasoning and decision-making. This study delves into metaphors related to feminism on Weibo, a Chinese microblogging platform akin to Twitter. By analyzing 206,089 Weibo posts about feminism using established metaphor identification methods, six metaphorical categories were identified: War, business, illness, animal, religion, and other metaphors, with war metaphors being the most prevalent. Many of these metaphors carry negative implications, typically portraying feminism as irrational, exploitative, and disruptive to societal norms and values, leading to calls for its suppression. This study contributes to existing literature by highlighting the metaphorical framing of feminism on social media and offering novel insights into its evaluation within the Chinese context.

Unleashing the potential of metaphors: a categorization system for exploring return to work after maternity

PurposeReturn to work after maternity leave represents a radical change in women’s lives. This paper aims to present a new metaphor categorization system based on two studies, which could assist working mothers in expressing the nuances of their experience when returning to work after maternity leave.MethodsWe carried out the analysis of the metaphors according to the method for thematic analysis, through a multistep, iterative coding process. To ensure the researchers encode the data similarly, inter-coder reliability was achieved through the judges’ agreement method. The level of agreement between the two judges was measured by Cohen’s kappa.ResultsIn Study 1, we established a system comprising ten metaphor categories (namely, Natural event and/or element, Challenge and destination, Movement and/or action, Fresh start, Fight, Game and hobby, Animal, Alternate reality, Means of transport, Hostile place). In Study 2, we recognized the same metaphor categories observed in Study 1, except “Means of transport”, even with data sourced from a distinct participant group, an indicator of credibility in terms of inter-coder reliability.ConclusionFindings highlight the usefulness of this new metaphor categorization system (named Meta4Moms@Work—Metaphors system for Moms back to Work) to facilitate a more straightforward elicitation of the meanings employed by working mothers to depict their return to work after maternity leave. Leveraging these insights, researchers/practitioners can develop and execute primary and secondary interventions aimed to enhance working mothers’ work-life balance, well-being, and mental health.

Translation Research on Conceptual Metaphor in the 2023 Chinese Government Work Report

In traditional rhetoric, metaphor is simply a rhetorical device used to make the mentioned things more understandable. It was not until 1980 that two cognitive linguists, George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1980) argued in Metaphors We Live By that the essence of metaphor is the cognitive mechanism by which abstract things are explained through concrete things, shifting the study of metaphor from the linguistic level to the cognitive level. Later on, Lakoff (1996) analyzed political metaphor from a cognitive perspective for the first time in Moral Politics, which drives the upsurge of research on conceptual metaphor in political discourse. Political discourse usually uses metaphor to conceptualize the political ideas and issues it aims to disseminate, and the use of conceptual metaphor is closely related to national culture, so the translation of conceptual metaphor has become the key to the overseas publicity of political discourse. On March 5, 2023, Premier Li Keqiang delivered Chinese Government Work Report at the opening meeting of the first session of the 14th National People’s Congress. After reading the official translation on www.china.org.cn, the authors find that the Report contains a wealth of conceptual metaphors, and whether the translation of these metaphors is appropriate or not will affect the accuracy of people’s understanding of the Report. Based on Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) conceptual metaphor theory and Group’s (2007) metaphor identification procedure, this paper takes the 2023 Chinese Government Work Report and its English translation version on www.china.org.cn as the research corpus. Through manual screening, classification and statistics of conceptual metaphors, this paper explores ten types of conceptual metaphor models, namely human metaphor, journey metaphor, war metaphor, cultural metaphor, architecture metaphor, water metaphor, animal and plant metaphor, machine metaphor, line metaphor as well as object metaphor. Based on Xiao’s (2005) cognitive strategy of metaphor translation, this paper also analyzes the translation of ten types of conceptual metaphors. This paper attempts to explore the following three research questions: (1) What are the types of metaphorical patterns in the Report? (2) How are the conceptual metaphors used in the Report and what cultural connotations and images are conveyed by them? (3) How to effectively translate conceptual metaphors in the Report to achieve a better understanding of the target audience? Microsoft Office (Word and Excel) is used as a statistical tool and a mapping tool to count specific conceptual metaphor categories and record typical metaphor keywords, and visualize the data of the proportion of various types. This paper tries to summarize and analyze the cultural connotations and images conveyed by the conceptual metaphors, so as to provide help for the English translation of Chinese political discourse and promote the international dissemination of Chinese political ideas. Through the analysis of conceptual metaphors, we can judge that although the political concepts in the Report is abstract, conceptual metaphors can express them more concretely and more easily understood by the audience through the mapping from the source domain to the target domain.

Категория «частноправовой механизм защиты права»: эвристический потенциал использования в цивилистической теории и практике

The article discusses the genesis of the metaphorical category of “mechanism” in relation to the protection of civil rights. The natural character of the appearance of this category in the arsenal of the methodology of civilis-tics, due to the property of metaphorical legal consciousness is demonstrated. The heuristic potential of the category “mechanism” at its instrumental use in private law sciences is revealed, due to the fact that it initially assumes a plurality of interpretations and thus is already adapted to the conceptualization of any empirical ma-terial that needs a new comprehension from the point of view of de lege ferenda, with the subsequent for-mation of enforcement practice; it allows to build more clearly the inter-branch relations and structure the legal regulation as a whole – both at the national and interstate level; contributes to a more reliable testing of any new tools that are gradually introduced into the legal system in connection with the emergence of new realities, the concepts of regulation of which have not yet been fully formed. It is concluded that the category “private law mechanism of law protection” emphasizes the dialectical unity of static and dynamic aspects of legal regula-tion, as well as provides the genesis of a new subject of legal regulation, objectively inevitable in the rapidly changing post-industrial society.

The Study Of Metaphor Categories And The Translation Strategies Metaphors In Twilight

This paper discusses the metaphor categories and the translation strategies that are used in Twilight (2005) novel using Newark’s (1988) theory of metaphor categories and Larson’s (1984) theory of metaphor translation strategies. The acquired data consist of verbal data from Source Language (SL) text and Target Language (TL) text from both novels. This study is a qualitative study with note-taking technique library research, and observation. The library research and observation were applied to obtain information and evidence about the metaphor categories and the translation strategies used by the translator. The data then collected and noted using the note-taking technique, and there were 264 data gathered from SL and TL text which then analyzed to determine the categories and translation strategies of the metaphors. The analysis of the data then showed that dead metaphor is the main category that are found in SL and TL text with 172 data in SL text and 136 data in TL text. The next categories found is stock metaphor with 61 data in SL and 36 data in TL text, followed by cliché metaphor with 31 data in SL and 26 data in TL. There were no original, adapted, and recent metaphor categories found from the gathered data. In terms of metaphor translation strategies, there are four strategies used by the translator to translate metaphor as follows: (1) 150 data found translated using the strategy of metaphor/simile to metaphor/simile with the same image, (2) 9 data found translated using metaphor to simile strategy, (3) 56 data found translated by using metaphor to metaphor in the receptor language strategy, and (4) 150 data found translated using the strategy of metaphor to non-figurative language. The determination of metaphor categories and the translation strategies can help both the translator and the receptor language readers in a way that the categorization of the metaphor may assist the translator consider the most appropriate strategy to translate figurative language. Moreover, using the appropriate translation strategy can contribute to the accuracy, acceptability, and readability of the translation receptor language readers.

From Context-Free to Context-Embedded: A Comparative Study on the Interpretation of Metaphors in Sentence-Level and Situation-Based Tests in Saudi EFL Learners

This research delved into the understanding of metaphoric competence among Saudi EFL learners, particularly in the context of situational contexts, linguistic and conceptual similarities, and differences. With a backdrop that accentuates the significance of metaphors in language proficiency, the study addressed the lack of attention to metaphoric competence in EFL settings, especially in Saudi Arabia. The study embraced a quantitative paradigm, utilizing a cross-sectional design, and engaged a sample of 94 Saudi EFL students. Data was collected through instruments such as the Receptive Language Proficiency Test, Receptive Metaphoric Competence Test (R-MC), and Familiarity Scale (FAMscale). Key findings indicated a notable difference in students' scores between sentence-level tests (SLT) and situation-based tests (SBT) about the interpretation of metaphors. Furthermore, significant differences emerged among three linguistic and conceptual categories of metaphors for both SLT and SBT. In essence, the research underscored the paramount role of situational context and linguistic-conceptual nuances in influencing EFL learners' metaphoric interpretations. The study underscores the important differences in Saudi EFL learners' interpretations of metaphors across varied linguistic and conceptual categories. These findings advocate for targeted pedagogical approaches in EFL curricula that emphasize the integration of linguistically and conceptually congruent metaphoric expressions, paving the way for enhanced comprehension and proficiency among learners.

Similaic Eroticism and Polymorphic Sexuality

ABSTRACT This article performs a psycho-rhetorical reading of the generalized theorization and specific application of simile in classical and early modern rhetorical treatises and in Shakespeare’s similaically entitled play, As You Like It (1600), respectively. Shakespeare’s play articulates multiple forms of gender and sexuality that are situated beyond the phallic norm inscribed into the privileged category of metaphor and trope; that is, cisgender heterosexuality. These forms include nonprocreative pleasure, lesbianism, homosexuality, incest, adultery, polyamory, pansexuality, drag and masquerade, and nonbinary gender, all of which are associated with the figure of simile. The similaically erotic, polymorphic language of Shakespeare’s illustrative comedy transgresses the Law of the phallus, and fabricates alternative gradations of gender, sexuality, love, li(n)king, and desire. Consequently, repressive and reductive operations of ancient and early modern rhetorical guides constitutively fail in Shakespeare’s play, and reaffirm the nonnormative forms of gender and sexuality that they aspire to censure and censor.

OVERVIEW OF ONLINE SHOPPING THROUGH METAPHORS DURING THE PANDEMIC PERIOD

With this study, it is aimed to examine the metaphorical perceptions of the teachers participating in the research regarding the concept of "online shopping" during the pandemic period. In the literature review we conducted, no metaphorical research was found to determine the perceptions of teachers about the concept of online shopping of any person or institution.
 
 A total of 138 teachers, who are the teachers of our school as a participant group, constitute the research. The teachers participating in the research were asked to complete the statement "Online shopping is like/similar to………… because……" in order to reach the findings regarding the teachers' use of online shopping during the pandemic period and the metaphors they have regarding the concept of online shopping, through an online form. Of the 138 teachers participating in our research, 131 of the questionnaire forms were evaluated; The metaphors produced by the teachers for the concept of online shopping were first categorized under 2 main headings as positive metaphors about online shopping and negative metaphors about online shopping, and after this categorization, positive metaphors about online shopping were divided into 6 different categories; Negative metaphors were grouped into 3 different categories. According to the results of the research, 70.2 of the metaphors used by teachers for online shopping were in the positive category and 29.8 in the negative category. In the positive metaphor category, food, poetry, friend, need; In the negative category, it was seen that the themes such as swamp, closed box, poison, laziness were emphasized.
 
 Qualitative and quantitative research methods were used in the analysis and interpretation of the data obtained at the end of the study. The process of analyzing and interpreting data; It was carried out in five stages: (1) coding and elimination stage, (2) metaphor identification stage, (3) category development and classification stage, (4) validity and reliability stage, and (5) transferring the data to the SPSS package program for quantitative data analysis.
 
 After the findings obtained from the research were categorized, they were also evaluated in terms of gender, age and professional experience variables; It has been observed that a total of 9 metaphorical categories, positive and negative, created by teachers regarding the concept of "online shopping" during the pandemic period differ in terms of these variables.

SENI BAHASA DALAM LEKA PELIAN BERDASARKAN PERSPEKTIF TEORI METAFORA KONSEPTUAL

“Leka pelian” is a traditional poem of the Iban community in the invocation category, which is used in traditional Iban healing rituals. Every word sung by the “manang” in “leka pelian” is decorated with figurative language and metaphors to add more beauty to the art of poetry. However, the lack of experts in “leka pelian” makes it difficult for the younger generation, especially the Iban community, to understand the figurative language and metaphors used in “leka pelian” by the “manang”. This has led to the younger generation showing less interest in delving into oral traditions such as “leka pelian”. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the meaning of the metaphors that shapes the “leka pelian” based on the conceptual metaphor theory of Lakoff and Johnson (1980). This study is qualitative and uses the Conceptual Metaphor Theory of Lakoff and Johnson (1980) to analyse the categories of metaphors found in “leka pelian”. Content analysis method is used to analyse each category of metaphor found in “leka pelian”. The findings show that the figurative language in “leka pelian” consists of abstract metaphors to reality, simile metaphors, animal metaphors, nature metaphors, as well as adapted and cultural comparison metaphors in their lives. The investigation shows that nature metaphors are more dominant than other metaphors because they are influenced by the surrounding nature, making nature a metaphor in communication. This category of metaphor is also used as a medium of communication between human world and the supernatural world. The implication of this research shows that the use of different categories of metaphor in “leka pelian” can increase the knowledge of traditional healers and the Iban community, especially in terms of language skills.

The Life and Legacy of Danijela Kulezic-Wilson

The Life and Legacy of Danijela Kulezic-Wilson

Women’s Metaphors About BRCA Gene Testing and How They Can Inform Health Communication Theory and Practice

ABSTRACT Genetic testing can detect whether an individual carries a harmful variant in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 (Breast Cancer 1 or 2) gene which, if present, drastically increases a woman’s risk for breast and ovarian cancer. The experience of BRCA gene testing can be an emotionally laden process yielding significant uncertainty. In this study, we examined women’s experiences of BRCA gene testing by exploring how participants communicatively framed and made sense of this process through the use of metaphors. Comparing uncertain and unfamiliar experiences to familiar references through metaphor can help people in challenging health-related situations with sense-making and communicating complex emotions. Furthermore, metaphors can be employed as a therapeutic tool by health care professionals, but their use has not often been studied regarding experiences of genetic testing, including BRCA gene testing. We conducted in-depth interviews with 42 women who have undergone BRCA gene testing (regardless of results), and analyzed data using constant comparative techniques. Eight categories of metaphors that women used surrounding BRCA gene testing were evident in the data, including those related to (a) knowledge is power; (b) gambling; (c) a journey; (d) a rollercoaster; (e) battle, disaster, or wreckage; (f) Pandora’s box or a can of worms; (g) doom and gloom; and (h) the release or placing of a weight. Results enhance our understanding of women’s experiences related to the uncertainty-inducing process of BRCA gene testing and lead to valuable theoretical implications and practical recommendations, including regarding the potential use of metaphors in patient-provider communication about BRCA genetic risk.

The QUICK SCREEN in Action: Project, Product, or Platform Case Examples

Assessing innovative technologies and venture opportunities in the biopharma-life science space involves a complicated effort. However, should it be? This question is especially relevant when screening new opportunities. This paper addresses how established firms can quickly and efficiently assess new biomedical-life science ventures of different maturity (development and commercial) levels. Boni’s (2012, 2019) “quick screen” and metaphorical “3 Ps” (project, product, platform) provide a practical framework to examine new biopharma-life science ventures (assets). Boni’s works (2012, 2019) frame these elements. They intend to provide a framework to complement case studies for use separately in a workshop or “boot camp” format. Our present effort includes multiple case studies to provide practical guidance for the framework’s use. Accordingly, this paper extends Boni’s work by examining eight practical cases gathered via a purposeful sample to illustrate the use of the “quick screen” relative to each metaphorical category: project (4), product (2), and platform (2). Data sources included company and market information from company documents, firm websites, peer-review sources, market reports, and business portals. Data were mapped against “quick screen” criteria and categorized as positives, negatives, or uncertainties. Evaluation of the mapped data led to low to medium to high ratings relative to opportunity, monetary, and competitive advantage criteria. Descriptions provide qualitative insights to situate each case example relative to its specific “3 P” category, with six cases subclassified (e.g., moderate-low, low-moderate, high-moderate) when graded. This paper provides four practical contributions: 1) multiple “real world” cases to illustrate the framework, 2) a risk-opportunity-maturity relationship model, 3) scenarios of when or when not to use the “quick screen”, and 4) engagement strategies based on “P” classification as practice contributions. It concludes that Boni’s (2012, 2019) construct provides a useful and efficient tool for examining new biopharma- life science ventures (assets) at differing maturities. Future work should build on these case examples, findings, and contributions while embracing a more-structured case study evaluation methodology to further practice and theory contributions.

Direito contra direitos? Uma polêmica do Largo de São Francisco na Folha de S. Paulo: reflexões crítico-discursivas

ABSTRACT In this paper I present results of a project that, in the context of critical discourse studies and the interdiscursive analysis of public policies, focused on representations in online journalism regarding public policies aimed at the homeless population. The research project (CAPES 88881.172032/2018-01) was developed at the Pompeu Fabra University, Spain. Considering the main newspaper of the city of São Paulo, in its digital platform, we have compiled a comprehensive corpus of news about homeless situation published in a period of three years. The choice to specifically address data from Folha de S Paulo is justified because it is the city with the largest homeless population in Brazil. Also, because our previous study has shown that this is the vehicle, among those studied, that publishes more news related to territorial issues, our focus of interest to investigate via the discursive categories of metaphor and representation of social actors.

A Study of the Use of Iconic and Metaphoric Gestures with Motion-Based, Static Space-Based, Static Object-Based, and Static Event-Based Statements.

In this article, we extend our previously suggested categorization of metaphors to literal statements, and categorize metaphorical and literal statements into four pairs of corresponding metaphorical and literal statements: (1) motion-based metaphorical/literal statements; (2) static space-based metaphorical/literal statements; (3) static object-based metaphorical/literal statements; (4) static event-based metaphorical/literal statements. Then, we report a study that investigated the use of metaphoric and iconic gestures with these corresponding categories during the retelling of a set of stories by a group of thirty participants. The participants listened to five audio short stories. Each story contained one statement of each metaphoric category and one statement of each literal category. After listening to each story, they retold it in their own language in front of a camera. The results showed that event-based metaphors and event-based literal statements were accompanied by the smallest number of metaphoric and iconic gestures. Furthermore, there was a significant similarity between each metaphorical category and its corresponding literal category in the number of gestures that were used with these categories. This similarity supports the idea that the mechanisms underlying the embodiment of metaphorical and literal statements are essentially similar.

Nursing Care Experiences With Syrian Refugees in Southern Turkey: A Metaphor Analysis.

Healthcare professionals' "cultural prejudices" toward individuals' cultural beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions affect the care they provide. Their awareness of their bias is closely associated with the quality of healthcare provided. This study was designed to assess nurses' perceptions regarding providing care to Syrian refugee patients using metaphors and to evaluate their views based on these metaphors. The participants in this qualitative study consisted of 80 nurses who worked in Level 1 and Level 2 health institutions. Data were collected using an interview form prepared by the researchers. The form included descriptive characteristics of the nurses and two expressions used to determine the nurses' opinions on providing care for Syrian refugee patients. The nurses were given an incomplete sentence, which was "Providing care for a Syrian refugee patient…because…," and were asked to complete the blanks. The data were analyzed using the content analysis method. On the basis of "providing care for Syrian refugee patients," four categories of metaphors were determined: occupational awareness, health promotion, a difficult process/resistance, and providing service in vain. The participants generated 50 metaphors, with "humanity," "a baby/little child," and "a barrier" as the three most used metaphors, belonging to the "occupational awareness" and "a difficult process/resistance" categories, respectively. The metaphors of nurses regarding giving care to Syrian refugee patients were mostly concentrated in the categories of "occupational awareness" and "a difficult process/resistance." Metaphors generated by the nurses offer a powerful research tool to reveal, understand, and explain nurses' personal perceptions and to develop and support nursing care accordingly. In addition, the subject of transcultural nursing should be discussed more extensively in nursing education programs. Understanding the social context of refugees is very important during the nursing care process.

“More than conquerors”: A qualitative analysis of war metaphors for patients with cancer.

e24134 Background: Limited research suggests that war metaphors may be harmful for patients with cancer. For instance, it has been claimed that the use of war metaphors is associated with increased anxiety and depression, as well as poor coping for patients with cancer. However, little is known about how patients use and perceive these metaphors. Metaphors, which are intrinsic to the human conceptual system, help articulate patients’ experiences and needs. In this study, we explored patient narratives of illness metaphors in cancer, focusing particularly on war metaphors. Methods: Fifteen patients diagnosed with various stages of lung, colorectal or breast cancer completed semi-structured qualitative interviews about their use of metaphors after their cancer diagnoses. Interviews explored war metaphors in the context of treatment decisions, aggressiveness of care, and quality of life. Patients were also provided with a curated list of metaphors and asked about their use and experience thereof. Transcribed interviews were organized and analyzed by descriptive content analysis using NVivo software. Results: The most used metaphor categories were: 1) nature (e.g., journey, season); 2) militaristic (e.g., battle, victory, fight); and 3) uncertainty (e.g., mystery, puzzle). War metaphors were frequently referenced in patients’ support communities rather than in hospital or clinician encounters. Next, all patients with non-metastatic disease (n = 7) used war metaphors to describe their illness experience. Among all patients who used metaphorical language to describe their experience (n = 14), the only ones who did not use war metaphors (n = 2) had metastatic disease; these patients found war metaphors to be unhelpful due to their sense of having no control over the outcome. Lastly, participants reported that war metaphors served the following purposes in their illness experience with cancer: 1) promoted perseverance in the face of adversity, 2) expressed optimism, and 3) allowed them to relate cancer to previous life challenges. Conclusions: The hypothesis that war metaphors are invariably counterproductive for patients appears to be misguided. Metaphors of fighting, victory and battle worked both to empower and harm patients in this study, depending on the individual patient and their prognosis. While more prospective studies with robust sample sizes are needed to elucidate the role of metaphors in the lived experience of patients with cancer, our patients suggest the need to individualize, acknowledge and explore these metaphors for cancer populations.

Conceptual Metaphor in COVID-19 Speeches of the American President Joe Biden

This qualitative and quantitative study aims at shedding the light on the use of metaphor in COVID-19 speeches of the American President Joe Biden. Metaphor is considered to be one of the common linguistic strategies that are pervasively used in different types of discourse including speech. This study focuses on analyzing metaphor according to their source domains and to investigate their functions using Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) as a semantic cognitive approach. As opposed to the decorative approach, CMT states that metaphor “plays a central role in thought, and is indispensable to both thought and language” (Degani, 2005). This approach was first elaborated by Lakoff and Johnson and is the most accepted theory that relates metaphor to cognition. The study aims at answering the following questions: (1) What are the most frequent source-domain categories of conceptual metaphors used in COVID-19 speeches of Joe Biden?; (2) What is the density of metaphor in various speeches delivered by Joe Biden? and finally (3) What are the main functions of metaphors found in Biden’s speeches? The findings revealed that the most common used source domains are Unity, Object, person, spatial and War metaphors, respectively. Moreover, the study has found that Urges America to Wear Masks is denser in metaphor than COVID-19 Response& Vaccine and Biden's Speech on Corona Virus. Finally, metaphor is used for several functions such as simplifying, convincing people and for emotive functions.

Emotions in Jimmy Liao’s Picturebook: A Case Study of Pictorial Metaphors

Pictorial and visual metaphors have been the subject of much conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) research since the 1990s, and possibly prior to this time. The graphic metaphor constitute one category of multimodal metaphor, and hence one that suggests and requires an understanding of abstract concepts in visual information (Forceville 1996). A picturebook, for example, is a distinct type of visual genre containing various such pictorial metaphors. It is also generally acknowledged that picturebooks have narrative value, and convey emotions, while also stimulating the development of intellectual and aesthetic affordances. Similarly, these semiotic repertoires also contribute to the mental capacities of people, not least of which is their health. As many people undergo loneliness and solitude in the spreading of the current pandemic, such semiotic banks provide such a service. This research examines the pictorial metaphors in Beautiful Solitude, painted by the Chinese picturebook artist, Jimmy Liao, following his survival from leukemia. The study employs Kovecses's three-stage emotional metaphor frame; emotional motives, emotional existence, and emotional expression. The study observes the visual design grammar of the paintings as a theoretical framework to analyse these pictorial metaphors of emotion. The results of the study include the impact that these visual metaphors have on the portrayal and treatment of mental health. This study contributes to work on pictorial metaphors and thus suggests ways in which individuals envisage self, other, and the world, when in pain and when they sense themselves as isolated from their surroundings and communities.