Metals Pb Research Articles

Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Textiles: Insights from GC–MS with Metal Content Assessment Using ICP-MS

This study primarily focuses on the analysis of volatile organic compounds using GC–MS, with ICP-MS employed as a complementary method to quantify trace metal content. Headspace GC–MS was conducted to detect alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs), formaldehyde, aromatic amines derived from azo dyes, perfluorinated carboxylic acids, chlorophenols (PCPs), tetrachlorophenols (TPCs), and phthalates in textile samples of different origin and composition. Principal component analysis was used to detect patterns in the volatilome according to the origin and the textile composition. In addition, seven metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Cd, Hg, and Pb) were quantified in a subset of samples. The study revealed distinct chemical profiles in textiles based on their origin, with GC–MS identifying key volatile organic compounds and ICP-MS quantifying heavy metals in a subset of samples. Principal component analysis highlighted cotton content as a critical factor in differentiating textile profiles. While most samples adhered to regulatory standards, some exceeded thresholds for metals like copper and nickel, underscoring the need for enhanced quality control in manufacturing processes. By integrating advanced analytical methods, this study provides insights into sustainable and safe textile production, offering valuable benchmarks for regulatory compliance and industry best practices. The outcomes contribute to improving product safety, promoting responsible manufacturing, and supporting regulatory bodies in the enforcement of environmental and safety standards, aligning with the growing demand for sustainability in the textile sector.

Cerebrovascular accidents association between serum trace elements and toxic metals level, a case-control study.

Cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) are among the most common complications of patients today. As the prevalence of ischemic CVAs rises, detecting related risk factors is crucial. Metal concentration has previously been considered a major risk factor in several neural complications, and in this study, we will investigate this. In this case-control study, 70 CVA (clinically approved ischemic stroke cases by imaging and NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS)) and 70 individuals with no history of CVA controls were enrolled as the control group. The serum level of several metals, including Fe (Iron), Co (Cobalt), Ni (Nickel), Cu (copper), Zn (Zinc), Mn (Manganese), Pb (lead), Hg (Mercury), has been assessed using Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. Logistic regression (LR) has also been used to determine the association between metals' levels and CVA occurrence. As the mean age of the CVA group was 48.68 ± 15.25 years and for the non-CVA group was 47.89 ± 9.65 years, the result indicated that the serum level of Cu and Pb has been statically higher in the CVA group (respectively; P < 0.001 and P = 0.002) and Ni level was significantly lower (P = 0.003). Other measured metals' levels (Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Hg) were not significantly different between CVA and non-CVA groups. In the LR model, all Cu, Pb, and Zn metals had a P value of 0.03 and an odd ratio (OR) and confidence interval (CI) of 1.34 (1.02-1.75), 1.19 (1.01-1.39) and 1.01 (1.001-1.02) respectively. Given that some metals are associated with a higher risk of CVA, researchers and physicians must better understand the risk factors and causes of the burden of CVA. However, further studies with a larger population and investigation of the exact pathogenesis of these metals are needed.

Comprehensive assessment of physicochemical quality, heavy metals, and ecological risks in the Someshwari river water, Netrokona, Bangladesh

This study aimed to assess the physicochemical quality of water, the presence of toxic heavy metals, and the associated ecological risk in the trans-boundary of the Someshwari River as it enters Bangladesh through Netrokona District. Samples were collected over the period from June 2021 to May 2022 from five distinct locations. The investigation examined the current status of various physicochemical parameters of the water, including color, odor, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), electric conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), and alkalinity, as well as the concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Mn). The findings of the study revealed that temperature, pH, DO, BOD, TDS, EC, and total alkalinity were within established standard limits. The pH values across all water samples exhibited variation within the range of 7.60 to 7.80. Additionally, the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu and Mn were found to be within acceptable levels. Notably, no detectable levels of Cr were identified in the river water throughout the three seasons. The HPI values were within the acceptable range, with a range of 42.68 to 92.10 during the pre-monsoon, 26.60 to 48.71 during the monsoon, and 5.57 to 98.00 during the post-monsoon seasons, respectively. Similarly, the HEI values indicated a low level of contamination, with variations from 0.21 to 20.30 in the pre-monsoon, 0.63 to 22.27 in the monsoon, and 5.01 to 33.12 in the post-monsoon seasons, respectively. Mean CD values consistently indicated a lower level of pollution across all three seasons. In summary, the results of this investigation suggest that the water quality in the designated area is suitable for various uses. However, to maintain this water quality, it is strongly recommended that effective awareness programs be implemented to prevent water pollution. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 14(2): 44-52, December 2024

Spatiotemporal discrepancies and risk assessment of toxic heavy metals in surface water of Shitalakhya River around Narayanganj port in Bangladesh

The urban rivers of developing countries like Bangladesh have been severely affected by toxic heavy metal pollution, posing serious ecological and human health risks. This study aimed to investigate the concentrations, spatiotemporal discrepancies, and associated risks of five alarming toxic metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu and Mn) in the surface water of urban Shitalakhya River around Narayanganj port, one of the biggest and most important river ports in Bangladesh. Water samples were collected for three prevailing seasons i.e., pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon from five selected sites. Physicochemical properties (color, odor, temperature, DO, pH, EC and TDS) of river water were also assessed, while heavy metal pollution index (HPI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) and degree of contamination (CD) were calculated to evaluate the risks associated with toxic metal pollution in river water. The findings revealed that several physicochemical parameters, especially DO, EC and TDS, were not within the standards. The hierarchy of mean heavy metal concentrations in Shitalakhya River water was found as Mn&gt;Cr&gt;Cu&gt;Cd&gt;Pb during pre-monsoon, Mn&gt;Cu&gt;Cr&gt;Cd&gt;Pb during monsoon, and Mn&gt;Cr&gt;Cu&gt;Pb&gt;Cd during post-monsoon season. The metal concentrations were found to be higher in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, whereas the concentrations of all the heavy metals excluding Mn were within the standards recommended for domestic use, surface water, fisheries and irrigation purposes. The comparative analysis exhibited that the water quality of Shitalakhya River is deteriorating day by day at an alarming rate. HPI showed a critical pollution index value (drinking) for all three seasons, whereas HEI revealed low heavy metal contamination for all sampling stations. The values of CD indicated a high level of contamination in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon but monsoon season. The results confirmed the spatiotemporal discrepancies in toxic metal concentrations and associated ecological and human health risks, possibly resulting from the hydrological and anthropogenic interventions not only associated with port activities. Hence, urgent collective effort and proper monitoring are of utmost importance to safeguard the public health and this urban riverine ecosystem. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 14(2): 74-84, December 2024

Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination and Health Risk Associated with Cultivated Vegetables along Dhaka-Mymensingh Highway, Bangladesh.

The purpose of this research work is to evaluate the degree of eight heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Ni) contamination and health risks of three regularly consumed vegetables (papaya, bottle gourd, and esculent) near one of Bangladesh's busiest roadways, the Dhaka-Mymensingh highway. The heavy metal concentrations in 45 vegetable samples were analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). These samples were collected from five different sampling sites based on various land use patterns adjacent to the highway. The average concentrations (mg/kg) of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, and Ni were found to be 9.86, 246.8, 16.9, 28.0, 9.02, and 2.02, respectively, for papaya; 14.9, 281.2, 387.6, 49.0, 10.1, and 2.92, respectively, for bottle gourd; and 17.6, 183.4, 107.2, 80.7, 7.98, and 2.34, respectively, for esculent. The mean concentrations of Cr, Zn, and Mn in papaya, bottle gourd, and esculent were higher than the acceptable limit. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between Fe-Cu, Zn-Fe, Cu-Fe, and Fe-Zn in papaya; Cu-Zn, Fe-Cr, Zn-Ni, and Cr-Fe in bottle gourd; and Mn-Cr, Mn-Ni, Mn-Fe, and Cr-Ni in esculent, thereby indicating their common anthropogenic sources like agricultural activities, waste from the commercial area, filling station, and vehicular emissions. Health risk assessment through target hazard quotient (THQ) revealed the highest THQ of 9.52 for Cr in bottle gourd, which poses a high non-carcinogenic health risk to the localities upon the intake of these contaminated vegetables. Target cancer risk (TCR) was found to be highest for Cr in papaya (0.013) and bottle gourd (0.014). TCR trends were found for Cr in the following order: bottle gourd > esculent > papaya. This study contributed the greatest concern for both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health impacts through ingesting contaminated vegetables.

Optimization of Selected Parameters in Vertical, Horizontal, and Hybrid Surface Flow Constructed Wetland Systems for Improving the Treatment Efficiency of Textile and Sewage Effluents

Constructed wetland systems (CWSs) can offer cost-effective wastewater treatment in developing countries like Pakistan. This study focused on optimizing design and operational parameters of CWSs in horizontal surface flow (HSF), vertical surface flow (VSF), and hybrid mesocosms for treating sewage and textile effluents using local hydrophytes: Lemna minor, Typha latifolia, and Eichhornia crassipes. Pollutants and heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn) were removed under different flow configurations, bedding materials, hydrophyte species, and hydraulic retention times (HRT) to optimize the overall contaminant removal efficiency (RE). Key findings indicated that the hybrid CWS achieved a maximum RE of 63.62% for total suspended solids (TSS) and 57.9% for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) at an HRT of 3 days, with efficiencies declining at longer retention times. Additionally, the hybrid system showed maximum metal removal, with Cd and Cr RE reaching 75.2% and 70.5%, respectively. The study also highlighted the critical role of hydrophyte species and HRT in optimizing RE. Furthermore, the choice of hydrophyte species significantly influenced pollutant removal, with treatment cells containing mixed hydrophytes achieving the highest removal efficiencies (63.62%), followed by Eichhornia crassipes with high Cd (643.33 mgkg−1) and Cr (1103.72 mgkg−1) uptake. A lower HRT of 3 days resulted in the highest overall removal efficiency of 57.5%, which decreased with longer HRTs (from 6 to 9 days). Optimizing design and operational parameters is crucial for maximizing CWS treatment potential.

Implications of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Fish Feed, Water, Sediment, and Different Fish Species in a Polyculture System.

Heavy metal bioaccumulation in organisms is primarily a result of dietary uptake. The current study examines the concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, and Cu) in fish feed, water, sediment, and three fish species (Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cyprinus carpio) from different feeding zones in a polyculture pond system. Furthermore, associated human health risks were also evaluated. The fish samples (n = 25 for each species) were collected from 10 different fish ponds in the Kohat district, Pakistan. Heavy metals were determined using an atomic absorption spectrometer. Results revealed higher concentrations of heavy metals in sediment, followed by water. However, the concentration of heavy metals in fish feed was lower than the standard limits. In the case of fish, the bottom feeder (C. carpio) notably exhibited higher (P < 0.05) levels of heavy metals than the column feeder (L. rohita) and surface feeder (C. catla) fish. Moreover, in the liver of all fish species, the bioaccumulation of heavy metals was higher, followed by the gills. Principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated a strong correlation of heavy metals in C. carpio gills, flesh, feed, and pond water, while the heavy metals in the liver correlated with the detected metals in sediment. The human health risk analysis shows that bottom feeder fish had higher estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), and hazard index (HI) values (> 1). Consequently, the exposed population may experience adverse health effects. The findings of this study suggest that the bottom feeder (C. carpio) bioaccumulates a higher concentration of heavy metals than column (L. rohita) and surface feeder (C. catla) in the polyculture system.

Risk Assessment of Carcinogenic Metals in Soils and Food Crops Near Brick Kiln Cluster

A study was conducted in the Charia area, Hathazari, Chattogram district, Bangladesh to determine the levels of carcinogenic metals Cd and Pb in soils and crop plants in the vicinity of brick kiln clusters. The health risk was evaluated by computing cancer risk using the US EPA model. The amounts of Cd and Pb in the soils and the parts of crop plants were determined by AAS. The soils of the study area were acidic. Metal concentrations indicating the anthropogenic input of Cd and Pd in the soils was in the range from 0.27 to 1.07 mg/kg dry soil and from 19.07 to 52.07 mg/kg dry soil respectively. Accumulation of Cd (0.00 to 0.27 mg/kg) and Pb (0.09 to 0.13 mg/kg) in the studied crops. A significantly high correlation (r = 0.89, p &lt; 0.001) of the elements between soil and plant suggests that the source of contamination is the soil under study. 72% of all the studied edible plant parts exceeded the recommended threshold risk limit of the cumulative cancer risk (ƩILCR), which was higher in the edible part of fruit crops than in root crops. Cd was the dominant carcinogen in the study area. J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 50(1-2): 17-31, June-December 2024

Comparative analysis of bioaccessibility tests for metals and metalloids: Methodological advancements and implications for consumer product safety.

Bioaccessibility is crucial in human health risk assessment as it predicts the fraction of metals and metalloids absorbed by the human body. This study compared the modified RIVM method, which includes acid digestion, with the ERU 19899 EN method to assess the oral bioaccessibility of certified reference materials. The modified RIVM method showed higher bioaccessibility, offering more conservative health risk values. Adding a filtration step after centrifugation with a 0.45 μm filter reduced the error in the results from 66.7 % to 19.9 % by removing small particles that were not separated during centrifugation. Dermal bioaccessibility was evaluated using two artificial sweat solutions: one with five amino acids at pH 5.5 and the EN 1811 method at pH 6.5. The pH 5.5 solution leached more metals due to complexation between amino acids and metal ions, increasing solubility. Sebum decreased the leached amount of cationic metals (Cd, Cr, and Pb), as fatty acids can form complexes with metal ions. Therefore, a solution with five amino acids at pH 5.5, without sebum, is suggested for assessing dermal bioaccessibility. Various consumer products, including seven toys, were tested for both oral and dermal bioaccessibility to provide more reliable health risk assessment information. The oral bioaccessibility results of the toys aligned with other studies. The dermal bioaccessibility of the consumer products ranged from 0.001 % to 1.414 %, with the highest Cr concentration measured in a brown watch strap.

Synthesis of carbon based hybrid material for extraction of hazardous metals (Pb, Cr) from E-waste

Synthesis of carbon based hybrid material for extraction of hazardous metals (Pb, Cr) from E-waste

Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Seafood from Southern Nigeria’s Coastal Regions

Aim: The levels of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tilapia fish, prawn, oyster and periwinkle samples from southern Nigeria’s coastal regions were evaluated to determine possible human health risk associated with consumption. Study Design: Ten (10) samples each of the selected seafood were collected from mangrove swamps along Bakana River in the study area. The samples were analyzed for nutrient levels and concentrations of toxic metals and PAHs. Methodology: The concentrations of heavy metals and PAHs in the selected seafood samples were determined using Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Probable human health risk associated with the seafood consumption for adult and children populations was evaluated using Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Carcinogenic Risk (CR) assessment for heavy metals and PAHs. Results: The seafood samples showed the presence of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) but values were all below regulatory permissible limits of 0.6, 0.05, 3.0, 0.2 and 5.0 mg/kg respectively. PAH compounds (fluorene and anthracene) were below detectable limits in the seafood samples; phenanthrene was detected in all the seafood samples but highest in Tilapia fish, recording 28.32±0.05 mg/kg. Benzo (a) pyrene was below detectable limit in the investigated seafood samples. Carcinogenic Risk (CR) assessment values for heavy metals in the seafood samples were significantly (p&lt;0.05) high for Cd, Pb, Cr and Ni in both adult and children populations. CR values for PAHs were within regulatory threshold of 10E-6 – 10E-4. Conclusion: This study revealed that individual carcinogenic potencies for heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr) in the seafood samples exceed the guideline screening value for human consumption, indicating high potential for carcinogenic risk. Our findings suggest that Bakana river is exposed to substantial amount of carcinogenic environmental pollutants associated with deleterious environmental and epidemiological effects.

Efficacy of bentonite/iron-coated sand as a sediment stabilizer in controlling cadmium, lead, zinc, and arsenic release determined using the diffusive gradients in thin film technology.

In this study, we investigated the efficiency of a bentonite/iron-coated sand (B/ICS) stabilizer in reducing the mobility and accumulation of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Zn, and As) in contaminated sediments. Bentonite is effective in the adsorption of heavy metals, while ICS is effective in the adsorption of As. When combined, the stabilizer can be applied to mixed-contaminated sediments containing both heavy metals and As. The experimental setup involved B/ICS with sediments, followed by the analysis of heavy metal accumulation using diffusive gradients in thin-film resin gels for a period of 28days. The results obtained showed significant decreases in Pb, Cd, and Zn accumulation owing to the use of the stabilizer, particularly when its concentration was 15% of the sediment. Conversely, As accumulation did not show a decreasing trend owing to the low selectivity of the resin gel for As. Regardless, at the end of the 28-day test period, vertical distribution analysis indicated a notable decrease in heavy metal concentrations in the stabilizer layer of the contaminated sediment. These findings indicated that B/ICS is a cost-effective and efficient stabilizer for reducing heavy metal mobility in sediments. Long-term experiments are recommended to further validate these findings and optimize the use of the stabilizer in the field.

Mapping trace metal footprints: Distribution, sources, and risk assessment in coastal sediments near a heavy industrial zone in Bangladesh.

This study investigated nine trace metals (Cr, Co, Cu, Cd, Ni, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Pb) concentrations of coastal sediments adjacent to a heavily industrialized area of Bangladesh using AAS. The most prevalent metals were zinc, with lesser amounts of Cd and Co. Pb, and Cd levels were higher than world standards, with a considerable enrichment of Pb at station 9. Ecological risk assessments showed moderate to high contamination, particularly by Pb and Cd. The Nemerow integrated pollution index demonstrated that overall pollution was low, but the levels about Cd were still concerning. All stations had hazard indices below 1 but chronic exposure to Ni, presents grounds for concern. Industry, urbanization, traffic, and agricultural runoff along with lithogenic sources have been identified to be the main sources of pollution using receptor modeling. The outcomes underscore the urgency that management measures must be taken to safeguard ecosystem and public health.

Highly efficient removal of Pb2+ from aqueous solution using polyaniline-cobalt composite nanorods: Kinetics, isotherm and mechanistic investigation.

Nanosized cobalt (Co) particles exhibit unique chemical, magnetic, electronic, and catalytic properties. Like nanoscale metallic iron, nanostructured Co and its composite nanostructures also show significant potential for the removal of toxic metal cations from water and wastewater. To explore this potential, composite nanorods (CNRs) of nanosized Co immobilized polyaniline (PANI) nanorods (NRs) matrix (PANI-Co CNRs) were synthesized and effectively applied for the treatment of lead ions (Pb2⁺), serving as a model for heavy metal pollutants in water bodies. Physico-chemical characterization of PANI-Co CNRs revealed that weak ferromagnetic Co nanoparticles (NPs) were effectively deposited onto the surface of the PANI NRs. The enhanced surface properties and superior reactivity of PANI-Co CNRs resulted in greater Pb2+ removal efficiency compared to their individual components. The adsorption kinetics were notably rapid, with the time required to reach equilibrium varying between 60 and 150min for initial concentrations ranging from 50 to 150mg/L, all at a pH of 5.0. The isotherm data revealed an impressive Pb2+ adsorption capacity of 1130mg/g at 25°C, as determined using the non-linear Langmuir model. Exothermic and spontaneous Pb2+ removal process was deduced from the thermodynamic investigations. Among co-contaminating metal ions, only Cu2+ ions significantly affected the Pb2+ removal performance of the PANI-Co CNRs, implying its possible applications in decontaminating industrial effluent laden with various metal ions. Mechanistic investigation revealed that the treatment process primarily involves the adsorption and precipitation of Pb2+ onto the surface of PANI-Co CNRs, followed by its subsequent reduction to form metallic Pb (Pb0).

Spatial distribution of health risk assessment of a drinking water reservoir exposed to urban agglomeration and industrial lead contamination in Istanbul, Türkiye.

The Ömerli Dam, supplied by multiple rivers that provide a major amount of Istanbul's water demands for drinking and irrigation, is experiencing toxicological threats due to rapid expansion, increased industrial activity, and population growth in light of the impending global drought. In this study, multivariate statistical analysis and spatial distribution based on geographic information system (GIS) was used to examine the status of pollution and health risk, irrigation water quality, and stochastic geo-environmental risk sources of 16 potentially toxic elements (PTEs: Na, Mg, K, Ca, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb) concentrations from samples in the dam. Also, spatial analyzing of quality indices was used to assess the dam's feasibility for irrigation and drinking. As per the results of the study, the dam water has mild heavy metal (loid) pollution, which is measured at 16 PTE by the heavy metal (loid) pollution index (HPI) and heavy metal (loid) evaluation index (HEI) values. The pollution level is low during the rainy season and moderate during the dry season. The water at sampling station S3 (HPI = 146.50) is unfit for consumption and cannot be used for drinking. The majority of harmful metal species exhibited elevated concentrations (notably Pb: 51.78 μg/L, Cr: 8.55 μg/L) in the dam lake water, particularly during the dry season. The toxic metals Pb and Cd account for 15.95% of the total variance, with a high degree of loading. Lead concentrations were found to be above WHO and USEPA limit values only in S2 and S4 during the wet season, but above 0.01 mg/L in all stations except S1 during the dry. Dam water is acceptable for agricultural use, according on the results of the, sodium absorption rate, the percentage of Na and the magnesium damage index, average SAR < 0.9, Na% < 25, and MH < 50, respectively. HQingestion and HI values (all less than 1 in all PTEs) indicate that noncarcinogenic impacts might occur. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Ömerli Dam provides most of the drinking and potable water needs of a mega city like Istanbul. With this study, toxic metal pollution of dam surface water and its possible effects on human health were analyzed for the first time on a spatially wide scale.

Metal pollution reconstruction in São Paulo City (Southeast Brazil) over the twentieth century by paleolimnological approach.

In this study, we evaluated the pollution history by metals over the twentieth century in an urban reservoir (Garças Reservoir, Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Southeast Brazil) by the paleolimnological approach. The concentrations of eight metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were determined in a 210Pb-dated sediment core (~ 100years of information). Metal's enrichment and pollution degree were assessed using the Consensus-Based Sediment Quality Guidelines (CBSQG), enrichment factor (EF), Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), and Potential Ecological Risk Index (RI). Local background values were used to calculate metal enrichment indexes. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to analyze metal variability across samples. Overall heavily to extremely contamination was determined mainly after ~ 1975, particularly to Pb, Ni, and Fe, whereas moderately to heavily Cu, Zn, Mn, and Co pollution levels were detected by Igeo. Very high EF values (> 2 ≤ 24) were found, suggesting mainly anthropogenic sources for these elements. However, Pb concentrations declined considerably towards the top of the core, reflecting the prohibition of leaded gasoline since 1986. The long-term metal enrichment in the Garças Reservoir was related mainly to vehicular traffic emissions and industrial activities. Further anthropogenic stressors such as untreated sewage inputs and surface runoff contributed significantly to metal pollution, particularly from the late 1950s, reflecting the most populous region socio-economic development in Brazil.

Determine the Pollution Indices of the Soil Near the Najaf Refinery in the Middle of Iraq

Al-Najaf refinery produces many pollutants from fuel combustion, such as fumes and gases, which lead to heavy metal pollution in the soil. This research aims to study the pollution factors in the soil surrounding the refinery. Five soil samples were collected from different sites to analyse five heavy metals (Ni, Zn, Co, Cr, and Pb) to determine the chemical pollution level. The results found that the percentage of the metal (Co) in site No.3 was the highest due to its presence near the oil flame and toward the direction of the wind. Three different indices were applied to detect pollution levels: geo accumulation index (I-geo), pollution load index (PLI) and contamination factor (CF). The I-geo for Co, Cr, and Pb showed class 1 relative values, which indicated the sites were only slight pollution, while the I-geo for Zn showed class 2 relative values, which indicated moderate ranges of pollution, and the I-geo for Ni showed class 6 relative values, which indication extremely pollution sites. While the contamination factor for Zn was classed as class 2, indicating moderate contamination, the contamination factors for Co, Cr, Pb, and Ni were all rated as class 1, which indicates low contamination values. PLI levels in all investigated sites categorised as class 1 indicate no pollution (perfection). The gases released by the predominant wind impacted the metal percentage distribution pattern.

The Sediment Profile and Heavy Metal Content of Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), and Silver (Ag) in The Waters of Saparua Island

This study determined the distribution levels of heavy metals Pb, Cu, and Ag in sediments in the waters of Saparua Island. It characterized the sediments in the seas of Saparua Island. Parameters are physical and chemical parameters of waters, determination of total organic carbon (TOC), and digestion of sediment samples for SSA testing. The results obtained levels of copper metal contained in the sediments from 0.1583–1.9531 mg/L and &lt;4–78 ppm. The level of lead metal contained in the sediments in the waters of Saparua Island ranges from &lt;12–26 ppm. Metal oxides, especially metal oxides formed from Cu, were found in sediments in the waters of Saparua Island with location points P.8 and P.9, namely CuO 0.0056% and 0.0031% and in sediments in Saparua Island waters with a value of 2Ɵ in sediment samples. P.2, P.3, P.6, P.8, P.9, and P.11 have the highest intensity which is the characterization of metal oxide 2Ɵ= 27.7464°, 29.4759, 26.2979, 26.6686, 26.7007, and 24.3695 indicate the presence of CaO (calcium oxide) phases at points P.2, P.3, and P.6. the SiO2 (silica) phase which is the most abundant metal in sediment samples P.8, P.9, and P.11 based on the XRF test.

Assessment Of Milk Fat Content And Certain Heavy Metals In Various Cheese Types ( W. Libya).

Purpose:The objective of this study was to determine some of heavy metals ( Pb &amp; Cd ), milk fat and solid materials in dry weight percentage with digestion in cheeses which comparing with Libyan standards. Method: This study was conducted in Center for Food and Drug Control in Tripoli Branch by used five different samples from local and imported of processed cheeses which called (Alwald aldhaki, Alrebeyh, Al-Moutamaiez, Al-Moutafawek and Daily ). The samples were collected from the markets of Sabratha city in western Libya. Results: Moreover, results showed that the milk fat and solid materials in dry weight were (39.9 &amp; 55.1%, 41.5 &amp; 60.3%, 40.8 &amp; 53.9%, 53.3 &amp; 50.6% and 43.6 &amp; 50.4%) as order respectively, this mean that were conforming to standard specifications. According to that results, amounts of heavy-metal in dairy products are considered not to be of great concern to public health. Conclusion: The study recommended encouraging dairy industry in Libya to consume these types of cheeses, through strict control for food transportation and stores.

Assessment of heavy metals accumulation in food crops irrigated with water of Boumerzoug river (Constantine, North East of Algeria)

&lt;p style="margin-bottom:11px;text-align:justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;" lang="EN-US"&gt;An economy's progress is critically dependent on industrialization. However, it also negatively impacts the ecosystem by releasing dangerous elements like heavy metals into surface aquifers. The purpose of this study was to assess the contamination by heavy metals of edible plants (pepper, watermelon, and lettuce) grown on agricultural land around the Boumerzoug River in Constantine Province, Algeria, and irrigated with river water. Plants were subjected to total quantification of metals (Cu, Cd, Zn, Cr, Pb, and Fe) in four organs (root, stem, leaf, and fruit). Metal concentrations were within acceptable limits, but the Pb and Cd contents were higher than usual levels, indicating a greater potential for health concerns if consumed regularly. The plant organ type affect metal accumulation. The root was the organ that accumulated the most metals, and lettuce was the plant that accumulated the most. The Transfer Factor (TF) was higher for Cd and Cu (&amp;gt; 1). This study recommends continual surveillance of irrigation water and crops to prevent the accumulation of heavy metals beyond permissible levels in the food chain. Thus, to protect both human and animal health in the research area, preventive actions must be taken to limit heavy metal deposition through wastewater irrigation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;