Metallic Behavior Research Articles

Exploring the Crystal Structure and Electronic Properties of γ-Al2O3: Machine Learning Drives Future Material Innovations.

For decades, researchers have struggled to determine the precise crystal structure of γ-Al2O3 due to its atomic-level disorder and the challenges associated with obtaining high-purity, high-crystallinity γ-Al2O3 in laboratory settings. This study investigates the crystal structure and electronic properties of γ-Al2O3 coatings under the influence of an external electric field, integrating machine learning with density functional theory (DFT). A potential 160-atom supercell structure was identified from over 600,000 γ-Al2O3 configurations and confirmed through high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction. The findings indicate that γ-Al2O3 deviates from the conventional spinel structure, suggesting that octahedral vacancies can reduce the system's energy. Under an external electric field, the material's band structure and density of states (DOS) undergo significant changes: the bandgap narrows from 3.996 to 0 eV, resulting in metallic behavior, while the projected density of states (PDOS) exhibits peak broadening and splitting of oxygen atom PDOS below the Fermi level. These alterations elucidate the variations in the electrical conductivity of alumina coatings under an electric field. These findings clarify the mechanisms of γ-Al2O3's electronic property modulation and offer insights into its covalent and ionic mixed bonding as a wide-bandgap semiconductor. This discovery is essential for understanding dielectric breakdown in insulating materials.

A Multi-Scale Model for Predicting Physically Short Crack and Long Crack Behavior in Metals

The fatigue behavior of metal specimens is influenced by defects, material properties, and loading. This study aims to establish a multi-scale fatigue crack growth model that describes physically short crack (PSC) and long crack (LC) behavior. The model allows the calculation of crack growth rates for uniaxial loading at different stress ratios based on the material properties and specimen geometry. Furthermore, the model integrates the Gaussian distribution theory to consider material heterogeneity and the experimental measurement errors that cause fatigue scatter. The crack growth rate and fatigue life of metal specimens with different notch geometry were predicted. The curves generated by the multi-scale model were mainly consistent with the test data from the published literature at the PSC and LC stages.

Vanadium incorporation in 2D-layered MoSe2.

Recent advances in experimental techniques have made it possible to manipulate the structural and electronic properties of two-dimensional layered materials (2DM) through interaction with foreign atoms. Using quantum mechanics calculations based on the Density Functional Theory (DFT), we explored the dependency of the structural, energetic, electronic, and magnetic properties of the interaction between Vanidium (V) atoms and monolayer (ML) and bilayer (BL) \ce{MoSe2}. The spin-polarized metallic behavior was observed for high V concentration, and a semiconductor/metal interface emerged due to V adsorption on top of BL \ce{MoSe2}.
Our research demonstrated that the functionalization of 2D materials makes an important contribution to the design of spintronic devices based on a 2D-layered materials platform.

Effect of Anions on Deformation of Gallium-Based Liquid Metal in Solution.

In this study, deformation behaviors of gallium-based liquid metals in acidified cupric sulfate or cupric chloride solutions with varying concentrations of chloride anion or sulfate anion were investigated to explore their potential applications in soft machines and electronics. Gallium-based liquid metals are known for their unique deformability, making them promising materials for various fields. Previous research has shown that deformation of the liquid metal can be achieved in the presence of acidified cupric or ferric salts. However, the specific influence of different anions on the deformation process remains unclear. Our findings indicate that the deformation rate of the liquid metal increases with higher concentrations of chloride ions and decreases with higher concentrations of sulfate ions in the solution. UV-vis absorbance spectra of the solutions were analyzed to identify the formation of hydrated cupric cations. It was observed that increasing the concentration of Cl- ions promotes the formation of cupric-chloro complexes, thereby reducing the concentration of hydrated cupric ions in the solution. Furthermore, the addition of sulfate ions to the solution enhances the ionic strength of the medium, leading to the dissociation of cupric-chloro complexes. Additionally, sulfate ions can form insoluble layers with gallium ions, which impede the deformation of the liquid metal. The deformation rate of the liquid metal was found to be inversely correlated with the concentration of cupric ions in the solution. These results provide valuable insights into the deformable behavior of gallium-based liquid metals and their potential applications in liquid metal-based soft robots. This study highlights the importance of understanding the role of different anions in the deformation process of liquid metals, shedding light on the design and optimization of soft machines and electronics utilizing these materials.

The electronic and magnetic properties of Cr-doped ZnO monolayer at higher percentage by first principles calculations

The crystal structure, structural stability, electronic band structures and magnetization of Cr-doped ZnO monolayer (ML) have been investigated by GGA+U method using first principles calculations in this work. The stability of these systems is confirmed by the negative formation energies at different Cr concentrations. The calculated band gaps with and without the Hubbard U correction aligned well with other computational results. With the increase of Cr concentration, the band gap of Cr-doped ZnO monolayer decreases for the spin-up configuration. However, in the spin-down configuration, the band gap increases first and then decreases and the maximum band gap is obtained at 22.22% Cr concentrations. At 33.33% Cr concentration, the ZnO ML exhibits metallic behavior. The density of states (DOS) analysis reveals an asymmetric nature, indicating ferromagnetism in Cr-doped ZnO MLs at various concentrations, with a magnetic moment per Cr atom of approximately 3.99 μB. The total magnetic moment rises with increasing Cr concentration. Charge density difference analysis shows increased magnetization with higher Cr concentration. At 22.22% Cr concentration, the ZnO ML exhibits ferromagnetism and semiconducting properties, suggesting significant potential for spintronic applications as a diluted magnetic semiconductor.

Structural, electronic, optical, mechanical, and phononic bulk properties of tetragonal trirutile antimonate MSb2O6 (M = Fe, Co, Ni, or Zn): a first-principles prediction for optoelectronic applications

Abstract This work does an extensive analysis of the optoelectronic and mechanical properties of the tri rutile structure type 3d transition metal Antimonate MSb2O6 (M = Fe, Co, Ni, or Zn), for the first time, utilizing the pseudo-potential plane wave approach within the density functional theory framework. When calculating the structural, optical, and mechanical properties, the exchange-correlation interactions were studied using the GGA-PBE functional, whereas when computing electronic, it is analyzed using the HSE06 hybrid functional. The equilibrium lattice parameters exhibit good agreement with the available experimental results. The electronic properties were estimated using the GGA-PBE and HSE06 functionals. Based on the calculated electronic properties with the GGA-PBE functional, the FeSb2O6, CoSb2O6, and NiSb2O6 materials exhibit metallic behavior with energy gap values of 0 eV, while ZnSb2O6 is a semiconductor with a narrow direct band gap (Γ-Γ) of 0.5 eV. Furthermore, the computed band gaps using the HSE06 functional are 0 eV, 0 eV, 1 eV (Γ-Γ), and 4 eV (Γ-Γ) for FeSb2O6, CoSb2O6, NiSb2O6, and ZnSb2O6, respectively. Density of states diagrams were used to gain deeper insights into the characteristics of the energy bands. The optical properties of these compounds, such as the dielectric function, energy loss function, conductivity, reflectivity, refractive index, and absorption coefficient were investigated over the energy range of 0 to 40 eV. The materials exhibited a high absorption coefficient and a significantly low reflectivity within the UV-Vis energy spectrum. The negative cohesive energy Ecoh implies the chemical (thermodynamic) stability of the trirutile MSb2O6 (M = Fe, Co, Ni, or Zn). Mechanical stability is confirmed by applying the Born stability criteria using elastic constants (Cij). The absence of imaginary frequencies in the phonon spectrum calculations confirms the dynamic stability of the studied compounds. These results are consistent with previous experimental research on these materials in photocatalysis and gas sensor applications. On the other hand, these compounds possess exceptional high and broad optical absorption UV range, making them suitable for use in next-generation ultraviolet photodetectors.

Suitability of BC6N monolayer as an anode material for K-ions batteries: A first-principles study

Selecting an appropriate anode material is a crucial initial stage in improvement of batteries to achieve optimal performance. This study investigates suitability of BC6NA monolayer as an anode through application of first-principles based DFT. With varying K atom adsorption concentrations, the BC6NA monolayer maintains its metallic behaviors, which is a great asset for battery purposes. A theoretical storage capacity for K-adsorbed BC6NA monolayer of 390.52 mAhg−1 has been presented, which is a significant improvement over graphite, BC6NA, and many other 2D materials. K-ions on the BC6NA monolayer and a reliable diffusion barrier of 0.35 eV point to good diffusivity. Open-circuit voltage (OCV) is moderate and lower than for materials used in traditional anodes. According to our findings, the BC6NA monolayer can serve as an effective host material for K-ions batteries (KIBs). As a result, the current research into the possible anodic use of BC6NA monolayer is beneficial for next experimental work on sodium storage methods for KIBs.

Signature of the Kondo effect in superparamagnetic GO incorporated Cobalt substituted Ni/NiO nanoparticles

The study reports on the magnetization, magnetoresistance, and transport properties of superparamagnetic 10% Co-doped Ni/NiO (C10-NN), Graphene Oxide (GO) incorporated 10% Co-doped Ni/NiO (C10-NNG), and 15% Co-doped Ni/NiO (C15-NN) nanoparticles synthesized via a microwave-assisted sol-gel auto-combustion method. All samples show hysteresis in negative Magnetoresistance (M-R) at different temperatures. Resistivity ρ(T) versus temperature plots of samples C10-NN and C15-NN show metallic behavior with applied fields of 0, 1, 5, 8 T, and at 0 T, 1 T respectively. However, the plot of R-T of the C15-NN sample shows a significant difference at 0 T and 1 T. At 0 T for this sample, the metallic behavior is observed for temperature T > TM, with the resistivity falling abruptly at and above TM = 246 K. The resistivity decreases with increasing temperature, exhibiting metallic behavior again above TMM < 276 K. This jump at 276 K, indicating a metal-to metal transition. The Kondo effect is observed for the first time in C10-NNG sample. The upturn of resistivity ρ(T) towards low temperature in the C10-NNG sample is well described by the power series equation and Kondo term. This sample exhibits the upturn resistivity along with a metal–insulator transition above and below the Kondo temperature TK≈ 93.51(2) K at the 0 T, 1 T, 5 T, and 8 T fields.

Effect of Cr addition on microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion behavior of weld metal in weathering steel of high-speed train bogie

Effect of Cr addition on microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion behavior of weld metal in weathering steel of high-speed train bogie

Enhancing tribological performance of AISI 52100: the role of laser surface texturing in dry and lubricated conditions

Abstract Laser surface texturing (LST) is a valuable technique in surface engineering that offers significant improvements in the tribological behavior of metals and alloys. This study investigates the synergistic effect of incorporating hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as a solid lubricant with laser surface texturing on the tribological performance of AISI 52100. Dimple textures with varying pitch distances (100, 150, and 200 μm) were created on the surfaces of the mentioned materials using LST. The friction coefficient and wear behavior of both non-textured surface (NTS) and textured surfaces (TS) were analyzed under dry sliding (DS) and lubricating sliding (LS) conditions. Wear tests were conducted using a universal tribometer under a load of 10 N, a sliding frequency of 10 Hz, and a sliding time of 1250 s. The results demonstrate that the presence of dimple textures significantly influences the tribological behavior of the materials. In DS, the wear coefficient exhibits a significant reduction compared to NTS, with decreases of 88.1% for TSP-100, 28.5% for TSP-150, and 76.1% for TSP-200. In LS, the TSP-L-100 (h-BN NPS) surface demonstrates the lowest average wear coefficient among all textured surfaces. Specifically, the TSP-L-100 surface shows a remarkable 97.61% reduction in average wear coefficient compared to NTS. This study demonstrates the potential of LST combined with h-BN as a solid lubricant in improving the tribological properties of metals, offering valuable insights for surface engineering applications in various industries.

The Behavior of Mixed Metal Based Copper–Organic Framework for Uptake of Chlorpyrifos Pesticide from Wastewater and its Antimicrobial Activity

Developing effective material for pesticide adsorption is a vital issue to protect the environment from their harmful effects. Copper-based metal–organic frameworks including Cu-BTC and its mixed metal derivatives (Fe-Cu-BTC, Co–Cu-BTC, and Mn-Cu-BTC) were successfully formed. Fe-Cu-BTC, Co–Cu-BTC and Mn-Cu-BTC MOFs were synthesized by direct substituting one Cu atom in Cu-BTC with Fe, Co, or Mn. Their structures were characterized using Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy FTIR, scanning electron microscopy with EDX, Transmission electron microscopy, BET surface area analysis, and Size distribution. Prepared MOFs adsorbed chlorpyrifos from wastewater and their adsorption capacities were compared. Pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isothermal models were the best to describe the adsorption of chlorpyrifos from water. The coordination bonding was the dominant mechanism; physical adsorption, π-π stacking interaction, and hydrogen bonding were also participated in the adsorption process. Cu-BTC, Fe-Cu-BTC, Co–Cu-BTC and Mn-Cu-BTC had elimination capacities of 379, 851, 683, and 762 mg/g, respectively. This study also investigates their antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and they exhibited a good inhibition effect. The inhibition zone of Co–Cu-BTC is greater than Cu-BTC with 1.44, 1.38, and 1.60 times for E. coli, Ps. Aeruginosa, S. aureus, respectively. The synthesized MOFs are promising materials for the removal of chlorpyrifos with effective antimicrobial agents.

A method of pretreating incineration ashes containing metallic aluminium using NaOH to mitigate volume expansion under highly alkaline conditions

Globally, millions of tonnes of incineration ashes are produced with a substantial portion remaining underutilized in low-value applications or disposed in landfills. Many types of fly ashes and bottom ashes contain metallic aluminium (Al0), which causes volume expansion when the ashes are used in alkali-activated materials and as a supplementary cementitious material due to the generation of hydrogen gas at high-pH conditions. This phenomenon significantly restricts the potential applications of these ashes. To address this issue, ashes can be pretreated with NaOH to oxidize the metallic aluminium (Al0) before their utilization. This study focuses on investigating the effect of the NaOH pre-treatment duration on fly ashes from the co-combustion of recovered solid fuel, peat, and wood. A pre-treatment process was conducted using 8 mol/L aqueous NaOH solution to treat the fly ash for up to 60 minutes. The formed slurry was subsequently used to prepare alkali-activated material by mixing it with bottom ash and employing either sodium silicate or sodium carbonate as an alkali activator. The NaOH pre-treatment demonstrated a 100 % metallic aluminium conversion into oxidized form resulting enhancement in mechanical performance, microstructure, and water absorption properties. The proposed method offers a highly efficient and rapid solution for eliminating the drawbacks caused by the presence of metallic aluminium and it can be conveniently implemented on construction sites. Concurrently, this study also explores the leaching behaviour of heavy metals during alkali-activation. Significant reductions in the leaching of Ba, Cr, Cu, Mo, and Pb were observed, highlighting the environmental remediation potential of alkali-activation methods.

Thermolysis of Cs9MO4 (M = In, Sc): Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Chemical Bonding, and Reactivity of the Subvalent Oxidometalates Cs7MO4 (M = In, Sc).

The cesium-poor alkali-metal suboxidometalates Cs7MO4 (M = In, Sc) were prepared from the respective cesium-rich suboxidometalates Cs9MO4 by thermolysis in a dynamic vacuum at temperatures below 150 °C. They crystallize in a new structure type, comprising isolated tetrahedral oxidometalate anions [MO4]5- immersed in a matrix of metallic cesium atoms. This structural separation into alternating ionic and metallic building units is typical for subvalent compounds. Cs7InO4 and Cs7ScO4 are isotypic and form mixed crystals Cs7(In1-xScx)O4 with statistic distribution of In and Sc atoms. All compounds were characterized by single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction. Calculations of the electronic structure with DFT methods corroborate the coexistence of anionic entities within a metallic matrix and give evidence of the subvalent nature of cesium atoms. Overall metallic behavior is a consequence of the equal volume fractions of metallic and ionic regions, allowing for percolation of the conduction electrons throughout the crystal volume. Differential thermoanalysis was employed to gain insight into the chemical conversion processes during the thermolysis reaction. The thermolytic decomposition of Cs9MO4 is a multistep process with, in some instances, reversible amorphization and recrystallization steps. Finally, the formation of ionic compounds is observed. The full decomposition of Cs9ScO4 yields the two new oxidoscandates Cs14Sc4O13 and Cs17Sc5O15 with tetrahedral [ScO4] units connected to chain fragments and the indium compound yields cesium oxidoindates with low-condensed [InO4] building units. The cesium-poor suboxidometalates Cs7MO4 themselves can serve as starting materials for the synthesis of further, new suboxidometalates, as they show a unique reactivity toward metals.

Pressure-induced anomaly of transport properties and structural transition in layered ferromagnetic metal TlCo2S2

In this work, the structural and transport properties of ferromagnetic metal TlCo2S2 with ThCr2Si2-type crystal structure are systematically studied using high-pressure synchrotron x-ray powder diffraction, electrical transport measurements and first-principles calculations. All the resistances of TlCo2S2 between 1.4 GPa and 5.2 GPa exhibit an upturn at TS and an obvious hysteresis is observed below TS when measured in the cooling and heating processes. As the pressure increases, TS gradually increases and the resistances display a metallic behavior without any anomaly in the whole temperature region above 5.2 GPa, indicating that a possible structural phase transition occurs at TS and is beyond the room temperature above 5.2 GPa. High-pressure x-ray diffraction measurements combined with crystal structure prediction indicate that at room temperature TlCo2S2 undergoes a structural phase transition from a tetragonal phase (I4/mmm) to an orthorhombic structure (Bmab) at Pc ≈6.8 GPa, which is consistent with the results of the resistances under high pressure. Our results indicate that a first-order structural phase transition of TlCo2S2 is induced by high pressure and then results in the anomaly of the electrical transport properties.

Giant Decrease in Interfacial Energy of Liquid Metals by Native Oxides.

Native oxides form on the surface of many metals. Here, using gallium-based liquid metal alloys, Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) measurements are employed to show that native oxide dramatically lower the tension of the metal interface from 724 to 10 mNm-1. Like conventional surfactants, the oxide has asymmetry between the composition of its internal and external interfaces. Yet, in comparison to conventional surfactants, oxides are an order of magnitude more effective at lowering tension and do not need to be added externally to the liquid (i.e., oxides form naturally on metals). This surfactant-like asymmetry explains the adhesion of oxide-coated metals to surfaces. The resulting low interfacial energy between the metal and the interior of the oxide helps stabilize non-spherical liquid metal structures. In addition, at small enough macroscopic contact angles, the finite tension of the liquid within the oxide can drive fluid instabilities that are useful for separating the oxide from the metal to form oxide-encased bubbles or deposit thin oxide films (1-5nm) on surfaces. Since oxides form on many metals, this work can have implications for a wide range of metals and metal oxides in addition to explaining the physical behavior of liquid metal.

Exploring Mo2B MBene as a high-capacity anode material for multi-valent metal-ion batteries: Insights from first-principles calculations

A novel class of 2-dimensional (2D) materials, known as MBenes, has recently been proposed as a promising candidate for electrode applications in metal-ion batteries due to their high conductivity and rich chemistry. In this study, we present a computational investigation into the potential of Mo2B MBene as an anode material for Na-, Mg-, and Al-ion batteries. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we examine the structural, electronic, and electrochemical properties of both H- and T-type configurations of Mo2B. Our findings reveal that Mo2B exhibits metallic behavior and excellent metal adsorption characteristics, with Al exhibiting the strongest binding affinity, followed by Mg and Na. This strong binding, especially with Al, although results in higher diffusion barriers, it enhances layer adsorption leading to increased theoretical capacity. The calculated maximum capacities are significant, with Al (1323 mAh g−1) showing the highest capacity, followed by Mg (923 mAh g−1) and Na (216 mAh g−1). Additionally, the open-circuit voltage (OCV) for all metals ranges between 0.1 and 1.0 V, suggesting the suitability of Mo2B MBene as an anode material that minimizes dendrite formation risks. These results indicate the potential of Mo2B for high-performance multi-valence ion batteries, with particular promise for Al-ion batteries due to their superior capacity. Furthermore, we propose that strain engineering could optimize Mo2B for enhanced performance in Na-ion batteries. Overall, this study suggests Mo2B MBene as a highly promising anode material for next-generation metal-ion batteries, offering significant advantages in terms of capacity, voltage, and safety. Our findings provide insights that could be used for further experimental design of Mo2B-based anodes for energy storage technologies.

A curcumin quantum dot blended polyacrylonitrile electrospun nanofiber coating on 316 L SS for improved corrosion resistance in the marine environment.

Corrosion of 316 L SS is a significant global concern and recently polymeric nanofibers have been gaining attention for their potential in enhancing the corrosion resistance of metals. In this work, an electrospinning technique was deployed for the deposition of a curcumin quantum dot (CMQD) blended polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibrous anticorrosive coating on 316 L SS. The optimized PAN-CMQD coated samples obtained from the weight loss studies were examined to assess their corrosion inhibition characteristics in 3.5 wt% NaCl electrolyte as the corrosion environment using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The PAN-CMQD coated samples showed two-order reduction in I corr compared to the uncoated 316 L SS. The results of the long-term analysis for 30 days revealed no significant changes in I corr and E corr values and no pit formation for PAN-CMQD coated samples, proving the longevity of the coating. Thus, this work will serve as a cost-effective futuristic strategy for the large-scale development of anticorrosive nanofibrous coatings for enhancing the corrosion resistance behavior of metals and alloys in various industrial sectors.

Impact of composition on the properties of full-Heusler Ti2FexMn1-xAl alloys in spintronics

This study explores the structural, electronic, and magnetic characteristics of full-Heusler Ti2FexMn1-xAl alloys for spintronic applications. The regular Heusler structure is identified as the most stable across all x concentrations. The inverse Heusler structure exhibits half-metallic behavior with a finite energy band gap in the spin-up states, while the regular structure shows metallic behavior for both spin directions. Dirac-like points along the M→Γ direction are observed, particularly in alloys with x = 0 and 0.25 (inverse structure) and x = 0.5, 0.75, and 1 (regular structure), indicating advanced electronic properties. Magnetic analysis reveals that Ti atoms' local magnetic moments are antiparallel to those of Mn and Fe atoms. The total magnetic moment is highest for x = 1 (Ti2MnAl) and nearly zero for x = 0 (Ti2FeAl). Additionally, the inverse Heusler structure achieves 100 % spin polarization at the Fermi energy, underscoring its suitability for spintronic applications. This study highlights the potential of Ti2FexMn1-xAl alloys for future spintronic devices.

First-principles calculations to investigate thermodynamic, mechanical and electronic properties of Penta-C72 carbon under pressure effect

The current work explores the mechanical characteristics, band structure modifications, elastic constant changes, and anisotropy of the carbon allotrope Penta-C72 at high pressure. First-principles simulations were used to analyse the structural features, stability, electronic, mechanical, and thermodynamic properties of Penta-C72, a metastable sp3 -bonded structure made up of carbon pentagons joined by bridge-like connections. The structural and dynamical stability of Penta-C72 under high pressure is confirmed using formation energy, phonon band maps, and thermodynamic properties. Besides, Born's mechanical stability criterion is fulfilled based on the elastic constants of Penta-C72, indicating its mechanical stability. Also, the anisotropic mechanical behaviour is shown by the material. Using the Reuss, Voigt, and Hill approximations, the elastic moduli under high pressure were computed, including bulk modulus (K), shear modulus (G), and Young's modulus (E). Besides, Penta-C72 exhibits a rise in anisotropy and moduli with increasing pressure. This investigation explores the changes in the band gap upon variation in the pressure. It is observed that there is a transition from semiconducting to metallic property above 10 GPa. Beyond 10 GPa, the material exhibits metallic behaviour. The study emphasizes that Penta-C72’s exceptional mechanical stability, directional anisotropy, and customisable electronic characteristics make it a strong contender for various engineering applications.

Effect of Pouring Techniques and Funnel Structures on Crucible Metallurgy: Physical and Numerical Simulations

In the planar flow casting process of amorphous strips, the flow behavior of molten metal and the inclusion content in the crucible are crucial to the morphology and magnetic properties of the material. This study conducts a comparative analysis of the effects of non-immersed and immersed funnels, as well as various funnel structures, on the fluid flow and inclusion removal efficiency in the crucible by integrating numerical and physical models. The findings reveal that for the same pouring flow rate, the diameter of the liquid column in non-immersed pouring conditions is smaller than that of the funnel outlet, leading to a faster injection flow velocity. As a result, the melt in the crucible is subjected to severe impacts, accompanied by an increased possibility of slag entrapment. Conversely, immersed pouring substantially reduces the velocity of the molten metal at the funnel outlet, thereby extending the residence time in the crucible and diminishing the volume of the dead zone. Additionally, the molten metal backflows due to the negative pressure formed in the inner chamber of the funnel. The design of a trumpet-shaped funnel increases the effective volume while reducing the height of the backflow fluid, consequently reducing the velocity of the molten metal at the funnel outlet and prolonging the residence time. Compared to the conventional pouring process with the non-immersed funnel, the outlet velocity is reduced from 1.1 m/s to 0.12 m/s by adopting the immersed funnel with an inverted trapezoidal trumpet structure. This reduction results in a stable flow state, a 9.69% reduction in the dead zone volume fraction, and a 22.96% increase in average inclusion removal efficiency. These improvements demonstrate that a crucible funnel with a well-designed structure and the implementation of an immersion process can significantly improve the metallurgical effects in the planar flow casting process.