Metallic Copper Oxide Research Articles

Metallic silver-alloyed copper oxide electro-catalyst: A high-sensitivity platform for propoxur insecticide detection in food samples

BackgroundCarbamate insecticides find widespread use in crop protection. Propoxur (PPX) is a type of pesticide classified as a carbamate insecticide, commonly used to control pests in both agriculture and households. The chances of these compounds being present are quite high. For this reason, it is imperative to perform a quantitative analysis of food samples to assess insecticides. MethodsThe development of a sensitive sensor using plate-like metallic silver alloyed copper oxide (m-Ag-CuO) allowed for the detection of PPX in food samples. The physical characteristics of m-Ag-CuO were determined through the use of microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. With its high sensitivity and exceptional selectivity, the electrochemical sensing method provides rapid and accurate results, making it a preferred choice for detect PPX. Significant findingsThe fabricated sensor showed impressive performance under optimal experimental conditions, with a limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ) and a sensitivity are 0.62 ng/L and 1.9 ng/L, and 0.67 µA (ng/L)–1 cm–2. We assessed the functionality and suitability of the sensor through selective study and analysis of food samples, achieving a recovery rate of 95 – 102 %. This indicates that the sensor successfully adapted to analyze PPX in different food products.

Self-Organizing Sub-μm Surface Structures Stimulated by Microplasma Generated Reactive Species and Short-Pulsed Laser Irradiation.

Catalysts are critical components for chemical reactions in industrial applications. They are able to optimize selectivity, efficiency, and reaction rates, thus enabling more environmentally friendly processes. This work presents a novel approach to catalyst functionalization for the CO2 reduction reaction by combining the reactive species of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet with the electric fields and energy input of a laser. This leads to both a nanoscale structuring as well as a controllable chemical composition of the surface, which are important parameters for optimizing catalyst performance. The treatment is conducted on thin copper layers deposited by high power pulsed magnetron sputtering on silicon wafers. Because atomic oxygen plays a key role in oxidizing copper, two photon absorption fluorescence is used to investigate the atomic oxygen density in the interaction zone of the COST plasma jet and a copper surface. The used atmospheric pressure plasma jet provides an atomic oxygen density at the surface in a distance of 8 mm to the jet nozzle of approximately or a flux of . Pulsed laser-induced dewetting is used to form nanoparticles from the deposited copper layer to enhance catalytic performance. Varying the layer thickness allows control of the size of the particles. A gas flow directed on the sample during the combined treatment disturbs the particle formation. This can be prevented by increasing the laser energy to compensate for the cooling effect of the gas flow. Investigating the surface using X-ray photoemission spectroscopy reveals that the untreated copper layer surface consists mostly of metallic copper and Cu(I) oxide. Irradiating the sample only with the laser did not change the composition. The combination of plasma and laser treatment is able to produce Cu(II) species such as CuO, whose concentration increases with treatment time. The presented process allows the tuning of the ratio of C2O/CuO, which is an interesting parameter for further studies on copper catalyst performance.

Copper recovery by solvent extraction for nanoparticle synthesis from waste motherboards.

Printed circuit boards, which make up part of waste from electrical and electronic equipment, contain elements that can be economically reused, such as copper, silver, gold, and nickel, as well as metals that are harmful to the environment and health, such as lead, mercury, and cadmium. Thus, through recycling this scrap, materials that would otherwise be discarded can be reinserted as secondary raw materials to produce new consumer goods through urban mining. In this context, the synthesis of nanoparticles shows promise as it allows the reinsertion of these materials in the manufacture of new products. Therefore, this study used obsolete computer motherboards as a secondary material to obtain copper to produce nanoparticles of this metal. From a solution based on the leach liquor of this scrap, a purification route using solvent extraction was defined and applied to the real leach liquor. Applying the hydroxyoxime extractant at a dilution of 20% (v/v) in kerosene, A/O of 1/1, 298K, and 0.25h of contact during extraction, and stripping in H2SO4 (2M), 298K, 0.25h, W/O ratio of 3/1, and two theoretical countercurrent stages, a solution containing more than 95% of the copper in the leach liquor could be obtained with less than 1% of contaminants. From this purified liquor, nanoparticles containing copper and metallic copper oxides and hydroxides were produced, with an average size of 84nm, at pH 11, 3h of hot stirring, volume of 0.015 L of ascorbic acid (0.50M) and 0.015 L of precursor solution (0.03M Cu), and temperature (343K).

Influence of chemistry and topography on the wettability of copper

To understand the complex interplay of topography and surface chemistry in wetting, fundamental studies investigating both parameters are needed. Due to the sensitivity of wetting to miniscule changes in one of the parameters it is imperative to precisely control the experimental approach. A profound understanding of their influence on wetting facilitates a tailored design of surfaces with unique functionality.We present a multi-step study: The influence of surface chemistry is analyzed by determining the adsorption of volatile carbonous species (A) and by sputter deposition of metallic copper and copper oxides on flat copper substrates (B). A precise surface topography is created by laser processing. Isotropic topography is created by ps laser processing (C), and hierarchical anisotropic line patterns are produced by direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) with different pulse durations (D).Our results reveal that the long-term wetting response of polished copper surfaces stabilizes with time despite ongoing accumulation of hydrocarbons and is dominated by this adsorption layer over the oxide state of the substrate (Cu, CuO, Cu2O). The surfaces’ wetting response can be precisely tuned by tailoring the topography via laser processing. The sub-pattern morphology of primary line-like patterns showed great impact on the static contact angle, wetting anisotropy, and water adhesion. An increased roughness inside the pattern valleys combined with a minor roughness on pattern peaks favors air-inclusions, isotropic hydrophobicity, and low water adhesion. Increasing depth of the primary topography can also induce air-inclusions despite increasing peak roughness while time dependent wetting transitions were observed.

Activated carbon impregnated with Ag(0) and Cu oxides for the removal of Escherichia coli, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium (oo)cysts from water

Granular activated carbon (GAC) impregnated with silver or copper was evaluated as a point-of-use water treatment to improve the microbiological quality of drinking water processed by low-cost, newly developed GAC filters. Experiments were carried out in a point-of-use water purifying system using packed-bed filters of GAC impregnated with various concentrations of Ag(0) or Cu oxides. The pore and surface properties were studied in terms of BET volumetric measurement with nitrogen adsorption (BET area of metal-impregnated GAC lies within the range of 602 ∼ 866 m²g−1, while the surface area of non-treated GAC is 870 m²g-1), X-ray diffraction (identifying the presence of metallic silver and copper oxide in the GAC structure) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (revealed the presence of metal compounds deposited on the GAC surface). The performance of filters with GAC (water treatment capacity of 4 L/g) was evaluated against microbiological contaminants in synthetic water so that the best loading concentration to remove microorganisms from test water could be determined. The removal efficiency against Escherichia coli was higher when the amount of metal impregnated on GAC increased. GAC impregnated with Ag(0) at 5.0 wt% had a strong antibacterial activity for the growth of Escherichia coli. Samples of GAC impregnated with Ag(0) at 1.0 wt% and Cu oxides at 0.5 wt% were more efficient in the removal of Giardia and Cryptosporidium (oo) cysts. The above evaluations showed that the proposed apparatus, based on a gravitational point-of-use filter with an adsorbent with metals has antibacterial properties and may be recommended to communities for household treatment of drinking water.

Activated carbon impregnated with Ag(0) and Cu oxides for the removal of Escherichia coli, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium (oo)cysts from water

Granular activated carbon (GAC) impregnated with silver or copper was evaluated as a point-of-use water treatment to improve the microbiological quality of drinking water processed by low-cost, newly developed GAC filters. Experiments were carried out in a point-of-use water purifying system using packed-bed filters of GAC impregnated with various concentrations of Ag(0) or Cu oxides. The pore and surface properties were studied in terms of BET volumetric measurement with nitrogen adsorption (BET area of metal-impregnated GAC lies within the range of 602 ∼ 866 m²g−1, while the surface area of non-treated GAC is 870 m²g-1), X-ray diffraction (identifying the presence of metallic silver and copper oxide in the GAC structure) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (revealed the presence of metal compounds deposited on the GAC surface). The performance of filters with GAC (water treatment capacity of 4 L/g) was evaluated against microbiological contaminants in synthetic water so that the best loading concentration to remove microorganisms from test water could be determined. The removal efficiency against Escherichia coli was higher when the amount of metal impregnated on GAC increased. GAC impregnated with Ag(0) at 5.0 wt% had a strong antibacterial activity for the growth of Escherichia coli. Samples of GAC impregnated with Ag(0) at 1.0 wt% and Cu oxides at 0.5 wt% were more efficient in the removal of Giardia and Cryptosporidium (oo) cysts. The above evaluations showed that the proposed apparatus, based on a gravitational point-of-use filter with an adsorbent with metals has antibacterial properties and may be recommended to communities for household treatment of drinking water.

Dual solutions of water-based micropolar nanofluid flow over a shrinking sheet with thermal transmission: Stability analysis

Investigation of the nature of dual solutions of the water-based micropolar nanofluid-flow with thermal transmission due to a contracting surface has been done in the work. The flow is characterized by its shrinking velocity and imposed magnetic field. Also, this work is one of the contributions that illustrate the microrotation and microinertia descriptions of nanofluids. The effects of metallic nanoparticles Cu and CuO have been discussed throughout this study. A uniform magnetic field has been applied in the normal direction of the flow. A set of basic equations that supports the present problem are derived from the principle of conservation laws and have been modernized into a set of solvable forms by employing suitable similarity variables. The MATLAB built-in bvp4c solver scheme is engineered to solve this problem. In order to tackle boundary value problems that are highly non-linear, this numerical method largely relies on collocation and finite difference techniques. From this study, we have perceived that the speed of the motion of CuO-water nanofluid in both cases (the first and second solutions) is less than CuO-water nanofluid. The material parameter plays an important role by enhancing the heat transfer rate of the fluid at the surface of the sheet in both time-dependent and time-independent cases. From the stability analysis, the first solution has been found as the stable and physically attainable solution. Additionally, the material parameter aids in reducing the effects of couple stress and shear stress on the fluid in both situations near the surface.

Micro-Vickers Hardness of Cu and Cu2O Dual Phase Composite Films Electrodeposited from Acidic Aqueous Solutions Containing Polyethylene Glycol

Metallic copper (Cu) and copper oxide (Cu2O) dual phase composite films were fabricated via a cathodic reduction process in an acidic aqueous solution dissolving polyethylene glycol (PEG) to investigate the structure and micro-Vickers hardness. By dissolving PEG in an aqueous electrolyte, the cathode potential was depolarized to the noble region during the electrodeposition, and the average crystallite size of electrodeposited Cu/Cu2O composite films was decreased down to around 40 nm. The metallic copper films electrodeposited from the solution without PEG was preferentially orientated in (220), while that containing PEG was composed of Cu and Cu2O dual phase composite films with random crystal orientation. The micro-Vickers hardness of the Cu/Cu2O composite films that were electrodeposited from the solution containing PEG was achieved up to 2.53 GPa. This improvement in mechanical performance can be explained by the grain refinement effect and the electrochemical phase transformation effect from a copper metallic state to the oxide.

Novel application of electrochemical test for the controllable electrodeposition of Cu2O and metallic Cu film

As important industrial materials, the preparation of metallic copper and cuprous oxide (Cu2O) film is a hotspot in related fields. In this work, Cu2O and metallic copper films were controllably fabricated on the conductive substrate in an electrolyte containing 0.02 M cupric acetate and 0.1 M sodium acetate at different voltages. Linear sweep voltammetry test, as an effective way, was used to determine the selection of electrodeposition voltage. Pure Cu2O film can be prepared at a lower deposition voltage, and metallic copper film can be obtained at a higher deposition voltage and a longer deposition time. The obtained Cu2O film has complex surface morphology and exhibited n-type conductivity. The composition and morphology of the films were related to the deposition voltage. These results provide a new strategy and sight for the controllable preparation of cuprous oxide and metallic copper in the field of solar cells and integrated circuits.

Enhanced corrosion inhibition of copper in acidic environment by cathodic control of interface formation with 2-mercaptobenzothiazole

Electrochemistry along with advanced surface analyzes (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry) were implemented to investigate copper corrosion inhibition by 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (2-MBT) in hydrochloric aqueous solution and the effects of electrochemical control on the formation of the inhibiting interface. It is shown that reducing the native surface oxide by cathodic reduction prior to exposure to the inhibitor drastically decreases the rate of anodic dissolution. Additionally, increasing the exposure time of the metal surface to the inhibitor results in even better protection against dissolution. 2-MBT adsorbs as multilayers and bonds to both metallic copper and residual copper oxide islands via its sulphur atoms. Partial dissociation of the molecule, releasing the exocyclic sulphur, which then bonds to metallic Cu, is observed. Further dissociation of the molecule, releasing the endocyclic sulphur, is induced by anodic polarization, forming defects in the organic layer and thus compromising the barrier properties of the organic layer.

P-type (CuTi)Ox Thin Films Deposited by Magnetron Co-Sputtering and Their Electronic and Hydrogen Sensing Properties

Thin films of copper oxide (CuxO), titanium oxide (TiOx), and several mixtures of copper and titanium oxides ((CuTi)Ox) were deposited using magnetron sputtering. X-ray diffraction analysis of the as-deposited TiOx thin film revealed the presence of TiO crystallites, while in the case of (CuTi)Ox with the lowest amount of copper, metallic Cu crystallites were found. In the case of (Cu0.77Ti0.23)Ox and CuxO thin films, characteristic peaks for metallic copper and copper oxides were observed in their diffractograms. It was found that post-process annealing at 473 K considerably affects the microstructure of (CuTi)Ox thin films. After annealing, anatase phase was observed in (Cu0.23Ti0.77)Ox and (Cu0.41Ti0.59)Ox thin films. In turn, the (Cu0.77Ti0.23)Ox and CuxO films were formed only in the copper oxide phase. The (Cu0.77Ti0.23)Ox film annealed at 473 K showed the best opto-electronic performance, as it had the highest transmission and the lowest resistivity. However, the greatest advantage of this thin film was the p-type semiconducting behavior, which was the strongest of all of the thin films in this work, as indicated by the measurement of the Seebeck coefficient. All deposited thin films were sensitive to hydrogen exposure, while the best sensor response of 10.9 was observed for the (Cu0.77Ti0.23) Ox thin film annealed at 473 K.

Plasma Oxidation of Copper: Molecular Dynamics Study with Neural Network Potentials.

The formation of thin oxide films is of significant scientific and practical interest. In particular, the semiconductor industry is interested in developing a plasma atomic layer etching process to pattern copper, replacing the dual Damascene process. Using a nonthermal oxygen plasma to convert the metallic copper into copper oxide, followed by a formic acid organometallic reaction to etch the copper oxide, this process has shown great promise. However, the current process is not optimal because the plasma oxidation step is not self-limiting, hampering the degree of thickness control. In the present study, a neural network potential for the binary interaction between copper and oxygen is developed and validated against first-principles calculations. This potential covers the entire range of potential energy surfaces of metallic copper, copper oxides, atomic oxygen, and molecular oxygen. The usable kinetic energy ranges from 0 to 20 eV. Using this potential, the plasma oxidation of copper surfaces was studied with large-scale molecular dynamics at atomic resolution, with an accuracy approaching that of the first principle calculations. An amorphous layer of CuO is formed on Cu, with thicknesses reaching 2.5 nm. Plasma is found to create an intense local heating effect that rapidly dissipates across the thickness of the film. The range of this heating effect depends on the kinetic energy of the ions. A higher ion energy leads to a longer range, which sustains faster-than-thermal rates for longer periods of time for the oxide growth. Beyond the range of this agitation, the growth is expected to be limited to the thermally activated rate. High-frequency, repeated ion impacts result in a microannealing effect that leads to a quasicrystalline oxide beneath the amorphized layer. The crystalline layer slows down oxide growth. Growth rate is fitted to the temperature gradient due to ion-induced thermal agitations, to obtain an apparent activation energy of 1.0 eV. A strategy of lowering the substrate temperature and increasing plasma power is proposed as being favorable for more self-limited oxidation.

The computational simulation of the reflection spectra of copper red glaze

Owing to the limitation of traditional analytical methods, the coloration mechanism of copper red glaze has been disputed in the academic field for a long time, which mainly focuses on whether the color agent is metallic copper nanoparticles or cuprous oxide (Cu2O) nanoparticles. Based on Mie scattering theory, this work calculated the reflection spectra of nanoparticles uniformly dispersed in transparent glaze with different types, diameters, and volume fractions, then discussed the differences between the reflection spectra of metallic copper and cuprous oxide as scatterers, calculated the corresponding L*a*b* values, and compared them with the experimental results. This work provides a feasible and convenient method to distinguish these two coloration mechanisms.

Unravelling the Zn‐Cu Interaction during Activation of a Zn‐promoted Cu/MgO Model Methanol Catalyst

AbstractWe report on an inverse model Cu/MgO methanol catalyst modified with 5 % zinc oxide at the Cu surface to element‐specifically probe the interplay of metallic copper and zinc oxide during reductive activation. The structure of copper and zinc was unraveled by in situ X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and in situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) supported by theoretical modelling of the extended X‐ray absorption fine structure and X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure spectra. Temperature‐programmed reduction in H2 during in situ XAS showed that copper was reduced starting at 145 °C. With increasing reduction temperature, zinc underwent first a geometrical change in its structure, followed by reduction. The reduced zinc species were identified as surface alloy sites, which coexisted from 200 °C to 340 °C with ZnO species at the copper surface. At 400 °C Zn−Cu bulk‐alloyed particles were formed. According to in situ XRD and in situ XAS, about half of the ZnO was not fully reduced, which can be explained by a lack of contact with copper. Our experimental results were further substantiated by density functional theory calculations, which verified that ZnO with neighboring Cu atoms reduced more easily. By combining these results, the distribution, phase and oxidation state of Zn species on Cu were estimated for the activated state of this model catalyst. This insight into the interplay of Cu and Zn forms the basis for deeper understanding the active sites during methanol synthesis.

Cu-Catalyzed Hydrodehalogenation of Brominated Aromatic Pollutants in Aqueous Solution

The catalytic effect of copper in Devarda’s Al-Cu-Zn alloy (Dev. alloy) and sole metallic copper, copper salts and copper oxides in the coaction of NaBH4 within the hydrodehalogenation (HDH) of polybrominated phenols, such as the herbicide Bromoxynil in alkaline aqueous solution has been investigated. Namely, the hydrodebromination (HDB) activity of Dev. alloy/NaOH system has been compared to heterogeneous Cu-based catalysts using NaBH4 as a reductant. Differences in the solid-state structures of used Cu-based heterogeneous catalysts after the mentioned HDB process have been studied using the powder XRD and SEM techniques. It was found that some of the used copper-based catalysts are reusable and reasonably effective even at room temperature. Efficiency of the most promising copper-based reduction systems (Dev. alloy/NaOH and Cu-based catalysts/NaBH4) have been successfully tested within the HDB of industrially important brominated flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Dev. alloy/NaOH and Cu-based catalyst generated in-situ within the CuSO4/NaBH4 produced were recognized as the most active HDB agents for complete debromination of both BRX and TBBPA.

Radiation–Chemical Reduction of Cu2+ Ions in an Aqueous Solution

Upon irradiation with accelerated electrons of aqueous solutions of copper salts containing methyl alcohol, the formation of a precipitate containing metallic copper and monovalent copper oxide Cu2O is observed in a mass ratio of 75.2 and 24.8%, respectively. The process of metal precipitation and its properties were studied. The radiation–chemical yield of the mass of the precipitated precipitate is (7.2 ± 0.2) × 10–3 g/kGy. The efficiency of the radiation method for the reduction of copper from aqueous solutions of its salts has been substantiated. The method can be promising for the production of precipitates of pure and amorphous metals, as well as for the treatment of water effluents containing toxic transition metals.

Antibacterial activity of a glass ionomer cement doped with copper nanoparticles.

Copper nanoparticles (NCu) were synthetized and added to commercial glass ionomer cement, to evaluate in vitro its antibacterial activity against oral cavity strains. The NCu were synthesized by copper acetate reduction with L-ascorbic acid and characterized by FTIR, Raman, XPS, XRD and TEM. Then, commercial glass ionomer cement (GIC) was modified (MGIC) with various concentrations of NCu and physicochemically characterized. Cell viability was tested against human dental pulp fibroblasts (HDPFs) by Alamar-Blue assay and antibacterial test was performed against S. mutans and S. sanguinis by colony forming unit (CFU) growth method. Synthesized NCu rendered a mixture of both metallic copper and cuprous oxide (Cu2O). HDPF viability reduces with exposure time to the extracts (68-72% viability) and MGIC with 2-4 wt% NCu showed antimicrobial activity against the two tested strains.

New synthesis route of Cu-CuO-Ni nano-heterostructures for hydrogenation and chromium reduction reactions

A simple one-pot aqueous phase chemical reduction has been used for the successful synthesis of flower-like Cu-CuO-Ni heterostructures. X-ray diffraction analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms the presence of metallic copper, nickel and monoclinic copper oxide (CuO) in the sample with traces of Cu(OH)2. Scanning electron microscope images confirms the flower like morphology of the Cu-CuO-Ni nanoheterostructures. For the first time, Cu-CuO-Ni nanocrystals were employed as a new heterogeneous efficient nanocatalyst for the hydrogenation reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and reduction of chromium (VI) (Cr) to chromium (III). The synthesized Cu-CuO-Ni nanocrystals showed highest catalytic properties with an activity factor of 0.0088 s−1 mg−1for reduction of 4-nitrophenol and 0.057 min−1for chromium reduction reaction. The XRD and XPS analysis of the catalytically recycled samples suggests the higher catalytic stability of Cu-CuO-Ni nanocrystals. In comparison to the bare CuO and CuO- Ni nanocrystals the maximum catalytic activity was shown by Cu-CuO-Ni nanocrystals. The improved catalytic activity was found to be due to the combined effect of morphological and compositional differences. The commendable catalytic efficiency along with the facile synthetic approach and the use of low-cost copper and nickel significantly reduces the cost of the catalytic process. The stability of the Cu-CuO-Ni catalyst system for the chromium reduction reactions was monitored by conducting recyclability test for three times. Therefore, the developed Cu-CuO-Ni nanocatalyst offers significant applications in waste water treatment systems and other industrial applications.

Production of fuels via thermal decomposition of copper oleates from CuO

In this work, the thermal decomposition of copper carboxylates formed from CuO and different proportions of oleic acid and CuO was used to produce liquid and gaseous fuels. These reactions gave rise to solid, liquid and gaseous fractions that were studied by different techniques, such as XRD, TG, Raman spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, TEM, NMR and GC–MS. The liquid fraction obtained was the largest, made up mainly of oleic acid, i.e., the starting reagent was regenerated in the reaction. The gas fraction was the second largest, consisting mainly of hydrogen gas, with selectivity above 80%. The solid fraction was the smallest but showed the formation of metallic copper, carbon and copper(I) oxide. This work showed that it was possible to produce materials from acid oils and metal oxides that, after being thermally decomposed, generated gas fuels of great industrial interest, as well as metal phases, and the regeneration of the acid used as the starting reagent.

A multimaterial based on metallic copper and spinel oxide made by powder bed laser fusion: A new nanostructured material for inert anode dedicated to aluminum electrolysis

Coherent 3D parts of cermets, made of spinel ferrite and metallic copper, are prepared in a nitrogen atmosphere by powder bed additive manufacturing of a mixture of oxide and metallic powders. The cermets obtained are constituted by the association of blocks of about 500 μm, which create between them, a relatively large porosity (# 35%). Each block is subdivided into intimately nested zones that are either predominantly metallic or predominantly oxide type. In the metal parts, a dispersion of oxide crystals is observed, whose size varies from ten nanometers to a few micrometers. A similar distribution of metal particles in the oxide zones is also demonstrated. The chemical compositions of metallic and oxide phases are slightly different from those in the initial powders. Due to the high energy density of the laser, the melting temperature of the metal and oxides could be reached and therefore this could explain the chemical composition variations in the phases and the shape of oxide and metallic nanometric grains. The process used can therefore be described as powder bed fusion. These nanostructured cermets have been used as inert anodes for the electrolysis of aluminum in molten cryolite. Although penalized by a high porosity, 5 mm in diameter anodes allowed to carry out an electrolysis for 4 h. Since Spark Plasma Sintering can greatly reduce their porosity, while retaining their specific microstructure, the implementation of additive manufacturing for producing inert anodes is therefore of real interest.