Metal Tools Research Articles

ATLANTIC HALBERDS AS BELL BEAKER WEAPONS IN IBERIA: TOMB 1 OF HUMANEJOS (PARLA, MADRID, SPAIN)

SummaryThe recent discovery of an Atlantic halberd among other abundant and rich grave goods in the Bell Beaker double tomb 1 of Humanejos (Parla, Madrid) demonstrates that this type of weapon was part of the Beaker panoply. It is the first example of an Atlantic halberd in a Beaker burial context in Iberia and only the second one in Europe. The remaining halberds come from old and isolated finds in Early Bronze Age deposits that were usually interpreted as post‐Beaker votive deposits. In this paper the Humanejos halberd and its archaeological context (human remains, burial structure, radiocarbon dates) are carefully examined. The study includes the technical analysis of the halberd (metal composition, lead isotopes, use‐wear traces), together with the other metallic weapons and tools recovered with it (Palmela points, tanged dagger, awl) as well as the rest of the offerings (Beaker pottery, ivory and bone adornments). All these data suggest that this exceptionally rich grave could have held a woman and a man of the social elite, with the power to concentrate important amounts of precious raw materials (copper, gold, ivory, cinnabar) in few hands, especially when compared to other contemporary graves in the same site and region.

Moisture in composite cure tools

Composite cure tools are preferable to metal tools regarding in-plane thermal expansion, quicker part processing using the tool and potentially lower cost. However, durability is often questioned and moisture in the tool is often assumed to be a negative factor. In order to increase understanding of the durability of composite cure tools sorption and swelling, two high performance prepreg tooling materials using Benzoxazine and Bismaleimide resin reinforced with carbon fibre fabric were measured over a six-month period. An Epoxy-based prepreg was also studied. The experimentally-acquired material characteristics were used in simulation of water content and swelling in a composite cure tool during use. It was concluded that gradient moisture content and swelling will always be present which presents a considerably different shape distortion compared to isotropic water content. The data presented may contribute to informed selection of composite cure tool material and facilitate optimisation of tool maintenance.

Multi response optimization of machining parameters for an annealed Monel K 500 alloy in drilling using Machine learning techniques and ANN

Manufacturing companies are focusing on continuous process development to thrive in today’s quality-conscious market. It is particularly relevant to investigate machining processes for advanced materials such as superalloys. Drilling is a major operation that is used in the majority of manufacturing processes. Hence, this research work is focused on investigating the drilling performance of the Monel K500. The output responses under consideration are metal removal rate (MRR), surface roughness, and tool wear. Various contemporary techniques were utilized in this work, namely machine learning methods, artificial neural networks, principal component analysis, and grey relation analysis using uncoated, coated, and HSS (high-speed steel) drills. After annealing, the softened material can be easily machined to increase the MRR and decrease tool wear and surface roughness. The experimental results show that, after annealing, the surface roughness values for HSS drills have been reduced by 23.86%, uncoated drills by 27.29%, and coated drills by 29.27%, respectively. Moreover, tool wear values for HSS drills decreased by 28.51%, uncoated drills by 34.7%, and coated drills by 33.71%, based on the relative error approach. MRR values for HSS drills increased by 20.51 %, uncoated drills by 23.08%, and coated drills by 23.5%, respectively. For PCA (principal component analysis), feed (47%), and for GRA (gray relation analysis), feed (40.1%) will be the significant parameter followed by speed, and both methods have identified the same experimental run values for optimization of cutting parameters. The theoretical values were predicted using machine learning methods, which utilized the Python language using the Google Colab and then validated with experimental values. The predicted values obtained by the decision tree are close to the measured values as compared to support vector regression and K-nearest neighbor based on relative error. The estimated values obtained by the ANN (artificial neural networks) approach, using Easy NN plus software, match well with the actual values, with a slight deviation.

Manufacture and use: bone and tooth objects from the Late Bronze Age ‘shaman's grave’ at Przeczyce, Poland

The microscopic analysis of tool marks on objects from the Late Bronze Age ‘shaman's grave’ at Przeczyce, Poland, has demonstrated that two wild boar tusk pendants, a bone disc and a set of bone tubes were manufactured exclusively using metal tools. We argue that the tubes were a musical instrument that originally consisted of several separate pieces, rather than a pan flute, as has previously been suggested.

ON THE MANUFACTURE TECHNIQUE OF PSEUDO-TWISTED WISPS OF THE PECTORAL FROM THE TOVSTA MOHYLA BARROW

The pectoral from the Tovsta Mohyla is an astonishing artifact which gathered different technical ways of Hellenic jewelry art. During this jewelry, which is composed of more than 160 details, a few dozens of different technical operations had been used. Till that time the less understood thing is a complex of ways that have been used by a craftsman during manufacturing of four pseudo-twisted hollow wisps, that framed figured pectoral friezes. None of the proposed reconstructions doesn’t give clear understanding on the most important elements of the technologic process of manufacture of the wisps, namely — technical operations used by an artisan for obtaining the verisimilar relief of a twisted wisp on hollow tubes.
 A definite clue for resolving this question can be given by construction of the torque from the Kul-Oba burial, a wisp of which consisted of a bronze twisted stem covered with a gold plate. Such construction could generate the idea of the manufacturing of hollow relief wisps with twisting imitation. To obtain them the craftsman twisted a wisp matrix from seven bronze wires. On that wisp a heat sealed tube rolled of thin gold sheet was placed. By the means of the basma technique — by pressure of wooden, bony or metal tools on a gold sheet, a twisted relief was squeezed at the tube. Then the tube was unscrewed from the matrix by turning around its radial axis towards a thinner tip of the matrix.
 The torque from the Solokha burial mount also has similar wisp construction. It stands for the fact of using identical technology during their manufacturing and of possible manufacturing of the pectoral and the torque by goldsmiths of the same workshop, or even by the same artisan.

Non-circular CBCT orbit design and realization on a clinical robotic C-arm for metal artifact reduction.

Metal artifacts have been a difficult challenge for cone-beam CT (CBCT), especially for intraoperative imaging. Metal surgical tools and implants are often present in the field of view and can attenuate X-rays so heavily that they essentially create a missing-data problem. Recently, an increasing number of intra-operative imaging systems such as robotic C-arms are capable of non-circular orbits for data acquisition. Such trajectories can potentially improve sampling and the degree of data completeness to solve the metal-induced missing-data problem, thereby reducing or eliminating the associated image artifacts. In this work, we extend our prior theoretical and experimental work and implement non-circular orbits for metal artifact reduction on a clinical robotic C-arm (Siemens Artis zeego). To maximize the potential for clinical translation, we restrict our implementation to standard built-in motion and data collection functions, also available on other zeego systems, and work within the physical constraints and limitations on positioning and motion. Customized software tools for data extraction, processing, calibration, and reconstruction are used. We demonstrate example non-circular orbits and the resulting image quality using a phantom containing pedicle screws for spine fixation. As compared with a standard circular CBCT orbit, these non-circular orbits exhibit significantly reduced metal artifacts. These results suggest a high potential for image quality improvements for intraoperative CBCT imaging when metal tools or implants are present in the field-of-view.

Nickel and cobalt release from beauty tools: A field study in the German cosmetics trade.

Relevant nickel and cobalt release from hairdressing tools has recently been evidenced. Comparable data are not available for tools used in beauty salons. Screening of beauty tools for nickel and cobalt release. Three hundred eight beauty tools were tested in seven beauty salons located in two North-German states. A nickel spot test and a cobalt spot test were used to test the tools for nickel release and cobalt release, respectively. One hundred forty-three of 308 beauty tools overall (46.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 40.8%-52.2%) released nickel and 18 of 308 beauty tools overall (5.8%; 95%CI: 3.5%-9.1%) released cobalt. Nickel release was found in 22 of 99 metal tools (22.2%; 95%CI: 14.5%-31.7%) and 121 of 209 tools with metallic parts (57.9%; 95%CI: 50.9%-64.7%); cobalt release was detected in 3 of 99 metal tools (3.0%; 95%CI: 0.63%-8.6%) and 15 of 209 tools with metallic parts (7.2%; 95%CI: 4.1%-11.6%). Nickel and cobalt are emitted at allergologically relevant levels by a wide range of beauty tools (i.e., metal tools and tools with metallic parts) utilized in the German cosmetics trade. Beauty tools should thus be considered occupational sources of nickel and cobalt exposure.

Nickel release from metal tools in United States barbershops.

Hairdressers and barbers are among the top occupations to develop occupationally related nickel allergy. While nickel release has previously been detected in metal items in the hairdressing trade, metal items in the barber trade have not been specifically tested. This study screened for nickel release from metal tools in United States barber trade. One hundred ninety-two metal tools from 12 barbershops in St. Paul, Minnesota, were tested with dimethylglyoxime test. An employee survey was conducted about each metal tool. Nickel release was detected in 10 of 192 metal tools (5.2%). Items with nickel release included one of 57 scissors (1.7%), one of 32 trimmers (3.1%), four of 13 barbershop chairs (30.8%), three of six cape clips, and one of one nail clippers. Nickel release was detected in items unique to the barber trade. These items should be considered when preventing and assessing occupational nickel allergy in barbers.

Combined experimental and numerical analysis of critical loading conditions for hard metal tool damage in titanium milling

The present work investigates an indexed cutter with round cutting inserts manufactured from hard metal grade M10 with 10 wt% Co binder and WC grain size of 2 μm used for the application of milling the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V. The focus is set on the cyclic thermomechanical loading in combination with tool degradation. For this sake, a combined 2D and 3D finite element modelling approach is introduced in order to determine the thermal and mechanical tool loading locally resolved and to reveal the specifics of a round cutting insert geometry. The finite element model allows establishing the linkage between the material damage observed in uniaxially loaded laboratory specimens with real tool degradation observed in cutting experiments for the calculated critical loading conditions. For the investigated round insert with 10 mm diameter applied in a cutting operation with 55 m min−1 cutting speed and 0.125 mm feed per tooth, a maximum cutting edge temperature between 600 °C and 700 °C and stress amplitudes between 1500MPa and 2000 MPa at a stress ratio Rσ < − 4 are calculated. This loading is close to the load limit for cavity formation and accumulation in M10 which for the temperature of 700 ° C and a stress ratio Rσ = − ∞ was experimentally found to be at a stress range of 1500 MPa. This reveals that the investigated process conditions are close to the limit of safe tool application which is in accordance with findings from cutting tests. The presented approach provides a novel and highly valuable method for future tool material and cutting process development and research.

Heat Transfer Coefficient of Zinc Phosphate Coating with Metal Soap during Cold Backward Extrusion

In cold forging, the temperature difference between the workpiece and the tool is small and thus deformation analysis is rarely coupled with thermal analysis. However, the friction coefficient of zinc phosphate coating with metal soap has a large temperature dependence. Consideration of the effects of workpiece and tool temperature change on the friction coefficient is thus expected to improve the analytical accuracy of cold forging. Thermally coupled cold forging analysis requires thermal conductivity, specific heat, heat transfer coefficient between the workpiece and the tool, in addition to the temperature dependence of flow stress and friction coefficient. The heat transfer coefficient between workpieces coated with zinc phosphate with metal soap and tools is investigated in this paper. Cold backward extrusion was performed with a 50% reduction of area, and the temperature history in the punch was measured with a thermocouple. The forging speed was 1, 3, and 10 spm. FEM analysis was performed to simulate the experiment by considering the temperature dependence of flow stress and friction coefficient. The heat transfer coefficient was estimated at 20 kW/(m2•°C) by comparing the experimental result and calibration curves.

Fabrication of a Tool Electrode with Hydrophobic Features and Its Stray-Corrosion Suppression Performance for Micro-electrochemical Machining.

Micro-electrochemical machining (micro-ECM) can machine microstructures with excellent surface integrity on difficult-to-cut alloys. During micro-ECM, stray corrosion results in tapered sidewalls of machined structures. To suppress the stray corrosion, a novel tool electrode with the sidewall insulation of a gas film is proposed by fabricating the metal tool sidewall into a hydrophobic surface. The sidewall surface is designed to be characterized with spherical array cavities (radius of 500 nm) acting as the hydrophobic features, enhancing the gas-shielding effect of the gas film under electrolysis. The fabrication process of the hydrophobic sidewall is described in detail, including the self-assembly procedure of a monolayer template of Φ1μm polystyrene microspheres, the copper-electroforming procedure for filling the microspheres' gaps, and the removal procedure for forming spherical array cavities. The fabricated tool electrode (Φ500μm) obtains the hydrophobic features of a contact angle of up to 138°. As a result, bubbles generated on the tool surface can form an air-electrolyte interface instead of a dispersed bubble cluster. Micro-ECM experiments of microstructures verify that the novel tool electrode can improve machining accuracy by suppressing sidewall stray corrosion.

Design and implementation of magnetic field effect sensor for ISF process

In this paper, an efficient approach for sheet metal thickness measurement is proposed. It is based on the concept of magnetic field effect resonance commonly called as Hall effect. The combination of magnet and metal tools generates the DC voltage signal. The magnitude of the generated signal is inversely proportional to the distance between magnet and tool and hence the thickness of the sheet metal. The proposed idea is designed and implemented successfully using suitable hardware. Initially, the designed circuit is tested manually using the Hall-effect sensor and the sheet metal of different thicknesses. Further, the various experimentations are carried out on the complete CNC machine-based incremental sheet metal forming setup to examine the effectuality of the proposed design. Moreover, the evaluation of the manufactured ISF part has been carried out using the image processing technique. It is observed that the proposed approach can be used efficiently in the application such as the incremental sheet metal forming (ISF) process in real-time for thickness measurement.

Episodic habitation and abandonment of Neolithic civilization sites in the Vaigai River Basin, Southern India

Recent studies have unearthed and recovered multiple sites with evidences of past human habitations in terms of ceramic, metal, precious stone, jewel, and stone tool industries and places of varied methods of burial and worship are being unearthed at different stratigraphic levels from floodplains of the Vaigai River Basin, Southern India. In this contribution, we present high-resolution 14C chronology of the archaeological artefacts, cultural evidence and the textural characteristics of sediments collected from the excavated pits. These data along with the information on regional geology, geomorphology, sedimentary facies, texture, petrography, and mineralogy constrain the older phase of the Vaigai River Basin Civilization to be microlithic in age, followed by affirmative evidence of ca. 5511-5147 BCE (7455-7091 cal yr BP). This was followed by few more colonization/cultural/habitation sites/surfaces at ca. 2976-2961 BCE (4938-4908 cal yr BP), 1860-1489 BCE (3543-3503 cal yr BP),530-390 BCE (2435-2314 cal yr BP), 596-629 CE (1353-1321 cal yr BP) and post 1225-1312 CE (729-619 cal yr BP). These are designated as habitation sites/surfaces namely HS-1, HS-2, HS-3, HS-4, HS-5 and HS-6, respectively. Evidences of urbanism, industrial and leisure activities besides cohabitation of at least three groups that practiced mutually exclusive burial customs are documented. Microlithic tools and buried habitation stages, together with the prevalence of modern habitations, make this basin unique with human occupation at least since the mid-Holocene. Major shifts of the trunk channel of the Vaigai River, perhaps associated with flood events, marooned/buried/destroyed the ancient habitation sites that forced the inhabitants to abandon old sites and led to the reestablishment of newer ones. Inevitable dependence of the ancient societies on the riverbanks and the flood plains for settlements and livelihood compounded with the lack of knowledge on extreme climatic events possibly caused the decimation of several settlements of this important civilization from south India.

Soft Robotic Deployable Origami Actuators for Neurosurgical Brain Retraction.

Metallic tools such as graspers, forceps, spatulas, and clamps have been used in proximity to delicate neurological tissue and the risk of damage to this tissue is a primary concern for neurosurgeons. Novel soft robotic technologies have the opportunity to shift the design paradigm for these tools towards safer and more compliant, minimally invasive methods. Here, we present a pneumatically actuated, origami-inspired deployable brain retractor aimed at atraumatic surgical workspace generation inside the cranial cavity. We discuss clinical requirements, design, fabrication, analytical modeling, experimental characterization, and in-vitro validation of the proposed device on a brain model.

Nickel and cobalt: Underestimated contact allergens in hairdressers?

Introduction: Nickel and cobalt were not regarded as pertinent contact allergens in the hairdressing trade for the last decades. It was even stated that the relevance of nickel allergy in the hairdressing trade has been overestimated for several years. Recently, nickel and cobalt release from a multitude of metal tools in the German hairdressing trade was documented in two field studies. Methods: Review of two field studies. Results: In 2019, nickel release from 9.2% of 229 tested metallic hairdressing tools was evidenced, and in 2021, nickel release from 27.6% as well as cobalt release from 2.1% of 475 tested tools was detected in overall 30 North German hairdressing salons. Tweezers, sectioning clips, hair clips, and straight razors were identified as nickel as well as cobalt releasing tools. Crochet hooks and tail combs were identified as only nickel releasing tools. Discussion: A variety of metallic tools – which are used daily by hairdressers – release nickel and/or cobalt in allergologically relevant amounts. This circumstance has to be considered problematic with regard to the development of work-related allergic contact dermatitis. Thus, nickel and cobalt should possibly receive greater attention as potential contact allergens in the hairdressing trade. Conclusion: The proven nickel and cobalt release from metallic hairdressing tools might entail legal ramifications in terms of insurance law. In case of nickel and cobalt allergies within the occupational group of hairdressers, metal tools might be considered as feasible sources for nickel and cobalt exposure.

ПРОГРАМА РЕСТАВРАЦІЇ БІЛОКАМ'ЯНОЇ СКУЛЬПТУРИ ЯНА НЕПОМУЦЬКОГО ПОЧАТКУ ХІХ СТОЛІТТЯ З СЕЛА ВЕЛИКА ВИШЕНЬКА, ЯВОРІВСЬКОГО РАЙОНУ, ЛЬВІВСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ

The following article is the first attempt to analyze and systematize the sculptural images of St. John of Nepomuk in the late XVIII-XIX centuries in Galicia, determine the accurate location to suggest the authorship of the work and develop a restoration program to put into effect work on the monument. Having conducted a stylistic inquiry, we can say that the author was a sculptor Jan Nepomuckski from the village of Velyka Vyshenky. He was under the influence of such Lviv sculptors as Peter and Matthew Poleiowski. Compositional techniques, manner of interpretation of folds, and plasticity testify to close cooperation with these authors. The similarity to the mode of Peter Poleiowski is especially noticeable. Matthew Poleiowski was a talented organizer, had great authority and performed an impressive number of works. He organized other sculptors under his guidance, and there is a suggestion that Ivan Poleiovsky was the leading one. Therefore, probably since Matthew signed contracts for the work, we see the work of the whole shop, and one of these sculptors was the author of sculptures, Jan Nepomuk, from the villages of Velyka Vyshenka and Tovstolug. The sculpture under restoration suffered significant damage and loss. There is no pedestal on which it had initially located. But the round column remained smooth and without decor. From the elbow, along with the hands, both hands are missing. Also, parts of the folds of clothing are missing. There are numerous chips and cracks. The saint's face is barely visible. A traditional attribute of the saint, the metal halo, is also missing. Although, we found traces of them, such as mounting slots on the sculpture. Before restoring the white stone sculpture of Jan Nepomuk from the village of Velyka Vyshenky, we developed the program. It includes the following steps: 1. To execute the photo-fixation of the object, make all necessary measurements and drawings. 2. To carry out a preliminary inspection to assess the damage and condition of the stone. 3. To determine the sequence of works on stone conservation. 4. To perform stone cleaning by dry method with brushes. 5. To clean the stone with a steam generator; 6. To clean the neck and head part from the remnants of cement with the help of metal tools, so-called preliminary restoration and pre-moisten the concrete with water. 7. Take measures to salt the stone with cellulose compresses and distilled water. 8. To perform structural strengthening of the stone with silicon-organic elements. 9. Glue the head and part of Christ with epoxy-based material from TENOX. 10. To supplement the lost items of clothing with mineral restoration solution. 11. To make several elements, such as hands, lost parts of the figure of Christ from plasticine. To make a plaster mould and reconstruct them from artificial stone. 12. To strengthen the structure of the stone with silicon-organic substance. 13. To cover the work with a biocidal solution of long-lasting action. 14. To perform sculpting of wood. 15. To conduct hydrophobization of the work. 16. To develop recommendations to organize the exhibition of works, providing optimal storage conditions. The white stone sculpture of Jan Nepomuk from the village of Velyka Vyshenka is an invaluable example of the late Baroque masters of the Lviv School of Sculpture, created by Ivan Poleiowski. However, today it is impossible to chronicle this. In the process of restoration of the Jan Nepomuk Sculpture, we used established and original restoration technologies and methods. It may allow displaying this sacred work as an object for prayer and worship. We would recommend exhibiting it under the cover to protect from the aggressive impact of precipitation.

Rapid casting using alternative approach of pattern and mould making

Evaporative pattern casting (EPC) process facilitates the production of parts with complicated geometries. Two major problems associated with EPC are the fabrication of the metal tooling and complicated mould preparation. To overcome these limitations, a novel rapid foam casting (RFC) process is proposed. The complicated pattern geometries as selected on the basis of shape complexity are produced by the author's developed rapid prototyping machine namely 'segmented object manufacturing'. Patterns are then converted into metallic castings by adopting two alternative moulding processes for EPC, i.e., no-bake and green sand moulding. Taguchi's orthogonal array is used for the design of experiments to investigate the effect of the part geometry, pattern density and moulding method on surface finish and dimensional accuracy of the casting. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is also performed to find out the individual participation of each factor on the surface finish and dimensional accuracy of the casting. No-bake sand moulding process gives tighter dimensional tolerances and better surface finish in comparison to green sand mould. The study also proves that even if several designs are being produced with the same complexity, it will yield the same quality. [Submitted 9 April 2020; Accepted 14 August 2020]

Design and Implementation of a Sophisticated Metal Detector Used in the Field of Airport Security

In this research, we designed and implemented an advanced metal detector based on the Atmega328p microprocessor; it is used in the security field to prevent the entry of dangerous metal tools or explosives to places that require a high degree of safety such as schools, airports, universities and commercial malls. Where the mechanism of the electronic scheme of the detector was understood, including what it contains of active and passive electronic components, the microprocessor used how to program it and its technical specifications were identified. After that, we converted the electronic diagram into a printed circuit board (PCB) via easyada.com, And then print this circuit on special paper so that we can transfer it on the copper board, and a special solution was used to remove the copper residues from the board, after that holes were created and the electronic elements were soldered, Moving on to the software part, the Arduino Uno chip was used to act as an ISP programmer, through which the Atmaga328p controller was programmed using AVRDUDESS software, tested with a small coil with a diameter of 1.5cm. The detector gave excellent performance in detecting metal pieces such as copper, aluminum, iron and silver, as well as electrical wires in the walls, where the device screen shows the signal strength of the captured metal as well as the numerical symbol of the metal. It also discovered the presence of a sharp tool hidden in the mouth, shoes or inside the clothes, and the device achieved high performance In discovering metal parts and determining their properties, with an accuracy of 80%.

Research Results of the International Syrian-Russian Underwater-Archaeological Expedition in the Waters of the Tartous Province in the Season 2020-2021.

In 2020–2021 underwater archaeological research of the Syrian-Russian expedition in the waters of the Tartous province of the Syrian Arab Republic continued. The purpose of the research was the search, survey, fixation and identification of underwater archaeological objects in the water area of Tartous, the islands of Arwad, El Abbas, El Faris, El Phanar and Makrud, the settlement of Kharab Markia. The task is to conduct underwater surveys using modern equipment, survey using a mobile sonar complex of objects identified in the 2019 season. The work was carried out with the involvement of diving teams, as well as a remote-controlled unmanned underwater vehicle “Marlin 350”. Numerous finds (fragments of ceramic and marble vessels, ceramic lids of sarcophagi, basalt shells of a trebuchet metal tool, architectural fragments of basalt) found in the course of work in the water area of Arwad Island are evidence of active trade contacts and the life of the city-state as a transit point for sea trade in different periods of history of this region. Examination of the fragments of fortifications and mooring structures preserved under water in the water area of Arwad Island made it possible to highlight a new direction of the expedition&amp;apos;s work: a geographic information system (GIS) was created for the sea area of the Tartous province of the Syrian Arab Republic. Near the settlement of Kharab Markia the remains of an ancient structure were recorded, presumably a fortress tower and a port lighthouse from the Roman period.

The non-ferrous metal toolkit of the Petrovka Culture of the South Trans-Urals

The article presents data on the morphological and typological characteristics of the trade tools of the Pet-rovka Culture of the South Trans-Urals and middle Tobol River region, originating from the sites of Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, and Tyumen Regions (77 specimens in total; 126 specimens in total including knives). According to the radiocarbon dating, the chronological period of the Petrovka sites in the Southern Trans-Urals spans the 19th through 18th centuries B.C. The distribution of tools into types was based on the techniques of typological division of the artifacts, taking into account their shape, presence of certain qualitative features, as well as consideration of the geographical and cultural areal of similar articles. The produce of the Southern Trans-Urals center is repre-sented by a diverse set of metal tools and by functioning of large settlements with metallurgical specialization — Kulevchi 3, Ustye 1, and Shibaevo 1. In the typology of the tool complex of the Petrovka Culture of the Southern Trans-Urals and the Middle Pre-Tobol region, common Eurasian types dominate, being genetically associated with the centers of the Middle Bronze Age of the Circumpontian Metallurgical Province — the Late Yamnaya-Poltavkino, Catacomb Culture, and metal-producing centers of the Corded Ware Culture — Volsk-Lbische and Balanovo. A pronounced variety of the morphotypes of the tools, especially knives, is characteristic of the initial stage of ethnogenesis of the cultures of the forest-steppe and steppe zone of Eurasia during the transitional pe-riod from the MBA to the LBA. Common Eurasian types of tools are characteristic of the cultures of the 1st phase of the Eurasian (West Asian) metallurgical province of the forest-steppe and steppe belt from the Don region to the Irtysh region: Abashevo; Sintashta; Early Srubnaya (Pokrovka); Petrovka (Early Alakul). Specific groups of tools inherent in the tribes of the Petrovka Culture were revealed: axes with a massive head; medium-curved sick-les with a prominent handle; socketed spearheads without eyelets and raised ribs along the edge of the socket; forged arrowheads with a through socket; knives with a straight prominent handle — double-edged and single-edged; knives with a forged open socket. In the appearance of some types of tools among the Petrovka population of the Trans-Urals, such as forged socketed tools — chisels, knives, arrows, double-edged knives with a prominent handle, and sickles with a small curvature, the influence of the Abashevo stereotypes of production is discernible. In the meantime, sufficient data have been obtained on the direct imports or on the conjugation of types of the metal tools and weapons of the Sintashta, Petrovka, and Seima-Turbino Cultures in closed complexes.