Metal Threads Research Articles

Indian Sequins: A Jeweled Textile of India

Looking back from the time of civilization, India always has rich competencies in the field of fascinating arts, crafts, and cultures along with its high-end heritage. From that time competent craftsmen not only used their skills to fulfill the needs and wants of society but also trade overseas. This used to be a reason for their earning and livelihood. Little by little these skills started demolishing, mukeish or badla or kamdani work is one of them. Mukeish (also known as Badla work or Kamdani in the local language) is a type of old-age metal wire embroidery with its legacy in the capital of Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, the city of Nawabs. Mukeish work involves twisting metallic thread to create patterns over the surface of the fabrics. Earlier original gold and silver wires were used to make these patterns, depicting royalty. With the passage of time, mukeish work lost its shine and royalty. Though it is not vaporized completely, only a handful of skilled craftsmen are available in Uttar Pradesh. The core reason for the decreasing demand for Mukeish work is not crystal clear but a small number of craftsmen are available who work on mukeish embroidery. It is said that mukeish or badla work is the original sequence of India that paves out the track of sequence work around the fashion globe. It is an expensive and indeed time-consuming craft. This meticulous work has lost its shine and glamour due to the lack of skilled artisans. The availability of substitute sequences in embroidery is also the reason for its blurry image in the world of Embroidery. The purpose of shedding light on mukeish or badla work is to review this meticulous craft of India and promote this precious craft around the globe.

Natural Dyes in Embroideries of Byzantine Tradition, the Collection of Embroidered Aëres and Epitaphioi in the National Museum of Art of Romania

The medieval textiles collection of the National Museum of Art of Romania (MNAR) has been in place since 1865 and nowadays preserves about 1000 medieval and pre-modern weavings and embroideries. These extremely valuable objects, dated between the 14th and the 19th centuries, are mainly religious embroidered garments and veils with special significance in the Byzantine li-turgy. Ecclesiastical embroideries of Byzantine tradition are characterized by a complex technique: metallic threads with a silk core, metallic wires and coloured silk threads are couched over padding on layers of silk and cellulosic supports so as to create relief through light reflection. The silk sup-ports and the sewing threads are coloured, mainly in red, blue, green and yellow hues, and analytical investigations of the dyes used in embroideries preserved in the MNAR, in the Putna and Sucevița Monasteries, have been released in previous studies by the corresponding author. The present work continues the approach with research into dyes in about 25 aëres and epitaphioi from the MNAR collection. Considering their privileged function in the liturgical ritual, these luxurious pieces embroidered with silver, gilded silver or coloured silk threads and decorated with pearls, sequins or semi-precious stones are the most faithful description of the stylistic and technological evolution of the art of post-Byzantine embroidery in the Romanian provinces. The data resulting from the present research will improve the knowledge regarding this topic. Dye analysis was performed by liquid chromatography with diode array detection, while fibres were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (with attenuated total reflectance) and optical microscopy. The biological sources identified—carminic acid-based dyes, redwood, dyer’s broom, weld, indigo-based dyes––will be discussed in correspondence with their use in the embroidery technique: support, lining and embroidery threads, together with other sources previously reported on Byzantine embroideries in Romanian collections, and in similar objects preserved at Holy Mount Athos.

Nowoczesne techniki analityczne źródłem informacji o dokumencie przeszłości na przykładzie analizy metalowych nici z piętnasto- i szesnastowiecznych aksamitów ze zbiorów skarbca katedralnego na Wawelu

The article discusses the modern analytical techniques as a source of information on past documents as in the example of an analysis of metal threads from 15th and 16th century velvet from the collection of the Wawel Cathedral treasury

The use of metallic threads in warp and weft to produce women's fabrics executed on Dobby looms

The use of metallic threads in warp and weft to produce women's fabrics executed on Dobby looms

Palaeoproteomics and microanalysis reveal techniques of production of animal-based metal threads in medieval textiles

Animal-based metal threads were largely used between the 10th and the fifteenth century, in European, Middle Eastern and Far Eastern textile productions for the decoration of textiles and cloths. They belong to a larger group of metal threads, used either as flat threads or wrapped around a fiber core, that were backed by an organic support (animal or paper). This study focuses on the medieval production of metal threads backed by an animal membrane (e.g. gut membrane), or skin. A total of 91 samples were collected from a corpus of 66 textile fragments belonging to 54 catalogued objects. The relevance and novelty of the present study is represented by the combination of proteomics, cross-section analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM–EDS and SEM-µXRF). The diversity of materials and manufacturing techniques found within each typology of thread, respectively, membrane-based metal threads and skin-based metal threads, hinted at different production technologies. Membrane-based threads were found to be invariably made from cattle gut membrane, coated with gilt-silver leaves. A possible sheep glue adhesive was found in a few samples. Skin-based threads were made from either goat or sheep leather, coated with metal leaves or powder. Within the three different types of coatings identified (silver, gold and gilt-silver), gold coatings were the most represented. Goat leather threads were associated with an egg-white binder, while sturgeon glue was identified as adhesive in all sheep leather threads. Collagen glue from other species (cattle, sheep, horse) was occasionally found in mixed adhesives. In two textiles, the finding of human proteins indicates past contamination due to handling or use. The analytical results show coherence between the fabrication patterns of animal-based metal threads and their probable geographical areas of manufacture, indicating that the study of materials and techniques provide further criteria to classify and group textiles, and trace correlations between manufacturing centers within Eurasian territories.

Ruling Pattern of the Parchment Codices in the Context of the Technological Development of Ancient Russian Booklore

At the beginning of the 15th century, there was a process of transition from manual to mechanical ruling or ruling pattern. With this type of ruling, the result was achieved not by running the tip of a knife or an awl over the parchment, but by using a template. A similar tool had been used since the 12th century in Oriental manuscripts and was called “mastara”. In Europe, it was called “tabula ad rigandum” in Latin, “planche à régler” in French, “rule-board” in English. In the Russian tradition it was known as “carax”, “terax”, “kerax”, etc. In Europe, it apparently appeared at the same time as in the Old Russian tradition — at the beginning of the 15th century. The earliest ruling pattern (1403) was found in the copy of Izbornik of 1073 originating from the Moscow Andronikov monastery of the Savior. The main feature of this ruling pattern is the absence of any kind of pricks on the margins of the parchment sheet. The introduction of the template into written practice led to a change in the traditional schemes and principles of ruling of Old Russian parchment codexes. The ruling known patterns with threads of animal or plant origins worked well on paper, but clearly could not leave a mark on a harder material, such as parchment. An experiment was conducted with a specially made template with metal threads and modern parchment, similar in its properties to the medieval one. The result of the successful experiment revealed that the application of the ruling pattern on parchment was only possible if it was preliminarily softened with water.

Multi-Analytical Techniques for the Study of Burial Clothes of Polish King Sigismund III Vasa (1566-1633) and His Wife Constance Habsburg (1588-1631).

The subjects of this research are the burial clothes of Polish King Sigismund III Vasa and his wife Constance, which were woven and embroidered with silk and metal threads. Fragments of the textiles underwent spectroscopic, spectrometric, and thermogravimetric analyses. The hydrofluoric acid extraction method was improved to isolate various classes of dyes from the textile samples that had direct contact with human remains. High-performance liquid chromatography, coupled with diode array and tandem mass spectrometry detectors with electrospray ionization (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS) facilitated the detection and identification of colorants present in the textiles. Cochineal, indigo-, madder-, orchil-, and tannin-producing plants were identified as the sources of dyes used. Scanning electron microscopy with an energy-dispersive X-ray detector (SEM-EDS) was employed to identify and characterize the silk fibers and mordants and the metal threads. The presence of iron, aluminum, sodium, and calcium in the silk threads suggests their potential use as mordants. The analysis of the metal threads revealed that most of them were made from flattened gilded silver wire, with only a few being cut from a sheet of metal. Typical degradation mechanisms of metal threads were shown, resulting from both burial environment and earlier manufacturing process, and the use of the textiles in clothing, i.e., a significant loss of the gold layer was observed in most of silver gilt threads, caused by abrasion and delamination. The results of the thermal analysis confirmed the presence of silk and silver threads in the examined textiles.

Metal threads in Qing Dynasty Chinese ‘silk and metal carpets’

Chinese ‘silk and metal carpets,’ mainly made by imperial workshops during the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911), are very luxurious and until now have not scientifically and technically been investigated. From the point of view of materials, a typical feature is the presence of metal threads which embellish backgrounds or details with a precious and golden appearance. Metal threads from a wide number of Chinese carpets were non-destructively investigated by XRF, while an in-depth characterization by SEM-EDS was performed on samples from few carpets.Although copper is always the main constituent of very thin metallic strips wound around a core of silk, the obtained results showed three types of strips, different in terms of materials and/or methods of making. The most frequent typology, covering over 85% of the investigated carpets, derives from the drawing of brass-plated copper wires.The obtained results are read and interpreted according to geographical and historical context, pertaining to the metallurgy and the making of metal threads, extending the comparisons also to other contexts in eastern and western world, during the ages.

Non-invasive analysis of heritage textiles with MA-XRF mapping—exploring the possibilities. The study of Bishop Jacques de Vitry's mitres and fragile medieval reliquary purses from Namur (Belgium)

This manuscript explores the potential of macro-X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) for the non-invasive analysis of heritage textiles. XRF, especially with the portable instruments, is a well-known technique for the non-destructive examination of various cultural heritage objects. It allows analysis of elemental composition based on single-point measurements. However, large, or complex textiles require numerous analysis points to identify the materials used and correctly interpret the spectra. MA-XRF takes this type of research to the next level, as it is possible to visualise the element distribution over an entire mapped area. In this paper, we discuss the application of this technique to the study of complex and multi-layered textile objects from exceptional Belgian heritage collections, including two mitres attributed to Bishop Jacques de Vitry, dating between twelfth and thirteenth century, and two of the seven extremely fine medieval reliquary purses from Namur. These are very fragile, richly decorated textile objects whose current state of preservation is a major impediment to sampling. MA-XRF mapping was applied for the identification of the elements of different materials in a non-invasive manner, including metal threads, ink, dyes, and various materials used in illuminations. In addition to material identification, stratigraphic information was obtained from the visualisation of element distributions, and hidden structural details were discovered. MA-XRF was also tested on some areas with more relief, such as the embroidery and braid made with metal threads, and the undulated multi-layered structure of the parchment mitre. Even though the analyses here could not be carried out in optimal conditions, these locations could also be analysed, albeit at a lower resolution. Finally, the technique proved very effective as a tool for screening, allowing samples to be taken at a more informative and representative location and minimising sampling.

Ottoman palace weavings between different periods: material characterization, comparison and suggestions for conservation

Historical textiles, which are an invaluable part of the cultural material heritage, and the materials used in their production bear witness to the social past. Although a textile object was originally produced out of necessity, later it became a symbol of magnificence, power, and might. The most important basic elements that contribute to these properties are the materials used in its production, among which silk fiber, and metallic threads containing gold and silver are the leading ones. In addition to the aging behavior of textile objects due to their organic structure, the deterioration process is accelerated due to various factors such as use, environmental factors, mismanagement, inappropriate storage and display conditions, incorrect restoration-conservation practices, natural disasters, etc. In this study, a total of 7 metallic threaded textile works dated between the 16 and 19 centuries and used by the Ottoman Palace dynasty in the textile collection of the Topkapı Palace Museum (TPM) were examined. In this context, visual evaluation/documentation, color measurement, technical analysis, dyestuff analysis, elemental composition, and corrosion products were determined in the historical textiles. In this study, the following analytical instruments were used for the analyses: a CIEL*a*b* spectrophotometer, an optical microscope (OM), high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC–PDA), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX). Thanks to this study, it was aimed to document the palace fabrics containing silk and metallic yarn used in the Ottoman period, to characterize the materials they contain, to determine the production method, and to determine of the deterioration products that occur over time. According to the results obtained from the analyses, insect-origin dyestuffs in red, pink, and purple were used. When the fabrics of the sixteenth century and the fabrics of the nineteenth century were compared, it was determined that there was a decrease in the quality of weaving. In addition, it was determined that the fiber in the metallic yarn core in the textile object dated to the end of the 19th/beginning of the twentieth century was produced by using cotton instead of silk, and also the thickness of the metal strip and the wrapping density were decreased. No significant difference was detected in the chemical composition of the strips in the metallic yarns found in the examined historical textiles, but only the silver element was detected in the metal strip, although the metallic yarn core in the last period textile object was yellow in color. All these results showed that there was a difference between the sixteenth-century textiles of the rise of the Ottoman Empire and the nineteenth-century textiles of the dissolution period. This difference is especially evident in the quality of the weaving, the density of the materials used, and the chemical composition of the metal strip. In addition, all these analyses will guide textile experts in possible restoration-conservation studies.

PRINCIPLES OF THE CHOICE OF THE COMBINED LIGHTNING PROTECTION FOR COMPOSITE MATERIALS OF DIELECTRIC POLYMERS

General approaches to solving the problem of lightning protection of composite materials are considered. In particular, the use of dielectric composites, which are radio transparent, requires the organization of their reliable lightning protection, which involves the use of conductors. Thus, the development of segment tires creates the prerequisites for realizing the advantages of knitted combined weaves, including metal threads, and requires further research.

RESEARCH ON THE TECHNOLOGY OF PREPARING PLASTIC AND THREADED COMPONENTS USING 3D PRINTING OR ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING

Threaded components play a crucial role in ensuring the safety and reliability of systems by joining components together. Proper selection of thread type and size, ensuring proper machining and storage of components, and addressing potential issues such as leakage, vibration, and misalignment all play a special role. It is known that there is a big difference in the nature of the destruction of metal and plastic threaded connections, in particular, when the nut is made of plastics, and the bolt is made of steel, or vice versa. In this regard, at present there is no consensus in assessing the strength of plastic threaded connections. On the one hand, it is recognized that, due to a more uniform distribution of the load, plastic threaded connections have a significant load capacity. Numerous examples of the use of plastic threaded connections in pressure pipelines, in large plastic parts subjected to dynamic loads, various loaded fasteners - all these examples confirm that plastic threaded connections can withstand very high loads. Production of a thread of plastic details is rather difficult, than on metals. It is connected with the physical-mechanical processes coming in the course of production of concrete thread details from plastic by method of pressing and casting under pressure. Also mechanics of formation of plastic threads on details of the oil-field equipment on the specific properties differ from the threads received by a machining method on metals. As thread surfaces on plastic details are formed in compression molds depending on materials and the modes: temperatures, pressure and time of production. These regime parameters and guided parameters play a part at a guaranty of physicalmechanical properties of details in the course of production. The use of plastic or polymer threads in the oil and gas industry is increasing due to their unique characteristics and advantages over traditional metal threads. Recently, 3D printing (additive manufacturing) has become more widely used for the preparation of plastic threads. The article will discuss the methods and characteristics of preparing plastic threaded components, as well as their advantages and certain incompatibilities. Keywords: threaded components, plastic threaded components, preparation methods, 3D and 4D printing.

Non-invasive Archaeometric Studies of Metal Threads with Silk Core Coming from Two Kontush Sashes from the Szczuczyn Excavations in Poland

Abstract A kontush sash belonged to costly accessories of ceremonial clothes of Polish nobility. It is a belt made of leather, metal or soft textile, called a sash from the 18th century. In the 2nd half of the 17th century, there was a change in manufacturing technique and ornamentation compositions, and sashes adorned with metal threads appeared. Persian and Turkish belts were the most popular. They have been excavated as burial equipment at archaeological sites. Analyzing these objects is a unique research experience that complements our knowledge of girdle-making in the eighteenth century. The non-invasive archaeometric studies are a significant part of this research. The microscopic observations, X-ray fluorescence and SEM-EDS investigations were made of the metal threads from the textile sashes found in the crypts of Szczuczyn church (North-Eastern Poland).

Mapping Materials and Dyes on Historic Tapestries Using Hyperspectral Imaging

Hyperspectral imaging has emerged as a promising analytical method of artwork due to its potential in combining non-invasive analytical capabilities and imaging allowing the survey of the entire (or of a large area of the) surface of an artwork, which is a highly significant application for historic tapestries. This project deployed a high-resolution ClydeHSI Art Scanner, which was used with both a push-broom visible to very-near infrared (VNIR; 400–1000 nm) and near infrared (NIR; 900–1700 nm) hyperspectral cameras. Initial testing focused on the characterisation and mapping of the different materials used on historic tapestries (wool, silk, metal threads). To facilitate the dye characterisation, a collection of wool and silk samples dyed with recipes based on medieval practices was used. The samples measured using the system and the data collected formed an external reference library including the type of the natural dyes and mordants used during their production. The outcomes of the on-site deployment of this analytical instrumentation for the characterisation and analysis of 16th century tapestries on display at Hampton Court Palace will be discussed.

Restoration of a Textile Artefact: A Comparison of Cleaning Procedures Applied to a Historical Tapestry from the Quirinale Palace (Rome)

The cleaning of textile artefacts and in particular historical tapestries is generally carried out using standard methods. Different cleaning procedures, including a new method based on a hydro-aspiration mechanism, recently developed by restorers with the aim of improving the efficiency of the cleaning system, were applied to a historical tapestry belonging to the lower edge of one of the tapestries of the “Ulysses Stories” series exhibited at the Quirinale Palace (Rome). The tapestry was made of wool and silk and has precious decorations made of metal yarns, which are particularly fragile. The new cleaning system was compared with the traditional methods commonly used by restorers for tapestry cleaning. For this purpose, the quantity and chemical composition of the particles removed and collected on quartz fibre filters by applying the different cleaning systems, were estimated by means of analytical techniques, such as IC (Ion Chromatography) for the quantification of the ionic species collected into the rinsing water, the TOT (Thermal Optical Transmittance) method for the quantification of the carbonaceous particles and SEM-EDX (Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled to Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) for yarn morphological characterization and elemental analysis of the deposited particles. The objective of this study is to identify the correct cleaning method to apply to the polymaterial tapestry and, in particular, to the gilded silver and gold metallic yarns, whose conservation state requires the preservation of the “self-protection” patina necessary for the future exhibition inside the Quirinale Palace. The new hydro-aspiration method was found to be more efficient in removing dirt and preserving the structure of the metallic threads being in this way less invasive in detaching the fragile surface patina and at the same time more effective in removing dirt.

Durability of Shield Effective Polyester Cotton Fabric with Integrated Stainless Steel Threads in Processes of Dry and Wet Cleaning.

Protective properties against electromagnetic radiation represent the essential value of textiles for protective clothing worn in hazardous working conditions. To ensure that protective clothing lasts for as long as feasible, care processes must be optimized, especially since protective clothing is subjected to repeated cycles due to soiling. Improved formulations of special detergents and agents with high-performance finishing agents used in care processes can contribute to a longer life of protective clothing. In this paper, the shield effectiveness of a cotton polyester fabric with integrated metal threads in the warp and weft directions at frequencies of 0.9 GHz, 1.8 GHz, 2.1 GHz, and 2.4 GHz is compared to that of its environmentally friendly alternative, wet cleaning processes. The research is carried out by varying process parameters: mechanics, chemical action, and cycle number. The results proved the drop of shield properties of polyester/cotton fabric with integrated stainless steel threads depending on frequencies and the number of professional cleaning cycles. The worst shield effectiveness of the tested fabric was obtained after 10 cycles of dry cleaning, wherein the degree of protection at frequency 2.4 GHz is reduced by 6.89 dB. According to the obtained results, the level of functional properties was better preserved in the wet cleaning process, which additionally has better ecological premises compared to dry cleaning process.

Water vapor transmission and electromagnetic shielding characteristics of stainless steel/viscose blended yarn woven fabrics

In this study, stainless steel/viscose blended yarn was prepared and different structured woven fabrics were prepared for studying the moisture transmission and electromagnetic shielding behaviour. By doubling viscose spun yarn with SS filament yarn, the SS/viscose blended yarn was prepared. The woven fabrics were made in a sample loom using viscose yarn and SS/viscose blended yarn. By changing the metal content, thread density and conductive fibre proportions at different levels, the developed fabrics were analyzed for maximum shielding effectiveness in the frequency of 300 kHz to 1.5 GHz. The fabric having conductive threads in warp and weft directions showed larger shielding effectiveness (SE) compared to fabric having conductive threads in one direction. The increase in weft density, proportions of conductive threads (in weft direction) and metal content increases the shielding level of fabric. The highest SE of 56 dB was observed for plain woven fabric compared to 3/1 twill, 2/2 twill and 2/2 basket fabrics in the frequency of 700 MHz. The influence of environmental factors such as relative humidity and pH on shielding behaviour of fabrics were also studied. As the relative humidity was increased, the SE was also increased. The fabric treated with acidic (or) basic condition exhibited better SE than the fabric in neutral condition. Similarly, air permeability and water vapour transmission characteristics of the developed conductive fabrics were also analyzed. The air permeability of the fabric was higher when the metal content in the fabric was low. The fabric having more floats showed higher air permeability compared to fabrics with less floats. Similarly, the water vapour transmission rate was also high for long float fabrics. The developed conductive fabrics could be used as wall covering and personal protective clothing in defense industry.

Method for simultaneous measurement of velocity and direction of fluid flow using fiber Bragg gratings

This work is devoted to the development and research of a new optical method for measuring the velocity of a fluid flow and determining the orthogonal directions of such a flow. Comparing with gas flow, measuring the fluid flow rate requires higher heating power and insulation, which is taken into account in this work. The standard hot-wire anemometry method is taken as a basis, but instead of a metal thread, optical fiber is used for measurements. The article presents the design of a sensitive element consisting of two optical fibers. The first fiber contains an array of fiber Bragg gratings and is used as a measurement element. The second fiber has a region with a tapered structure and is used to create a heated area. Velocity measurements are given for the range of 0.02–0.05 m/s, but are limited only by the capabilities of the measuring stand. A unique method for identifying the orthogonal flow direction, which has not been described in the literature before, is presented. Differences in the shapes of the curves for the dependences of flow rates moving in the direction and orthogonally to the axis of the sensitive element are presented. The stability of the device is also confirmed by continuous experiments for 70 min.

Identification of Metal Threads from Croatian Fabrics

Abstract This article deals with the analysis of metal threads in weaving from historical Croatian textiles, liturgical vestments, and folk costumes from the seventeenth to the twentieth century. The independent narrow stripes, wires, and the srma that was formed by a combination of metal thread wrapped around a non-metal textile yarn were collected and analysed. Using physicochemical method scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), the metal composition and content in the threads were analysed. By cross-sectional analysis of metal threads by the SEM-EDX method, it was determined whether the metal threads were homogeneous, gilded, or silver-plated. The composition and structure of non-metal textile yarns were determined by light microscopy. Metal threads were primarily made of gold, silver, or copper and their alloys, but recently less valuable metals having a similar shine have generally been used. Non-metal textile threads in srma are most often made of silk, cotton, and linen. The aim of this study was to determine which type and composition of metal threads were used in different regions of Croatia, which can serve as a database for the restoration and conservation of valuable historical textiles. Also, according to the composition of metal threads, the technology of production threads can be determined and the temporal and spatial dating of textile objects can be determined approximately.

Archaeometric Analysis of the Kaaba Covers with Metal Thread in the Topkapı Palace Museum and the Contribution of these Investigations to the Science of Conservation

Bu çalışmada, Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Padişah Elbiseleri Seksiyonu’ndaki Osmanlı Dönemi’ne ait ve 16. yüzyıla tarihlendirilen iki adet Kâbe örtüsü inceleme kapsamına alınmıştır. Her iki eserden klapdan numuneleri de dahil olmak üzere toplam 9 numune elde edilmiştir. Tekstil eserlerde kullanılan üç ana malzeme lif, boya ve metalik ipliklerin özellikleri çeşitli arkeometrik yöntem ve teknikler kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Ön inceleme, teknik özellikler (çözgü/atkı sıklığı, iplik büküm yönü) ve belgeleme için bir optik mikroskop ile boyarmadde analizleri için diyot dizi algılamalı yüksek performanslı sıvı kromatografisi (HPLC-DAD) kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca, klapdan ipliklerde çekirdek ipliğin türü, genel morfoloji, metalik şeridin kimyasal bileşimi ve korozyon ürünlerinin tespiti için enerji dağılımlı X-ışını spektroskopisine (EDX) sahip taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) tekniğinden yararlanılmıştır. HPLC-DAD ile elde edilen sonuçlara göre, renkli numunelerde belirlenen muhtemel boya kaynakları lak böceği, kökboya bitkisi, boyacı sumağı, muhabbet çiçeği ile meşe palamudu, mazı gomalağı, nar kabuğu bitkilerinden herhangi biridir. SEM-EDX ile elde edilen analiz sonuçlarına göre, klapdanlarda kullanılan metalik şeridin önce çekme daha sonra haddeleme yöntemi ile ve ayrıca, kimyasal kompozisyon olarak gümüş üzerine altın kaplama yapılarak üretildiği tespit edilmiştir. Arkeometrik yöntem ve teknikler kullanılarak elde edilen bu sonuçlar, uygun koruma ve onarım yöntemlerinin belirlenmesinde ileride koruma uzmanlarına rehberlik edecektir.