Metallic Lithium Anode Research Articles

Lithium Electrode Protection for Long Cycle Life and High Rate Capability Batteries

Sion Power will present breakthrough technology leading to the highest combination of specific energy, cycle life and rate capability. In the core of this transformational energy storage solution is a protected metallic lithium anode with several levels of protection: physical barrier, chemical passivation of lithium surface, lithium morphology control through pressure application and optimal charge-discharge algorithms. Protected lithium anode combined with various intercalation cathodes offers wide spectra of cell designs with specific energies of 620 Wh/kg at 270 cycles to 400 Wh/kg and cycle life exceeding 2500 cycles.The presentation will discuss Sion Power’s technology approaches, current state of energy density, rate capability and will be more focused on impact of charge-discharge algorithms on lithium morphology and cycle life.

Lithium Silicates as an Artificial SEI for Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries

The major motivation of replacing lithium-ion batteries with lithium metal batteries is to obtain higher energy density by adopting the metallic lithium anode (3860 mAh g-1, theoretically), which means they can store more energy in the same volume or weight. One of the main challenges of rechargeable lithium metal batteries is the formation of lithium dendrites during the charging process.1 Lithium dendrites are tiny needle-like structures that can grow from the surface of the lithium metal electrode and penetrate the separator, causing battery short-circuiting. This can lead to safety issues, including the potential for fire or explosion. Another challenge is the formation of solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) on the surface of the lithium metal electrode, which can reduce the battery's efficiency and cycle life.2 The SEI layer can also lead to the formation of inactive lithium and increase the risk of dendrite growth.In the present work, various lithium silicates have been synthesized to be implemented as the artificial SEI layer via a facile dry coating method.3,4 The lithium silicate coating acts as a protective barrier that prevents direct contact between the lithium metal and the electrolyte, which may cause undesirable side reactions and reduce the efficiency and lifespan of the battery.4 The lithium silicate-based artificial SEI layer improves the stability and efficiency of lithium metal batteries by reducing unwanted surface reactions, improving ion transport kinetics, and protecting the lithium metal anode from mechanical deformation and unstable SEI formation during extended cycling. This laminated lithium anode structure could be an effective design for the future development of long-cycle-life lithium metal batteries. F. Wu et al., Energy Storage Materials, 15, 148–170 (2018).X.-B. Cheng et al., Adv. Sci., 3, 1500213 (2016).A. Bhat, P. Sireesha, Y. Chen, and Y. Su, ChemElectroChem, 9 (2022) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/celc.202200772.Y.-S. Su, K.-C. Hsiao, P. Sireesha, and J.-Y. Huang, Batteries, 8, 2 (2022). Figure 1

Enhancing Fast-Charge Capabilities in Solid-State Lithium Batteries through the Integration of High Li0.5La0.5TiO3 (LLTO) Content in the Lithium-Metal Anode.

Solid-state batteries (SSBs), which have high energy density and are safe, are recognized as an important field of study. However, the poor interfacial contact with high resistance, the dendrite problem, and the volume change of the metallic lithium anode prevent the use of SSBs. Li0.5La0.5TiO3 (LLTO) particles and molten lithium were used to create a high-performance LLTO-Li composite lithium with a sequential ion-conducting phase. With garnet electrolytes, this lithium has better wettability and reduced surface tension. To compensate for the lithium depletion that occurs during stripping, the Li-Ti phase with a high ionic diffusion coefficient that forms in the anode can rapidly transport lithium from the bulk to the solid-state interface, ensuring tight interface contact, preventing the formation of gaps, and homogenizing the current and Li+ flux. The LLTO-Li| LLZTO| LLTO-Li symmetric cell exhibits a good cyclic stability of 1000 h at room temperature, a low interfacial resistance of 22 Ω cm2, and a high critical current density of 1.2 mA cm-2. Furthermore, fully built cells with a LiFePO4 cathode showed outstanding cycling performance, maintaining 95% of their capacity after 900 cycles at 1 C and 92% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 2 C.

Li+ Conduction in a Polymer/Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 Solid Electrolyte and Li-Metal/Electrolyte Interface.

The solid oxide electrolyte Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 (LAGP) with a NASICON structure has a high bulk ionic conductivity of 10-4 S cm-1 at room temperature and good stability in the air because of the strong P5+-O2- covalence bonding. However, the Ge4+ ions in LAGP are quickly reduced to Ge3+ on contact with the metallic lithium anode, and the LAGP ceramic has insufficient physical contact with the electrodes in all-solid-state batteries, which limits the large-scale application of the LAGP electrolyte in all-solid-state Li-metal batteries. Here, we prepared flexible PEO/LiTFSI/LAGP composite electrolytes, and the introduction of LAGP as a ceramic filler in polymer electrolytes increases the total ionic conductivity and the electrochemical stability of the composite electrolyte. Moreover, the flexible polymer shows good contact with the electrodes, resulting in a small interfacial resistance and stable cycling of all-solid-state Li-metal batteries. The influence of the external pressure and temperature on Li+ transfer across the Li/electrolyte interface is also investigated.

Carbon nanofibers implanted porous catalytic metal oxide design as efficient bifunctional electrode host material for lithium-sulfur battery

The shuttling effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and uncontrolled dendrite formation of metal lithium anode are the two critical obstacles hindering the commercial application of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. Herein, a bifunctional electrode host design consists of carbon nanofibers implanted ordered porous Co-decorated Al2O3 supported on carbon nanotube film (CNTF) is proposed to address these problems. As cathode sulfur host material, benefiting from the synergistic effect of porous Co-Al2O3 and the embedded CNFs, the CNFs/Co-Al2O3@CNTF exhibits excellent conductivity, efficient LiPSs confinement and catalytic conversion performance. It shows a high initial capacity of 1165 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C, and holds a capacity of 594 mAh g−1 even up to 3 C. When serves as anode, the CNFs/Co-Al2O3@CNTF electrode exhibits excellent Li+ diffusion performance and uniform lithium growth behavior, achieving a dendrite-free lithium electrode. The anode also shows good cycle stability during an ultra-long cycle time of 1000 h. A flexible pack cell assembled from CNFs/Co-Al2O3@CNTF electrodes delivers a specific capacity of 972 mAh g−1 with capacity retention rate of 86.4% at 0.1 C.

Plasma-strengthened ionic conducting network enabling highly safety separator toward all-climate lithium metal batteries

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) have been a promising candidate for high-energy–density energy storage system due to its high theoretical capacity and low density of metallic lithium (Li) anode, yet it still faces high risk of internal short circuits induced by thermal shrinkage and dendrite puncture of conventional polypropylene (PP) separators. To address these issues, an artificial interface, namely “plasma-strengthened ionic conducting network”, is constructed on the commercial PP separator, integrating high thermal/mechanical advantages of superionic Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 (LAGP) and chemical regulation of plasma-introduced F-contained groups (F-LAGP@PP). The high safety F-LAGP@PP can reduce risk of the short circuit of LMBs. Time-of-flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (Tof-SIMS) indicates the plasma-introduced F-contained groups can react with Li anode to generate a LiF-rich interphase to promote a high chemical stability of LAGP. Consequently, this easy-to-commercialize fabrication separator enables both LMBs and Li-ion full pouch cells to achieve high safety and appreciable electrochemical performance in a wide temperature range (–20–120 °C), highlighting its application prospect for advanced energy storage systems.

Temperature-Dependent Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Li/Li Symmetric Cells and Li/MnO2 Batteries

Understanding the electrochemical properties of Lithium metal is a crucial step for developing and optimizing rechargeable batteries with lithium metal anodes. During discharge, the lithium metal is oxidized, generating dissolved lithium cations. Transport of the ions to the electrolyte is a significant part of this process. To investigate this process, temperature-dependent EIS experiments are done to independently measure the resistance due to this transport and, eventually, the activation energy.Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a non-destructive analysis method mainly employed for studying the characteristics of electrochemical energy storage systems. EIS can be invaluable in isolating and studying buried interfaces without physically separating individual components. The anodic process, specifically the charge transfer through the solid-electrolyte interface can be studied without any influence of the rest of the processes.In this study, we built and measured the Potentiostatic EIS of both symmetric (Li/Li) and batteries (Li/MnO2). Button size (CR 2032) cells were constructed with different battery-grade electrolytes. A symmetric cell can isolate the processes related to metallic lithium. In contrast, a battery type (with an anode and a cathode) can differentiate the effect of the cathode on the anode. A broad range of temperatures (15ᵒC to 65ᵒC) was achieved with a Peltier-powered, homemade climate chamber. The limiting factors were selected according to the freezing and boiling temperatures of the electrolyte systems. Cycling of symmetric cells and discharging of batteries were performed, and the cells were measured after cycling/discharging.The evaluation of the spectra as a function of temperature and states-of-charge can give a comprehensive understanding of metallic Li and the oxidation process. The resistance modeling the transport as well as the capacitance values were investigated as functions of temperature. The change in resistance values at different temperatures resulted in not only Arrhenius behavior but also regions where Arrhenius behavior is violated.Interpretation of the temperature dependence provides a detailed understanding of the underlying electrochemical phenomena involving the metallic lithium anode. The effect of electrolytes on Li+ conductance can also be interpreted from the achieved results.

Glass Electrolyte Infiltrated Cathode in an All Solid State Lithium Cell

Ion conducting glasses have been known for more than half a century, but their effective application in batteries is limited. Johnson Energy Storage is demonstrating a novel all solid state lithium battery construction which utilizes a lithium ion conducting glass to transport ions from deep within a structured cathode network. The unique application of the glass electrolyte is dependent upon a networked cathode structure, infiltration of the glass into the cathode and developing a glass with both sufficient ionic transport and a large voltage stability window. The advantages provided include continuity of transport channels and large contact surfaces between the active cathode material and the glass electrolyte. Both are required for effective transport and low impedance. Cells are shown with the potential for long cycle life and stability cycling from 3.0-4.3 volts utilizing a metallic lithium anode.

Fluorine-Substituted Halide Solid Electrolytes with Enhanced Stability toward the Lithium Metal.

The high ionic conductivity and good oxidation stability of halide-based solid electrolytes evoke strong interest in this class of materials. Nonetheless, the superior oxidative stability compared to sulfides comes at the expense of limited stability toward reduction and instability against metallic lithium anodes, which hinders their practical use. In this context, the gradual fluorination of Li2ZrCl6-xFx (0 ≤ x ≤ 1.2) is proposed to enhance the stability toward lithium-metal anodes. The mechanochemically synthesized fluorine-substituted compounds show the expected distorted local structure (M2-M3 site disorder) and significant change in the overall Li-ion migration barrier. Theoretical calculations reveal an approximate minimum energy path for Li2ZrCl6-xFx (x = 0 and 0.5) with an increase in the Li+ migration energy barrier for Li2ZrCl5.5F0.5 in comparison to Li2ZrCl6. However, it is found that the fluorine-substituted compound exhibits substantially lower polarization after 800 h of lithium stripping and plating owing to enhanced interfacial stability against the lithium metal, as revealed by density functional theory and ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thanks to the formation of a fluorine-rich passivating interphase.

Revealing the Influence of Electrolyte Additives in Reducing the Heat Generation of High Voltage Lithium‐Ion Batteries using Operando Accelerating Rate Calorimetry (ARC)

AbstractLithium‐ion batteries operating at high voltage generally endure drastic capacity fading and serious safety issues. Working on the electrolytes’ stability can be a solution to mitigate these problems related to high voltage. Herein, the beneficial impact of functional electrolyte additives in a state‐of‐the‐art carbonate‐based electrolyte is demonstrated. The combination of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) with succinonitrile (SN) as additives was used to enhance the thermal stability of the electrolyte reference 1 M LiPF6 in EC:DMC (1 : 1, by weight) and cycling stability of a high voltage lithium‐ion device, consisting of a LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 cathode and a metallic lithium anode. The electrolyte using the FEC/SN mixture displayed a wider electrochemical stability window (ESW) exhibited by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). Furthermore, this electrolyte allowed the device to exhibit better rate capability and a capacity retention of 75 % after 100 cycles. Interestingly, the FEC+SN‐based electrolyte exhibited better thermal stability using operando accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) by virtue of the lower heat quantity generated by the battery device. The remarkable improvements can be ascribed to the formation of a protective cathode‐electrolyte interface (CEI) produced by interfacial reactions between the cathode surface and electrolyte compounds.

Dynamic surface protective layer on a metallic lithium anode with electronic and ionic dual conductivity

A dynamic surface protective layer is formed by the electrochemical polymerization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The newly formed Li dendrites can become dissolved in the protective layer, forming a conjugated Li+ and a dislocated e− π system. The protective layer is electronic and ionic dual conductive, which significantly reduces the interfacial impedance. Li dendrite formation can be mitigated since the newly formed Li dendrite becomes dissolved in the protective layer. The dissolved Li can disperse throughout the Li electrode surface and become re-deposited. Due to the elastic nature of the protective layer, it can stay on the Li surface during the Li volume change. The dissolution of Li dendrite and the formation of the elastic protective layer are visually observed in an in-situ electrochemical optical experiment.

A critical review on composite solid electrolytes for lithium batteries: Design strategies and interface engineering

The rapid development of new energy vehicles and 5G communication technologies has led to higher demands for the safety, energy density, and cycle performance of lithium-ion batteries as power sources. However, the currently used liquid carbonate compounds in commercial lithium-ion battery electrolytes pose potential safety hazards such as leakage, swelling, corrosion, and flammability. Solid electrolytes can be used to mitigate these risks and create a safer lithium battery. Furthermore, high-energy density can be achieved by using solid electrolytes along with high-voltage cathode and metal lithium anode. Two types of solid electrolytes are generally used: inorganic solid electrolytes and polymer solid electrolytes. Inorganic solid electrolytes have high ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability window, and mechanical strength, but suffer from large solid/solid contact resistance between the electrode and electrolyte. Polymer solid electrolytes have good flexibility, processability, and contact interface properties, but low room temperature ionic conductivity, necessitating operation at elevated temperatures. Composite solid electrolytes (CSEs) are a promising alternative because they offer light weight and flexibility, like polymers, as well as the strength and stability of inorganic electrolytes. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent advances in CSEs to help researchers optimize CSE composition and interactions for practical applications. It covers the development history of solid-state electrolytes, CSE properties with respect to nanofillers, morphology, and polymer types, and also discusses the lithium-ion transport mechanism of the composite electrolyte, and the methods of engineering interfaces with the positive and negative electrodes. Overall, the paper aims to provide an outlook on the potential applications of CSEs in solid-state lithium batteries, and to inspire further research aimed at the development of more systematic optimization strategies for CSEs.

Ameliorating Phosphonic-Based Nonflammable Electrolytes Towards Safe and Stable Lithium Metal Batteries.

High-energy-density lithium metal batteries with high safety and stability are urgently needed. Designing the novel nonflammable electrolytes possessing superior interface compatibility and stability is critical to achieve the stable cycling of battery. Herein, the functional additive dimethyl allyl-phosphate and fluoroethylene carbonate were introduced to triethyl phosphate electrolytes to stabilize the deposition of metallic lithium and accommodate the electrode-electrolyte interface. In comparison with traditional carbonate electrolyte, the designed electrolyte shows high thermostability and inflaming retarding characteristics. Meanwhile, the Li||Li symmetrical batteries with designed phosphonic-based electrolytes exhibit a superior cycling stability of 700 h at the condition of 0.2 mA cm-2, 0.2 mAh cm-2. Additionally, the smooth- and dense-deposited morphology was observed on an cycled Li anode surface, demonstrating that the designed electrolytes show better interface compatibility with metallic lithium anodes. The Li||LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 and Li||LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 batteries paired with phosphonic-based electrolytes show better cycling stability after 200 and 450 cycles at the rate of 0.2 C, respectively. Our work provides a new way to ameliorate nonflammable electrolytes in advanced energy storage systems.

Composite lithium with high ionic conducting Li3Bi alloy enabled high-performance garnet-type solid-state lithium batteries

Solid-state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs) are regarded as an important development direction due to their high energy density and safety. Nevertheless, the application of SSLMBs is hampered by the poor interfacial contact with large resistance and dendrite issue, as well as volume variation of metallic lithium anode. Here, a high-performance Li-BiF3 composite lithium having successive ion-conducting phase was constructed via the conversion reaction between commercial BiF3 powders and molten lithium, which shows reduced surface tension of lithium and improved wettability toward Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 electrolytes. The as-formed Li3Bi in the anode with high ionic diffusion coefficient can quickly transport lithium from the bulk to the solid-state interface to compensate for the lithium depletion during stripping, thus ensuring tight interface contact, inhibiting the generation of gaps, and homogenizing current and Li+ flux. The Li-BiF3/LLZTO/Li-BiF3 symmetric cells present small interfacial resistance (7.4 Ω cm2), large critical current density (1.1 mA cm−2) and superior cyclic stability of 850 h under 0.3 mA cm−2 at 25 °C. In addition, full cells assembled together with LiFePO4 and LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathodes demonstrate exceptional cyclic performance with 92.9% and 86.5% capacity maintenance upon 100 cycles under 0.5 C.

Ultra-Thin Lithium Silicide Interlayer for Solid-State Lithium-Metal Batteries.

All-solid-state batteries with metallic lithium (LiBCC ) anode and solid electrolyte (SE) are under active development. However, an unstable SE/LiBCC interface due to electrochemical and mechanical instabilities hinders their operation. Herein, an ultra-thin nanoporous mixed ionic and electronic conductor (MIEC) interlayer (≈3.25 µm), which regulates LiBCC deposition and stripping, serving as a 3D scaffold for Li0 ad-atom formation, LiBCC nucleation, and long-range transport of ions and electrons at SE/LiBCC interface is demonstrated. Consisting of lithium silicide and carbon nanotubes, the MIEC interlayer is thermodynamically stable against LiBCC and highly lithiophilic. Moreover, its nanopores (<100 nm) confine the deposited LiBCC to the size regime where LiBCC exhibits "smaller is much softer" size-dependent plasticity governed by diffusive deformation mechanisms. The LiBCC thus remains soft enough not to mechanically penetrate SE in contact. Upon further plating, LiBCC grows in between the current collector and the MIEC interlayer, not directly contacting the SE. As a result, a full-cell having Li3.75 Si-CNT/LiBCC foil as an anode and LiNi0.8 Co0.1 Mn0.1 O2 as a cathode displays a high specific capacity of 207.8 mAh g-1 , 92.0% initial Coulombic efficiency, 88.9% capacity retention after 200 cycles (Coulombic efficiency reaches 99.9% after tens of cycles), and excellent rate capability (76% at 5 C).

The Double-Edged Effect of Water on Li-O2 Aprotic Batteries

Storing larger amounts of energy is becoming critical as more renewable and intermittent energy sources emerge in our society. Li-O2 batteries have the highest theoretical energy density, but there are still barriers to overcome. The presence of water in atmospheric air makes studying its effects on battery performance necessary if ambient oxygen ought to be used in such devices. This paper investigates the effect of different concentrations of water in the electrolyte of Li-O2 aprotic batteries, on deep discharge capacity and cyclability. Batteries were prepared with a metallic lithium anode, glass microfiber membrane, 0.1 M LiClO4/DMSO electrolyte with various water concentrations (15–144,000 ppm), and carbon paper cathode. An increase in discharge capacity of >300% was achieved with 550 ppm of water; however, a gradual reduction in cyclability was observed increasing water concentration. We show that it occurs due to changes in the reaction mechanism, composition, and morphology of the discharge products, incomplete decomposition, and formation of a passivating film on the metallic lithium anode. Moreover, this article elucidates the causes underlying the involved mechanism and highlights the double-edged effect of water on the electrochemical performance of Li-O2 batteries, causing improvements in deep discharge capacity at the cost of reduced cyclability.

A Li–Li4Ti5O12 Composite Anode for Reducing Interfacial Resistance of Solid‐State Batteries

The high energy density and stability of solid‐state lithium batteries (SSBs) have garnered attention. Garnet electrolytes are widely explored in SSBs due to their huge electrochemical potential window, high effective ionic conductivity, and reasonable production cost. However, the electrochemical stability of a metallic lithium anode and a garnet electrolyte pose obstacles to the widespread use of garnet‐based SSBs. To remedy these problems, Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) is added to the metallic lithium anode. With superior wettability on the garnet electrolyte compared to pure metallic Li, Li–LTO is a more desirable electrolyte. Increased wettability between the garnet electrolyte and Li–LTO composite is responsible for the larger absolute value of the interface formation energy found in the first principal density‐functional theory calculation. Since the interface resistance between the Li–LTO composite anodes (25 Ω cm2) and the Li metal (270 Ω cm2) is much lower, Li dendrite development is effectively suppressed. An all‐lithium battery with a Li–LTO anode and a LiFePO4 cathode shows excellent capacity retention of 95% after 450 cycles. This discovery may serve as inspiration for future efforts to create a metallic Li‐containing anode for lithium batteries and other functional LTO‐based composites.

Effects of Catalysis and Separator Functionalization on High‐Energy Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: A Complete Review

Lithium–sulfur (Li‐S) batteries have the advantages of high theoretical specific capacity (1675 mAh g−1), rich sulfur resources, low production cost, and friendly environment, which makes it one of the most promising next‐generation rechargeable energy storage devices. However, the “shuttle effect” of polysulfide results in the passivation of metal lithium anode, the decrease of battery capacity and coulombic efficiency, and the deterioration of cycle stability. To realize the commercialization of Li‐S batteries, its serious “shuttle effect” needs to be suppress. The commercial separators are ineffective to suppress this effect because of its large pore size. Therefore, it is an effective strategy to modify the separator surface and introduce functional modified layer. In addition to the blocking strategy, the catalysis of polysulfide conversion reaction is also an important factor hindering the migration of polysulfides. In this review, the principles of separator modification, functionalization, and catalysis in Li‐S batteries are reviewed. Furthermore, the research trend of separator functionalization and polysulfide catalysis in the future is prospected.

LiAlO2-coated LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 and chlorine-rich argyrodite enabling high-performance all-solid-state lithium batteries at suitable stack pressure

All-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs), which are consisted of Li 5.5 PS 4.5 Cl 1.5 electrolyte, metal lithium anode and LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 (NCM811) cathode, are speculated as a promising next generation energy storage system. However, the unstable oxide cathode/sulfide-based electrolyte interface and the dendrite formation in sulfide electrolyte using the lithium metal anode hinder severely commercialization of the ASSLBs. In this work, the dendrite formation in sulfide electrolyte is investigated in lithium symmetric cell by varying the stack pressure (3, 6, 12, 24 MPa) during uniaxial pressing, and uniformly nanosized LiAlO 2 buffer layer was carefully coated on NCM811 electrode (LiAlO 2 @NCM811) to improve the cathode/electrolyte interface stability. The result shows that lithium symmetrical cell has a steady voltage evolution over 400 h under 6 MPa stacking pressure, and the assembled LiAlO 2 @NCM811/Li 5.5 PS 4.5 Cl 1.5 /Li battery under the stack pressure of 6 MPa exhibits large initial discharge specific capacity and excellent cycling stability at 0.05 C and 25 °C. The feasibility of using the lithium metal anode in all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) under suitable stack pressure combined with uniformly nanosized LiAlO 2 buffer layer coated on NCM811 electrode supply a facile and effective measures for constructing ASSLBs with high energy density and high safety.

A Control-Oriented Reduced-Order Model for Lithium-Metal Batteries

Lithium-metal batteries (LMB) are attractive for energy-storage applications because of their high specific energy and energy density. Unlike lithium-ion batteries (LIB), LMB have metallic lithium anodes which introduce complications to modeling their long-term behavior. In particular, a dead-lithium layer grows over time, and this must be described in any battery-management-system (BMS) model to enable producing good long-term estimates of state-of-charge, state-of-health, and power limits. This letter shows how to convert an LMB PDE model from the literature into a reduced-order control-oriented format suitable for implementation in BMS algorithms.