Metal Rubber Research Articles

Standardized Application and Management of a New Type of Equipment Support Resources

As a new type of equipment support resource, metal rubber plays an irreplaceable role in buffer damping. This paper mainly introduces the research status of metal rubber materials, and discusses the preparation process, theoretical research and performance characteristics of metal rubber. The preparation standard and management system of metal rubber products are put forward. The proposed system not only reduces the cost of equipment support resource management and production, but also has certain reference for the design, improvement and practical application of metal rubber products.

Artificial Neural Network Pada Industri Non Migas Sebagai Langkah Menuju Revolusi Industri 4.0

The research conducted aims to make predictions with artificial neural metwork (backpopagation) and sensitivity analysis in the non-oil processing industry for the value of industrial exports. Data was obtained from the Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) in collaboration with the Ministry of Industry of the Republic of Indonesia in the last 7 years (2011-2017). The process is carried out by dividing the data into 2 parts (training and testing) to obtain the best architectural model. The data processing uses the help of Matlab 6.0 software. Model selection is done by try and try to get the best architectural model. In this study using 7 architectural models (15-2-1; 15-5-1; 15-10-1; 15-15-1; 15-2-5-1; 15-5-10-1 and 15- 10-5-1) who have been trained and tested. By using the help of Matlab 6.0 software, the best architectural model is obtained 15-2-1 with an accuracy rate of 93%, epoch training = 189,881, MSE testing = 0.001167108 and MSE training = 0,000999622. The best architecture will be continued to predict the non-oil industry based on the most dominant export value using sensitivity analysis. From the architectural model a prediction of 5 out of 15 non-oil and gas industries contributes: Food & Beverage Industry, Textile & Apparel Industry, Basic Metal Industry, Rubber Industry, Rubber and Plastic Goods and Metal Goods Industry, Not Machines and Equipment , Computers, Electronics and Optics.

The Study on Impact Resistance of Metal Rubber for a Product

A metal rubber damper was designed for the too large impact response of a product. The impact response of products which bears big shocks with and without metal rubber damper were studied and compared. The damping performance of the metal rubber damper with different pre-compression was tested and studied. The test results show that the metal rubber damper can effectively reduce the impact response of the product in three directions; The damping effect of cylindrical metal rubber damper in the direction of cylinder axis is better than that in the other two axial directions; different pre-compression amounts have great influence on the impact response, so the optimum damping effect is obtained by adjusting the pre-compression amount of the metal rubber damper.

Modeling of a joint-type flexible endoscope based on elastic deformation and internal friction

Flexible endoscopes are widely used in minimally invasive surgical robot systems. Various kinematic models have been developed for describing the deformation of such endoscopes. For joint-type flexible endoscopes, most existing models neglect the effect of internal friction and cannot precisely show the shape.In this paper, we propose a new nonlinear bending model. The rubber tube and metal net at each joint are approximated as a tube under elastic deformation and are assigned an equivalent bending stiffness. The internal friction force is also taken into account to build the moment balance equation at each joint. Groups of experiments were performed to validate the nonlinear model. The results closely confirm the model’s predictions. The model’s tip position error during the bending and unbending phases are 1.48 ± 0.99 mm and 1.68 ± 0.91 mm respectively; the bending angle errors are −5.50 ± 2.54° and 1.68 ± 3.66°, respectively The model can also take account of the hysteresis effect of the bending, which is quite common for cable-driven flexible robots. Moreover, the model has good computational efficiency, making it suitable for real-time control.

Manufacture technology and anisotropic behaviour of elastic-porous metal rubber

As a novel lightweight metallic material, elastic-porous metal rubber (EPMR) also known as entangled wire mesh or wire washer can be used for vibration damping elements in extreme environments where traditional polymer rubbers deteriorate or become in effective. In this paper, the process chains of two main typical manufacture technologies including entangled and knitted wire mesh for EPMR are introduced. Quasi-static and dynamic properties of EPMR are highly nonlinear and addressed due to the intertwined microstructure consists of coiled metal wires that are compressed together. The experimental results of mechanical tests indicate that the anisotropic behaviours of EPMR are conspicuous and should be considered for property prediction and engineering application. This work also attempts to explain the physical mechanism of anisotropy through the diversity of contact behaviours of coiled wires along forming and non-forming directions, which can be macroscopically characterized by quasi-static and dynamic mechanical tests.

Topology and mechanics of metal rubber via X-ray tomography

This paper describes the structural characteristics of metal rubber (MR) evaluated by X-ray tomography and skeletonisation at microscopic scale. The parameters used to describe the internal structure of the MR were numerically extracted and compared to assess the effect of different MR manufacturing parameters on the mechanical properties of the material. Quasi-static tests were also performed to obtain the stiffness and damping of the metal porous material and to understand their correlation with the topology defining the samples. A simplified helix cell model was used to interpret the mechanical properties of the MR based on the structural parameters identified in this paper. The transverse isotropic stiffness of the MR observed here is partly caused by the distribution of the metal wires, with more helices oriented along the molding direction resulting in smaller equivalent stiffness. The compression, relative density, helix and wire diameters can influence the structural and mechanical characteristics of the MR in a significant manner.

Vibration reliability characterization and damping capability of annular periodic metal rubber in the non-molding direction

This paper aims to investigate the vibration reliability characterization and damping performance of annular periodic metal rubber subjected to cyclic dynamic loading. A typical annular or ring-shaped metal rubber benchmark, which leads to a particularly pronounced looseness or damage characteristics along the non-molding direction after cyclic dynamic loading, was introduced. For the fabrication of the studied metal rubber, entangled wire mesh and woven wire mesh were adopted to analyze and optimize the micro-structure associated with the vibration damping capability. The experimental dynamic testing system was developed as well as the corresponding parameter identification. The geometric coefficient in terms of cross-section distortion was proposed to assess the vibration reliability after cyclic dynamic loading. The effects of density and wire diameter on the damping performance of annular metal rubber in the non-molding direction were examined and analyzed in detailed. The results indicate that the 180° large angle crisscross by entangled wire mesh is a relatively optimal fabrication solution for the studied benchmark. The interrelationship of wire diameter and density on key damping capabilities such as energy dissipation, dynamic average stiffness and loss factor should be evident. Some preliminary results of the optimal process parameters are obtained and provide an alternative method for the design of periodic metal rubber damper in terms of individual application.

Experimental and numerical investigation of flexible bulging process of aluminum AA1050-H14 sheet metal with soft tools

The purpose of this manuscript is to carry out an experimental and numerical investigation of bulging process of aluminum AA1050-H14 sheet metal in free expansion when using a flexible punch. Three types of rubber with different hardness are used as flexible punch. First, a mechanical characterization and identification of aluminum sheet metal and polyurethane rubber parameters is achieved for validation purpose. Then, an experimental study of flexible bulging process is performed to analyze the effect of rubber type and hardness on forming capability. The obtained results show that the polyurethane with hardness of 70 Shore A is considered as the most suitable punch for the bulging operation when comparing with silicone and natural rubber. Finally, a comparison between bulging with flexible and rigid punches is conducted using the finite element code ABAQUS/Explicit. The developed simulations predict efficiently the realistic thickness distribution along the bulged part.

APPLICATION OF CALIXARENE DERIVATIVES AS TACKIFIER RESIN IN RUBBER COMPOUNDS FOR TIRE APPLICATIONS

ABSTRACT The effect of p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene on rubber-nylon-6 fabric and rubber-metal bead wire adhesion strength was quantified. For this purpose, two typically used rubber compounds were employed for two reinforcing motorcycle tire components: ply and bead. The standard pull-out tests of rubber–fabric and rubber–metal showed improvements in adhesion strength by incorporating p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene into rubber compounds. However, the maximum values of adhesion force to pull the polyamide fabrics and brass-coated metal wires out of the rubber compounds were observed when only 1.0 phr of p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene was used. The adhesion performance of both fabric and metal wire decreased with higher loading amounts of p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene. The effect of a commercial phenolic tackifying resin was also evaluated in bead compound. Very similar adhesion results to p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene were obtained when using 1.0 phr phenolic resin.

Combined stiffness characteristic of metal rubber material under vibration loads

Metal rubber is one kind of elastic cellular metal material, which is widely used in vibration isolation environment for its excellent properties of elasticity, energy dissipation, and environmental adaptability. However, the stiffness range of one single metal rubber is restricted, which limits its ability of vibration isolation, especially under the complex vibration loads. In this paper, a method of spatial overlay combination is presented to widen the range of the stiffness of metal rubber material. The contact behavior of the metal spiral rolls and the influence factors of manufacture to the stiffness are investigated according to the micro-spring theory and the energy dissipation theory. The static tests under cycling loading are conducted to obtain the average stiffness and the equivalent stiffness of the combined metal rubber. After the comparisons, the combined metal rubber has a better stiffness range than the individual element. The diameter of metal wire and the relative density of metal rubber are two important influence factors to the combined stiffness, which are verified by the experimental tests and finite element simulation.

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Platinum–Chromium Oxidation Catalysts on Metal Supports

Catalysts containing highly dispersed platinum metal particles in a matrix of chromium oxides with different degrees of oxidation on metallic supports were obtained using the hydrothermal decomposition reactions of [Pt(NH3)4]CrO4 and [Cr(NH3)5Cl][PtCl4] complexes. The Kh18N10T and Kh20N80 alloys as chips or metal rubber blocks were used as the metal supports. The properties of the catalysts were studied in model reactions of the complete oxidation of propane and n-hexane.

One-step fabrication of thermal resistant, corrosion resistant metal rubber for oil/water separation

Metal rubber (MR) with excellent mechanical properties and porosity is often used as a filter material in mechanical systems. Oil filtration involves not only the recycling of contaminated oil, but more importantly, it ensures normal functioning of the hydraulic system and lubrication system. Here, one-step etching method was employed to fabricate the superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic MR. The modified MR could efficiently and quickly separate oil-water mixtures, especially oil-water mixtures of several oils (gasoline, diesel, engine oil, kerosene) commonly used in machinery, driven by gravity. Furthermore, the modified MR demonstrate the excellent durability and maintain the high efficiency after multiple oil-water separations. Significantly, the modified MR also showed good thermal resistance and corrosion resistance. This research has provided MR with a new functionality. This opens a new avenue for MR to be used for separation of oil-water mixture, thereby expanding greatly its application in filtration.

Numerical prediction and experiment of impact on rubber hydro unit with multi-chambers using an effective dynamic co-simulation approach

ABSTRACTAn accurate evaluation on dynamic impact response for rubber–metal components with fluid has been very challenging over many years, especially using three-dimensional dynamic co-simulation via fluid-structural-interaction (FSI) in time domain. There are also very limited successful cases reported on dynamic impact evaluation in vehicle applications. Natural frequency region (NFR) approach, based on computational solid dynamics, recently proposed by the author, has successfully evaluated dynamic response of rubber anti-vibration components without fluid. This method is extended to fluid using co-simulation with computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This combined approach, i.e. NFR–FSI–CFD approach, is applied to an impact simulation on a joint unit including two solid rubber springs and one shock mount with two pistons embedded in internal fluid chambers. The result of the simulation is validated with the experimental data. Eight key aspects are identified and main steps to effectively perform dynamic co-simulation are suggested. This proposed approach is designed for industrial practice to simulate rubber hydro anti-vibration systems as the detailed deformation and strain/stress profiles of the components can be obtained. The real stiffness of the anti-vibration system can be calculated from the load-deflection curve generated and employed for vehicle system dynamics.

Metal Rubber Blank Automatic Laying Obstacle Avoidance Strategy

The new metal rubber blank automatic laying equipment solves the technical problem of preparing large-sized metal rubber sheet components and metal rubber component blanks with complicated configurations such as holes. Based on the automatic laying process of metal rubber, the metal rubber components are divided into simple configuration and complex configuration, and a new method for judging the feasible laying path of metal rubber is proposed. Based on matlab, a new type of rapid metal rubber blank laying obstacle avoidance strategy was designed, which realized the identification and positioning of the feasible path of metal rubber blank automatic laying, which provided technical support for path planning and automatic laying.

Design and dynamic analysis of metal rubber isolators between satellite and carrier rocket system

Abstract. To achieve mobility and rapid-response, vehicles are used to launch satellites, and such systems will inevitably undergo random vibrations caused by uneven ground excitations. However, cameras or other high-precision satellite payloads cannot withstand such harsh mechanical environment in the absence of isolators. Hence, in the present paper, due to the advantages of the superior damping properties of metal rubber (MR), we designed MR structures to absorb vibrations. Correspondingly, the dynamical behaviours of the integrated system were comprehensively analysed to ensure that vibrations would not cause the payloads to collide with the fairing. In addition, the effects of geometric parameters of the isolated structures on the vibration properties of the system were investigated. This work provides a feasible design method of using simple MR structures, instead of very complicated isolators, for a mobile satellite launching system moving on rough roads.

Novel Adhesion Technique Using Metallic or Non-Metallic Hydrous Oxide of Metal Complexes Involving Magnetic Compound Fluid Rubber under Electrolytic Polymerization and Magnetic Field for Producing Sensors.

As per sequential studies on new types of soft rubber for the artificial skin of robots, smart sensors, etc., we have proposed and investigated hybrid skin (H-Skin) and haptic sensors by using magnetic compound fluid (MCF), compounding natural rubber latex (NR-latex), and applying electric and magnetic fields. Through electrolytic polymerization, the MCF rubber is solidified. The MCF rubber has hybrid sensing functions and photovoltaic effects, and electric charge as battery. In case of the production of soft rubber sensors, however, the problem of adhesion between metal electrodes and rubber is very important. In the present study, we propose a novel adhesive technique for bonding the metal electrodes and MCF rubber by using metallic or non-metallic hydrous oxide, which is a metal complex, via electrolytic polymerization. The anionic radical hydrate reacts with the isoprene molecules of NR-latex or chloroprene rubber latex (CR-latex) such that they are cross-linked and the MCF rubber with the hydrate is solidified, which can be represented via a chemical reaction equation. By means of this adhesive technique, we presented five cases of sensors fabricated using metal electrodes and rubbers. This technique is applicable for novel cohesion between rubber and metal.

Study on Multi-Point Random Contact Characteristics of Metal Rubber Spiral Mesh Structure

Metal rubber (MR) is a porous damping material, which achieves the damping energy consumption by the contact friction between the internal wires. Complex wire structure makes explanation of energy dissipation mechanism by the traditional theoretical models limited to comparison with equivalent models or microcell models, which cannot truly reflect the spatial multi-point contact characteristics of each wire. This work demonstrates numerical modeling based on actual preparation process parameters of annular MR. Using the penalty function to solve the complex contact that is difficult to predict between the internal spiral wires, the variation laws for equivalent stress and strain recorded during the loading-unloading process of MR, were obtained. The small-ball algorithm and the Tabu search algorithm were used to realize the accurate assessment of contact points between the wires and the hyper dimension matrix was used to track the friction state of the contact points in real time, thereby obtaining a proportional relationship between various friction forms during the loading-unloading process. It is found that sliding friction accounts for the majority of the total number of contact points, which is about 81.38%, consistent with the equivalent plastic strain law of stepwise change. It becomes further clarified from the microscopic point that MR accomplishes macroscopic energy dissipation mechanism through the fretting slip friction between the internal wires. In order to verify the authenticity of the simulation, a quasi-static loading-unloading experiment of MR was carried out under identical parameters, and the experimental macroscopic results were in excellent agreement with the simulation results. The research indicates that the MR finite element model established in this paper can precisely describe the dynamic contact of the internal structural features of MR materials, for providing a theoretical basis for guiding the preparation and application of MR.

Simulation calculation and research of double layer metal rubber vibration isolator

Marine diesel units will produce certain vibration and noise at work, which will affect the normal operation of machinery and crew’s physical and mental health. It is a common solution to equip diesel units with vibration isolators, so it is very necessary to optimize the design of vibration isolators. Based on diesel engine set with double layer metal rubber vibration isolator, for example, to establish the geometric model of the vibration isolator with Solidworks, and importing it into the finite element software called ANSYS Workbench to make simulation calculation, get the vibration isolator in forward loading, reverse load and radial load displacement nephogram under three working conditions and stress nephogram, get the maximum double metal rubber vibration isolator deformation, the maximum stress value and the location of maximum stress. The results show that the maximum stress of the double layer metal rubber isolator is less than the yield limit of the material, which meets the work requirements. The stress concentration is easy to occur in the center of the bottom base of the vibration isolator, that is, fatigue failure is easy to occur. Under the condition of radial loading, the maximum deformation of the case is large. The maximum deformation and stress of the improved case are significantly reduced, which is of guiding significance to the optimal design of the vibration isolator.

Biomimetic high-intensity superhydrophobic metal rubber with anti-corrosion property for industrial oil–water separation

In this work, a superhydrophobic metal rubber with excellent water repellency, mechanical durability, corrosion resistance and oil/water separation properties was prepared by a facile and scale-up chemical etching method and a straightforward modification.

金属橡胶减振垫的动态力学特性分析

金属橡胶减振垫的动态力学特性分析