Scrap Research Articles

Assessment results of sites impacted by accumulated environmental damage along the coastline of the Barents Sea (Eastern Murman)

The article discusses the findings from monitoring sites of accumulated environmental damage (AED) along the East Murman coastline. The area surveyed includes the mouth of the Kharlovka River estuary, which is near the Seven Islands Archipelago within the Kandalaksha State Nature Reserve. During a thorough engineering and environmental assessment of the region, an inventory of AED sites was conducted, along with an evaluation of the amount of accumulated waste and an analysis of pollutant levels in the soil. The survey revealed six unauthorized waste disposal sites, primarily consisting of fuel and lubricant containers and scrap metal. Soil testing at two locations within the Barents Sea’s water protection zone indicated significant contamination with oil products, while the levels of metals (Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu) were found to be acceptable. The analysis of soil conditions revealed that degradation within the Kharlovka River estuary began during the operation of a fuel and lubricants storage facility in the area. At the time of the assessment, over a third of the surveyed area lacked a fertile soil layer, and the remaining soil and vegetation were sparse. The degree of contamination by oil products requires the implementation of highly efficient soil remediation methods.

High-performance bacterium-enhanced dual-compartment microbial fuel cells for simultaneous treatment of food waste oil and copper-containing wastewater

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) use the metabolic actions of microorganisms in an anode chamber to convert the chemical energy from wastewater into electrical energy. To improve the MFC power generation performance and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency, Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila was added to the anode chamber of a dual-compartment MFC. In this process, Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila promotes the degradation of macromolecules such as bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in food waste oil. Additionally, the generated electrical energy reduced Cu2+ in the copper-containing wastewater in the cathode chamber to Cu monomers. The maximum power density of the MFC was 49.5 ± 3.5 mW/m2, the maximum removal efficiencies of COD and Cu2+ were 63.5 ± 5.8% and 96.5 ± 1.0%, respectively, and Cu2+ was reduced to brick-red Cu monomers. This study provides insights into the simultaneous implementation of food waste oil treatment and metal resource recovery.

Structure and properties of powders obtained by electrodispersion of pure Nickel metal waste in distilled water

Purpose. Investigation of the composition, structure and properties of powder materials obtained by electrodispersion of nickel waste of the PNK-0T1 brand in an oxygen-containing medium – distilled water.Methods. To determine the composition, structure and properties of powder materials, samples of powders obtained from waste nickel grade PNK-0T1 were studied. The powder material was obtained by electroerosive dispersion in distilled water. Microanalysis of powder particles was carried out using a scanning electron microscope, an analysis of the size distribution of powder particles was obtained using a particle size analyzer, an X-ray spectral microanalysis of powder particles was carried out using an energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer embedded in a scanning electron microscope, an analysis of the phase composition of powder particles was carried out using X-ray diffraction on the diffractometer.Results. During the study, it was revealed that the shape of the particles obtained from nickel powders is spherical and elliptical, and agglomerates of smaller particles are also noted on the increase. Oxygen and nickel are present in the composition of powder materials. The phases of pure nickel and nickel oxide NiO are marked in the phase composition. From the analysis of the granulometric histogram, it follows that the particle size spread varies in the range of 0.26...18.62 microns, the average volume diameter of the particles was 5.2 microns.Conclusion. The obtained research results can be used to develop a new heavy pseudo-alloy using metal waste from expensive raw materials by the method of electroerosive dispersion, followed by improvement and optimization of the composition and structure of the alloy.

Decarbonization In the Steel Industry, Resource Management and Environmental Impact Assessment

The steel industry, as one of the basic global industries, plays a very important role in the production of carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases. Considering the necessity of the global decarbonization process and the big challenges facing the steel sector in Iran, the stakeholders must discover ways to achieve the decarbonisation of the Iranian steel sector. In this context, we present an initial exploration of this perspective, where the general focus is towards using suitable substitute materials, using more scrap steel and changing existing recycling methods to remove more impurities (e.g., vehicle disassembly). instead of crushing them, which challenges material separation). better design and material substitution; increasing energy efficiency; Changing carbon-intensive technologies to net zero; etc., which have the potential to accelerate the transition towards decarbonization of steel and thus strengthen and promote the vital process of decarbonization in the steel sector. New technologies are being developed that will significantly reduce carbon emissions in the iron and steel sector. Ways in which the uptake of more sustainable technology can be stimulated, including their orientation.

Sensitization and Mechanical Response of Cu‐Containing Steel Rods

The iron and steel manufacturing sector significantly adds to global greenhouse gas emissions, caused primarily by the carbothermic reduction of iron ore. Recycling scrap steel offers an effective decarbonization strategy but introduces impurities like copper (Cu) that can negatively impact mechanical properties. This study investigates the effects of Cu content and heat treatment on the mechanical performance and sensitization of steel wire rods for tire manufacturing. Steel rods with 0.04 and 0.21 wt% Cu are heated to 1050 or 1200 °C, then air quenched, or furnace cooled. Tensile testing coupled with microscopic analysis is used to evaluate mechanical properties and assess the sensitization effects. Higher Cu content leads to larger sensitized zones with increased Cu precipitation along grain boundaries. Ductility and toughness, crucial for wire drawability, are found to be reduced, despite higher ultimate strength. Slower furnace cooling is seen to result in smaller sensitized zones compared to air quenching, suggesting a pivotal role of cooling rate in sensitization control. The findings provide insights into optimize heat treatment parameters and Cu content limits, balancing mechanical performance and maintaining drawability for enhanced scrap steel recycling in tire production.

Sustainable practices in steel manufacturing: Substitution elasticities between waste, raw materials, and energy for greenhouse gas emission reduction

This study investigates the potential of waste utilization to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions within the steel manufacturing industry. Utilizing a translog production function, we analyze the substitution elasticities among scrap steel, iron ore, and energy, exploring their roles in carbon reduction. Our approach incorporates the Resource Efficiency and Climate Change Mitigation model to simulate the impact of various waste utilization strategies on GHG emissions. The findings highlight that scrap steel and iron ore exhibit substitution dynamics. Iron ore and energy exhibit complementary relationship, and there is also a complementary relationship between scrap steel and energy but with lower elasticity, indicating that increasing scrap steel usage can significantly reduce emissions while decreasing iron ore demand. Specifically, enhancing the input efficiency of scrap steel in secondary steel production can reduce GHG emissions by over 8.3 tons for each additional ton produced—surpassing the impact of merely increasing the volume of reused material, which offers a reduction of more than 2.2 tons per ton. The strategies centered on reduction and recycling demonstrate even lower GHG reduction efficiency. The findings advocate for governmental intervention to promote and support waste reuse initiatives, highlighting the potential environmental benefits and efficiency gains from such policies.

Reducing Downtime Loss in the Automotive Parts Stamping Process Using Why-Why Analysis: A Case Study.

This research aims to reduce downtime in the production process of automotive part stamping and to enhance the overall efficiency of the machinery, the case study focuses on an 800-ton stamping press in a factory. Data were collected by analyzing the overall equipment efficiency (OEE) using the developed program named Thingworx and observing employees' operations from October to December 2022. The results showed that the OEE was below the target value set by the factory. Most problems occurred during mode change activities with waste investigation such as overprocessing and waiting. It was found that the main factors impacting downtime during the production process are issues from mold changeovers, problems with metal scraps stuck in the machinery, and mold repair issues. Why-Why analysis technique and lean tools including SMED, visual control, and continuous improvement, were used to decrease time spent on non-value added activities. The results from the research showed that the average time for mold changeovers decreased from 8.77 minutes to 3.51 minutes, a reduction of 60.22%. The average time for removing metal scraps decreased from 4.72 minutes to 0.81 minutes, a reduction of 82.76%. Additionally, the time for mold repairs decreased from 1,404 minutes to 448 minutes, a reduction of 68.09%. These improvements led to an overall equipment effectiveness of the 800-ton stamping press increasing from 55.85% to 65.65%, representing a 9.8 percentage point increase. Furthermore, it enabled a reduction in production downtime costs by 298,025 baht per month.

Implications of Competitive Advantage Strategies in the Buying and Selling Used Iron

This study aims to analyze and identify the competitive structure that forms the key success factors (KSFs) in the scrap metal trading industry, with open innovation as a mediating factor and its effect on competitive advantage. The research employs an explanatory method to explore the causal relationships between variables. Data were collected through questionnaires, direct interviews with business owners, managers, employees, and consumers in the scrap metal trading sector, as well as secondary sources such as articles, journals, online databases, libraries, and government agencies like the Ministry of Trade (Deperindag) and the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS). The data collection techniques include literature review, interviews, and observations. Analytical methods employed in this study include descriptive analysis through company profiling, Porter's Five Forces model for industry competition analysis, and an assessment of open innovation as a mediating factor for competitive advantage. The findings reveal that key success factors contributing to competitive advantage in the scrap metal trading industry are economies of scale, marketing capabilities, access to capital, raw material supply, and technology utilization. The application of Porter's Five Forces, when mediated by open innovation, strengthens the relationship between open innovation and organizational strategy, ultimately leading to sustainable competitive advantage. Competitive advantage is enhanced by increased open innovation, which fosters organizational collaboration, adaptability, and the development of novel strategies. Through the implementation of open innovation, scrap metal trading companies can leverage diverse ideas and resources, enhancing competitiveness in dynamic market environments. Conclusion: The threat of new entrants in the scrap metal trading industry is low, while the bargaining power of suppliers and buyers is strong. The threat from substitute products is weak, and the rivalry among existing competitors is intense. Open innovation contributes to competitive advantage by promoting collaboration, encouraging adaptability, and supporting strategic innovation.

Radiation stability and durability of magnesium phosphate cement for radioactive reactive metals encapsulation

The encapsulation of Radioactive Reactive Metallic Waste (RRMW) in ordinary Portland cement poses significant challenges due to its incompatibility with the alkaline environment of the matrix. To address this issue, magnesium phosphate cements (MPC) emerge as potential solutions for the safe and effective immobilisation of RRMWs. The radiation stability and durability of an optimised formulation have been examined for samples irradiated up to 1000 kGy, in particular concerning the leaching behaviour of the three main constituents of the cement hydration products, and on four artificially added elements used to simulate radionuclides commonly found in radioactive waste (caesium, strontium, europium, and cobalt). The mortars exhibited excellent leaching behaviour and a high mechanical resistance, even after irradiation, freeze-thaw cycles, and water immersion. No significant radiation-induced effects were observed in the mineralogical and microstructural properties of the mortars, thus supporting their stability at the examined doses. Having verified the compliance with the main Italian waste acceptance criteria, the results of this research represent an encouraging step for the future implementation of MPCs for RRMWs conditioning.

Technology and quality of the consumable electrodes, received by semi-continuous casting, for vacuum-arc remelting

he process of vacuum arc melt down is greatly dependent on the quality of the electrodes used. Electrodes of highly alloyed steels are negatively affected by the great amount of films, inversions, subcortical bladders and others; they are being cleansed and sanded down, this leads to substantial waste of expensive metals. For this purpose in the process of casting of highly alloyed steels a great deal of importance is put upon the creation of a method, which could be used for the purpose of protecting the metal from secondary oxidization. The increase in quality of semi-continuous cast electrodes and the removal of previously mentioned defects can be achieved with the use of slag mixtures, which posses thermo-insulating properties and can be partially melted down by the heat which is produced by the liquid metal, that fills the catalyzer. The goal of this project was to research the influence of thermal-insulating slag-producing mixtures on the quality of semi-continuous cast electrodes in the process of vacuum arc melt down in comparison to the ones that were casted under the exothermic mixtures, their effect on the process of melting and the quality of vacuum arc melt down ingots. In this project there were researched such topics as the componential, chemical composition, the physical properties of the thermo insulating mixture and the physical-chemical properties of the melt of said mixture. We researched the quality of the surface of the electrodes, the macrostructure, the chemical uniformity, density, content and the dispersal of non-metallic and gas-like additions on the transverse templates after the main cutting of 600mm, the stability of flow of the vacuum melt down, the quality of the vacuum arc melt down ingots and the rolled sheets made from the arc welded ingots. The geometry of the electrodes, casted under the thermal insulating mixture, is in order with the requirements: the degree of distortion of the profile, in comparison with the one achieved with the use of exothermic mixture, was reduced in half. The macrostructure of the electrodes is dense, without any visual defects. The losses of the metal in the process of sanding during the preparation for the vacuum arc melting were reduced by 2 times in comparison with the casting under exothermic mixture. The depth of the shrinkage cavity is reduced approximately by 12%, the form of the cavity takes the form of a “cup”. The amount of non-metallic and gas-like additions is being significantly reduced. The amount of electrodes that are being recast without issues (the creation of slag, ionization, ionization with slag), during the transition from exothermal to thermal insulating on average is reduced by 3–3,5 times. The purity of metal of vacuum arc melt down electrodes, that are casted under thermo insulating mixture, is in accordance with the requirements; the mechanical properties of rolled vacuum arc ingots exceed the norms of technical conditions.

Impact of iron-modified fillers on enhancing water purification performance and mitigating greenhouse effect in constructed wetlands

ABSTRACT Iron is gradually being introduced into constructed wetlands (CWs) to enhance the removal of pollutants due to its active chemical properties and ability to participate in various reactions, but its effectiveness in greenhouse effect control needs to be studied. In this study, three CWs were established to evaluate the effect of iron scraps and iron-carbon as substrates on pollutants removal and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and the corresponding mechanisms were explored through analysis of microbial characteristics. The results showed that iron scraps and iron – carbon are effective in enhancing the effluent quality of CWs. Iron-carbon exhibited notable efficacy in removing nitrate nitrogen (NO3 --N) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), achieving stable removal rates of 98.46% and 84.89%, respectively. Iron scraps had advantages in promoting the removal of ammonia nitrogen (NH4 +-N) and total nitrogen (TN), with removal rates of 43.73% and 71.56%, respectively. The emission fluxes of nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2) had temporal variability, always peaking in the early phases of operation. While iron scraps and iron-carbon effectively reduced the average emission flux of N2O and CO2, they simultaneously increased the average emission flux of CH4 (from 0.2349–2.2698 and 1.1956mg/m2/h, respectively). From the perspective of reducing global warming potential (GWP), iron – carbon had superior performance (from 146.2548–86.7447 mg/m2/h). In addition, the greenhouse gas emission flux was closely related to the microbial community structure in CWs, particularly with a more pronounced response observed in N2O emissions.

Production and research of tungsten carbide powder from VA grade tungsten metal waste in aviation kerosene

Purpose. Obtaining and studying the composition, structure and properties of tungsten carbide powder from VA grade tungsten metal waste in aviation kerosene. Methods. Tungsten carbide powder from tungsten metal waste of the VA brand was obtained in the following sequence. The reactor was filled with a working medium – aviation kerosene of the TS-1 brand, the waste was loaded into the reactor. Electrodes were mounted from the same waste tungsten of the VA brand. The mounted electrodes were connected to a pulse generator. The necessary electrical parameters of the installation were set: the capacitance of the condensers is 42.0–43.5 UF; the voltage on the electrodes is from 115–120 V; the pulse repetition rate is 50–55 Hz. The resulting tungsten powder was studied using: a scanning electron microscope QUANTA 600 FEG; a particle size analyzer Analysette 22 NanoTec; an energy-dispersed X-ray analyzer from the company EDAX; X-ray diffraction on a diffractometer Rigaku Ultima IV. Results. Based on the conducted experimental studies, a new method for producing tungsten carbide powder has been developed, characterized in that the powder is obtained by electroerosive dispersion of tungsten metal waste of the VA brand in aviation kerosene at a capacitor capacity of 42.0–43.5 UF, an electrode voltage of 115–120 V and a pulse repetition frequency of 50–55 Hz. It has been experimentally established that spherical and elliptical particles of tungsten carbide powder W2C have sizes from 2.26 microns to 90.72 microns with an average volumetric diameter of 20.2 microns and contain carbon on the surface. Conclusion. The production of tungsten carbide suitable for industrial use at low energy costs from metal waste has shown high efficiency of the technology of electroerosion dispersion.

Toxicity factors, ecological and health risk assessments of heavy metal in the urban soil: a case study of an agro-machinery area in a developing country.

The contribution of heavy metals in surface soils by the influences of agro-machinery factories is a significant growing concern. Heavy metals were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique to assess human and ecological risks. The concentrations of Fe, Cd, Cr, Cu, As, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Zn in soil ranged from 18,274-22,652, 2.06-4.92, 24.8-41.9, 126.8-137.5, 9.20-25.2, 17.8-46.1, 114.4-183.1, 86.9-118.1, and 101.6-159.6mg/kg, respectively. The enrichment factor values of heavy metals were greater than 1.5, suggesting severe anthropogenic activities such as untreated waste discharging, burning of metallic wastes, wear, and tear, and dismantling of old batteries for heavy metals enrichment in studied soil. The contamination factor indicates considerable to very high contamination of heavy metals in soil. Moderate to high ecological risk was observed for analyzed metals which mainly originated from the maintenance and repairing of various engines in the workshop and welding and soldering of metallic substances. The target hazard quotient (THQ) was ranged from 6.99E-04 to 2.21E-01 for adults and 5.59E-03 to 1.82E + 00 for children, respectively; indicating children were more sensitive to heavy metals exposure from soil dust. The carcinogenic risk of As (1.72E-05) exceeded the USEPA acceptable limits indicating cancer risk to the residence. The current emphasized the significance of intensive heavy metals monitoring in surface soils around the agro-machinery areas due to their potential health risks associated with children.

Utilisation of acid-tolerant bacteria for base metal recovery under strongly acidic conditions.

Hydrometallurgical bioprocesses for base metal recovery in environmentally friendly electronic device waste (e-waste) recycling are typically studied under neutral pH conditions to avoid competition between metals and hydrogen ions. However, metal leachate is generally strongly acidic, thus necessitating a neutralisation process in the application of these bioprocesses to e-waste recycling. To solve this pH disparity, we focused on acid-tolerant bacteria for metal recovery under strongly acidic conditions. Four acid-tolerant bacterial strains were isolated from neutral pH environments to recover base metals from simulated waste metal leachate (pH 1.5, containing 100 or 1000 mg L-1 of Co, Cu, Li, Mn, and Ni) without neutralisation. The laboratory setting for sequential metal recovery was established using these strains and a reported metal-adsorbing bacterium, Micrococcus luteus JCM1464. The metal species were successfully recovered from 100 mg L-1 metal mixtures at the following rates: Co (8.95%), Cu (21.23%), Li (5.49%), Mn (13.18%), and Ni (9.91%). From 1000 mg L-1 metal mixtures, Co (7.23%), Cu (6.82%), Li (5.85%), Mn (7.64%), and Ni (7.52%) were recovered. These results indicated the amenability of acid-tolerant bacteria to environmentally friendly base metal recycling, contributing to the development of novel industrial application of the beneficial but unutilised bioresource comprising acid-tolerant bacteria.

Rhizofungus Aspergillus terreus Mitigates Heavy Metal Stress-Associated Damage in Triticum aestivum L.

Industrial waste and sewage deposit heavy metals into the soil, where they can remain for long periods. Although there are several methods to manage heavy metals in agricultural soil, microorganisms present a promising and effective solution for their detoxification. We isolated a rhizofungus, Aspergillus terreus (GenBank Acc. No. KT310979.1), from Parthenium hysterophorus L., and investigated its growth-promoting and metal detoxification capabilities. The isolated fungus was evaluated for its ability to mitigate lead (25 and 75 ppm) and copper (100 and 200 ppm) toxicity in Triticum aestivum L. seedlings. The experiment utilized a completely randomized design with three replicates for each treatment. A. terreus successfully colonized the roots of wheat seedlings, even in the presence of heavy metals, and significantly enhanced plant growth. The isolate effectively alleviates lead and copper stress in wheat seedlings, as evidenced by increases in shoot length (142%), root length (98%), fresh weight (24%), dry weight (73%), protein content (31%), and sugar content (40%). It was observed that wheat seedlings possess a basic defense system against stress, but it was insufficient to support normal growth. Fungal inoculation strengthened the host's defense system and reduced its exposure to toxic heavy metals. In treated seedlings, exposure to heavy metals significantly upregulated MT1 gene expression, which aided in metal detoxification, enhanced antioxidant defenses, and maintained metal homeostasis. A reduction in metal exposure was observed in several areas, including normalizing the activities of antioxidant enzymes that had been elevated by up to 67% following exposure to Pb (75 mg/kg) and Cu (200 mg/kg). Heavy metal exposure elevated antioxidant levels but also increased ROS levels by 86%. However, with Aspergillus terreus colonization, ROS levels stayed within normal ranges. This decrease in ROS was associated with reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, enhanced membrane stability, and restored root architecture. In conclusion, rhizofungal colonization improved metal tolerance in seedlings by decreasing metal uptake and increasing the levels of metal-binding metallothionein proteins.

Thermo-hydraulic performance of a parabolic trough solar collector filled with three different waste materials

This study presents the experimental investigation of the performance enhancement of a parabolic trough solar collcector (PTC) utilising air as the working fluid and various metallic waste materials as absorber fillers. The experiments have been carried out according to the ISO 9806:2017 norm under clear sky conditions for several days. The application of wire mesh, metal chips and bearing balls as the absorber filling has led to the increase in the performance of PTC and higher outlet temperatures compared to the smooth pipe as a receiver: 282 % (117.6 °C), 250 % (103.1 °C) and 335 % (128.3 °C) respectively. A decrease in PTC performance due to pressure drop was observed. The maximum drop for wire mesh, metal chips and bearing balls filling was: 9.7 %, 5.7 % and 5.7 % respectively. It has been shown that the use of metallic waste materials can significantly improve the thermal performance of PTC, but the rapidly increasing hydraulic resistance may limit their application for high flow rates.

Efficient and selective extraction of gold from acidic leaching solutions using novel guanidinium ionic liquid

As gold is a non-renewable resource, it holds both economic and environmental importance to enhance the recycling of precious metal waste from secondary resources. Herein, a guanidine salt ionic liquid ([DIETMG][NTf2]) with low water solubility and viscosity was synthesized by molecular design of guanidine salt ionic liquid with good biocompatibility and biodegradability, and a solvent-free system of [DIETMG][NTf2]-water was constructed to extract Au(Ⅲ). The findings reveal that the extraction efficiency of Au(Ⅲ) can reach 97.57 % under optimal extraction conditions. Further thermodynamic and kinetic studies revealed that the reaction process is spontaneous and exothermic, with the extraction rate being primarily controlled by interfacial chemical reactions. The system demonstrates remarkable selectivity for Au(Ⅲ) in solutions containing a mix of various metal ions. Finally, ascorbic acid (Vc) was employed as a stripping agent to obtain gold at room temperature. After 8 cycles, [DIETMG][NTf2] still achieved a 90% extraction efficiency. This study provides a new idea and method for recovery of gold from secondary resources.

Investigation into the hydrogen inhibition mechanism of Platycladus orientalis leaf extract as a biodegradation inhibitor for waste aluminum-silicon alloy dust in wet dust collectors

This study investigates the risk of hydrogen explosion caused by waste metal dust encountering water in wet dust collectors. It proposes using renewable plant extracts to suppress hydrogen evolution from aluminum-silicon (Al-Si) alloy dust, aiming to achieve intrinsically safer production. Platycladus orientalis leaf extract (POLE) was prepared using water as a solvent. Hydrogen inhibition experiments, material characterization, and theoretical calculations were conducted to evaluate the effect of POLE on waste Al-Si dust. The inhibition experiments demonstrated that POLE exhibits excellent inhibitory performance. At a POLE concentration of 2.0 g/L, the hydrogen inhibition efficiency reaches 97.71 % after 22 h, with a reaction rate constant of 8.9708 × 10−5, approaching zero. This efficiency remained stable over 5 days. POLE formed a uniform, dense protective film on the Al-Si dust surface, with a contact angle of 99.23°. FTIR spectra revealed absorption peaks corresponding to POLE functional groups and Al-O bonds, indicating that successfully adsorption of POLE through both physical and chemical interactions. Finally, theoretical calculations were performed to further explain the hydrogen inhibition mechanism of POLE, supplementing and confirming the characterization data. This study inhibited hydrogen production from waste dust, offering a new approach to enhancing the hydrogen production rate from recycled Al scraps.

On the transition of liquid dispersion states and their physical-thermodynamic nature in the development of gas-condensate reservoirs in depletion mode

This work presents new results of physical and chemical analysis of samples from contaminated areas of the Absheron field. The advantages and disadvantages of the used and traditional methods of cleaning oil waste are shown. Modern methods have been used to determine the characteristics of oil sludge samples from the Balakhany, Ramana, Surakhany, Bibiheybet fields of the Absheron Peninsula: oil sludge composition, viscosity, density, water content, chemical composition, temperature, cutting size, toxicity, volume, pH level, turbidity, BOD (biological oxygen demand), TDS (total dissolved solids). The main properties of oil sludge from the fields of the Absheron Peninsula are analyzed and compared. Chromatographic analysis (Agilent 7820A GC) allowed us to separate the oil waste and mixtures of the studied samples into individual compounds and components. The separation and determination of the components of the waste mixture by gas chromatography consisted of three stages: 1) Introduction of the sample into the chromatograph, 2) Separation of the sample into individual components, 3) Determination of the compounds contained in the sample. An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (Agilent 7500 cs) with reaction cell was used for the efficient determination of trace heavy metals in petroleum waste. The ion lens unit used in the Agilent 7500cs provided high sensitivity measurements. Thus, trace metals were detected in the samples. A vacuum distiller (Retort Oil and Water Kit RROW-50) was used to quantify liquid and solids in drilling mud. Comparison of our oil sludge analysis results with field data demonstrates the effectiveness of these methods in identifying the composition of oil sludge for obtaining target products. From the studied wastes of the oil industry, it is possible to obtain special additives and use them, for example, for asphalt concrete. The dependences of oil sludge evaporation (of the Balakhany, Ramana, Surakhany, Bibieybet deposits) on air temperature and thermal resistance of the waterproofing material of the oil storage facility have been studied. The evaporation of components also depends on the concentration of oil sludge. Based on our sample analyses, it has been shown that the combined use of physicochemical and chemical methods makes it possible to purify oil sludge to acceptable limits. The dependences of oil evaporation on air temperature and the thermal resistance of the waterproofing material of an oil tank on the concentration of oil sludge have been established.

Enhancing Efficiency in Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking: A Multi‐Objective Optimization Approach Using the Non‐Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II

To realize the overall optimization of electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking system, a multi‐objective optimization model including smelting cost, energy consumption per ton of steel, and carbon emission per ton of steel is established. The model is optimized by multi‐objective genetic algorithm to improve the charging structure. At the same time, the data in the optimal solution set are used to analyze the influence of the change of scrap ratio on smelting cost, carbon emission per ton of steel, and smelting cycle. According to the actual working conditions and the demand of steel plant, the optimized results are selected. Compared with the actual production data, the proportion of scrap steel increases to 50.9%, the ratio of molten iron decreases to 38.8%, the smelting cost per ton of steel decreases by 12 Yuan, the energy consumption per ton of steel decreases by 4%, the carbon emission per ton of steel significantly decreases by 13%, and the smelting cycle is shortened by 2 min, but at the cost of increasing the power consumption per ton of steel. The optimized results and the analysis of the change of scrap ratio provide reference for the optimization of EAF steelmaking system.