Metal Rod Research Articles

Mechanical properties and biocompatibility of a novel miniscrew made of Zr70Ni16Cu6Al8 bulk metallic glass for orthodontic anchorage

The purpose of the present study was to fabricate a miniscrew possible for clinical application using Zr70Ni16Cu6Al8 bulk metallic glass (BMG), which has high mechanical strength, low elastic modulus, and high biocompatibility. First, the elastic moduli of Zr-based metallic glass rods made of Zr55Ni5Cu30Al10, Zr60Ni10Cu20Al10, Zr65Ni10Cu17.5Al7.5, Zr68Ni12Cu12Al8, and Zr70Ni16Cu6Al8 were measured. Zr70Ni16Cu6Al8 had the lowest elastic modulus among them. Then, we fabricated Zr70Ni16Cu6Al8 BMG miniscrews with diameters from 0.9 to 1.3 mm, conducted a torsion test, and implanted them into the alveolar bone of beagle dogs to compare insertion torque, removal torque, Periotest, new bone formation around the miniscrew, and failure rate compared with 1.3 mm diameter Ti-6Al-4 V miniscrew. The Zr70Ni16Cu6Al8 BMG miniscrew exhibited a high torsion torque even if the miniscrew had a small diameter. Zr70Ni16Cu6Al8 BMG miniscrews with a diameter of 1.1 mm or less had higher stability and lower failure rate than 1.3 mm diameter Ti-6Al-4 V miniscrews. Furthermore, the smaller diameter Zr70Ni16Cu6Al8 BMG miniscrew was shown, for the first time, to have a higher success rate and to form more new bone around the miniscrew. These findings suggested the usefulness of our novel small miniscrew made of Zr70Ni16Cu6Al8 BMG for orthodontic anchorage.

Penetration performance and fragmentation mechanism behind target of tungsten fibre/zirconium-based bulk metallic glass matrix composite rod

A tungsten fibre/zirconium-based bulk metallic glass matrix composite (WF/Zr-MG) is a type of armour piercing material with significant development potential. When it penetrates a finite-thickness target plate, it results in damage different from those generated by W alloys. Therefore, the penetration of 80% WF/Zr-MG by volume fraction (the diameter of the W fibre is 0.3 mm) into a 120-mm-thick 45 steel target plate is investigated experimentally at an impact velocity of 1600 ± 20 m/s. Subsequently, the results are comp rod ared with those of a 91 Walloy (91 W) rod to investigate the penetration performance and damage ability behind the target of composite materials. The damage effects of the 45 steel target plate and after-effect target are analysed. The penetration performance and fragmentation mechanism of the two materials are analysed experimentally and based on theoretical calculations. The experimental results indicate that the WF/Zr-MG rod shows self-sharpening in the nose, a smaller average crater diameter, less kinetic energy loss, and better penetration performance compared with the 91 W rod. The bonding force between the phases of WF/Zr-MG is significantly lower than that of 91 W, and cracks formed easily in the material during the penetration process. Radial stress is released instantaneously after the WF/Zr-MG rod departs from the target; consequently, the WF/Zr-MG rod underwent radial expansion, fracture, and dispersion. The damaged areas of WF/Zr-MG measured 1734 and 1661 cm2, which exhibit fragment diffusion angles of 46.5° and 46.1°, respectively. However, the damaged areas of the W alloy are only 1017 and 1193 cm2, and the corresponding fragment diffusion angles are only 35.3° and 37.8°, respectively. The damage parameters of WF/Zr-MG behind the target are greater than those of the tungsten alloy, which increased its killing capacity behind the target.

Thoraco-Abdominal Split by a Metallic Rod: A Case Report

Introduction: Impalement wounds are defined by foreign objects usually steel bars or a wooden object, piercing a body cavity in part or from one end to another and always remaining in place. Thoraco- abdominal impalements are cases of rare trauma in our exercise context. We report a case of thoraco-abdominal impalement in an 11-year-old patient as well as our therapeutic attitude in our exercise context. Observation: this is an 11-year-old student, with no medical and surgical history, received in emergency for thoraco-abdominal trauma following a play activity in the family home. Discussion: Penetrating thoraco-abdominal wounds are most often caused by gunshot wounds. Impalement is a potentially serious lesion that can be immediately life-threatening and depends on the organs affected. Our case study concerns a patient victim of a domestic accident following a playful activity within the family home. The injuring agent was a concrete rod positioned within the home without any security measures and which was used to tie up sheep intended for domestic breeding. Management of impalements must comply with rules so as not to aggravate the lesions. Conclusion: Thoracoabdominal impalement injuries are potentially serious and can be life-threatening. Its management is a challenge in countries with limited resources like ours. Good coordination of medico-surgical care allowed optimal management of the patient.

Development of functionally graded anode supports for microtubular solid oxide fuel cells by tape casting and isostatic pressing

This paper suggests an alternative method to manufacture functionally graded anode supports for microtubular solid oxide fuel cells by employing tape casting and isostatic pressing for the first time in the literature. In this regard, six different anode support strips with various pore former contents are produced by tape casting. Besides the anode supports made from uniform tapes, three-layered anode supports composed of various combination of these tapes are also fabricated by wrapping the corresponding tape(s) of the same total length on a metallic rod followed by isostatic pressing. Microtubular cells are then built on these anode supports by dip coating the other layers and evaluated by microstructural investigations and electrochemical performance tests performed under the same conditions. Porosity measurements of the homogeneous anode supports are also carried out. Microstructural examinations reveal that not only the homogeneous anode supports but porosity graded anode supports can be also successfully manufactured by the suggested method. Electrochemical tests indicate that the performance of the cells with a uniform anode support tends to increase with the anode support porosity up to ∼26% porosity then shows a decreasing trend. The highest maximum performance of 0.645 Wcm−2 at 800 °C under 0.3 NLmin−1 hydrogen and stationary air, on the other hand, is obtained from the cell with a porosity graded anode support.

An autonomous cooperative system of multi-AUV for underwater targets detection and localization

This paper proposes a cooperative online target detection methodology by multiple autonomous underwater vehicles (Multi-AUV) equipped with the side-scan sonar (SSS) sensor for real-time, accurate, and efficient underwater target detection and positioning in unknown environments. Due to the existence of unfavorable factors such as severe noises and geometric deformation of SSS images, this study incorporates the prior-based threshold segmentation with multi-scale cascaded networks (MSCNet) to reduce the high false alarm rate significantly. Specifically, to the real-time requirements of the AUVs computational platform, this study proposes the sequentially dual-branch lightweight block (LWBlock) as a baseline to obtain dense feature maps, which provide a good trade-off between accuracy and speed. Meanwhile, this study establishes the comprehensive correction model, which obtains the accurate target positioning information fusing with the predicted results. Furthermore, according to the target information provided by the automatic target recognition (ATR) system, the data-driven behavior-based (DDBB) path re-planning algorithm is performed that endows each AUV to scan above the interest target autonomously and in detail by designed maneuver behavior. Simulation and actual sea trial experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms other state-of-the-art algorithms, and achieves the recognition accuracy of 92.16%, inference speed of 2.45 s, and obtained the best FPR indicator in three SSS targets of 2.54% (metal ball),1.96% (seabed rock) and 1.03% (metal rod), respectively. At the same time, the proposed algorithm can improve detection efficiency by at least 40% compared with a single AUV, which can be widely used in marine mission exploration and resource deployment.

Abdominal Trauma by Impalement. Clinical case.

Introduction: Impalement injury is one of the most spectacular and potentially dramatic rare forms of penetrating trauma. [2,3] In many cases, the impaled patient dies at the scene.[3] The patient who manages to reach the hospital alive and is hemodynamically stable has a good chance of overcoming a traumatic event. However, the non-removal of a foreign object represents the cornerstone of initial treatment, as possible vascular lesions remain compressed by the object in situ, thus avoiding irrepressible hemorrhages. Clinical case: A 32-year-old male was brought in by a paramedic after suffering electrical burns to the right thoracic limb and right pelvic limb that caused a fall from a power pole with subsequent penetrating abdominal trauma due to impalement. He denies antecedents of importance for the current condition. Upon arrival, he was hemodynamically stable, with the presence of a first-degree electrical burn in the right hand and forearm and the right thigh, as well as a metallic rod passing through the abdomen from the left groin to the right flank, for which it was decided to perform Exploratory Laparotomy who reported the following findings: Intestinal perforation of more than 50% of the lumen at jejunum level, side-to-side anastomosis was performed. During his stay on the floor of General Surgery, he had a torpid post-surgical evolution, intolerance to the oral route, abdominal distension, absence of gas channeling, and symptoms of intestinal obstruction, for which it was decided to perform a new Exploratory Laparotomy, finding intestinal stenosis at the level of the previous anastomosis was dismantled and reconstructed in side by side, on this occasion with favorable evolution and he was discharged due to improvement after 14 days of hospital stay. Discussion: Prehospital emergency medicine (PHEM) offers unique and challenging perspectives to orthodox emergency medicine. Impalements are extremely rare and often require a multidisciplinary team approach in the prehospital setting. Most cases of impalements are fatal at the scene. Patients surviving the initial trauma and arriving at the hospital alive, usually make a good recovery with multidisciplinary team management underpinning the importance of meticulous prehospital care in transporting patients with impalements safely. This case highlights the role of PHEM clinicians as experts in clinical knowledge, decision-making, leadership, team working skills, and improvisations.

Occult pediatric skull fracture and implications for delay in diagnosis: illustrative case.

After being struck in the left side of the head by a thin metal rod, a 10-year-old, previously healthy male presented to an urgent care clinic with a subcentimeter scalp laceration in the midline parietal area and a normal neurological exam. Evaluation included skull radiographs, which did not demonstrate a definitive fracture. Following laceration repair, the patient was discharged to home. Subsequently, progressive neurological symptoms prompted his family to bring him back for evaluation 2 days later, and computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed an open, depressed skull fracture. Surgical intervention was performed with debridement and closure. The patient was placed on a course of intravenous antibiotics and had no subsequent evidence of infection. In cases involving potential cranial perforation by a thin projectile, use of CT imaging or MRI, rather than plain radiographs, may prevent a delay in diagnosis and subsequent complications.

Traumatic Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lens Dislocation into the Subconjunctival Space

Purpose: Here we report a case of posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) dislocation into the subconjunctival space (pesudophacocele) following ocular trauma.Case summary: A 66-year-old male presented with ocular pain and decreased vision in the right eye following trauma with a metallic rod. The patient had a history of trabeculectomy, glaucoma drainage device implantation, transscleral cyclophotocoagulation, and cataract surgery for uveitic glaucoma and a cataract in the right eye. On examination, vision was hand movement, the intraocular pressure was 3 mmHg, and subconjunctival hemorrhage and hyphema were observed. After the resolution of hemorrhage, uveal tissue prolapse was seen nasally behind the corneal limbus and the IOL was found to be dislocated into the nasal subconjunctival space. There were no changes in the filtering bleb and tube compared to the pre-trauma status. The IOL was removed through a conjunctival incision because the patient refused any active treatment.Conclusions: Pesudophacocele developed in a patient who had a history of glaucoma and cataract surgery in the injured eye. The IOL could not be assessed immediately after the trauma because of subconjunctival hemorrhage and hyphema. When the status of IOL is unclear or suspected to be dislocated after trauma, the possibility of pseudophacocele should be considered, in addition to the dislocation into the vitreous cavity.

Study of Pressure Distribution in Floor Tiles with Printed P(VDF:TrFE) Sensors for Smart Surface Applications

Pressure sensors integrated in surfaces, such as the floor, can enable movement, event, and object detection with relatively little effort and without raising privacy concerns, such as video surveillance. Usually, this requires a distributed array of sensor pixels, whose design must be optimized according to the expected use case to reduce implementation costs while providing sufficient sensitivity. In this work, we present an unobtrusive smart floor concept based on floor tiles equipped with a printed piezoelectric sensor matrix. The sensor element adds less than 130 µm in thickness to the floor tile and offers a pressure sensitivity of 36 pC/N for a 1 cm2 pixel size. A floor model was established to simulate how the localized pressure excitation acting on the floor spreads into the sensor layer, where the error is only 1.5%. The model is valuable for optimizing the pixel density and arrangement for event and object detection while considering the smart floor implementation in buildings. Finally, a demonstration, including wireless connection to the computer, is presented, showing the viability of the tile to detect finger touch or movement of a metallic rod.

Refractive index sensor based on a gradually hot-pressed flatted plastic optical fiber

This paper proposes a gradually hot-pressure plastic optical fiber (POF) refractive index (RI) sensor with a flatted structure to detect the glucose concentration, and experimentally investigates the performance of RI sensor with straight and micro-bending POFs. The sensor is fabricated by a temperature-controllable metal rod to form the hot-pressed end face of POF which can increase signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the sensor. The experimental results show that the proposed sensor, utilizing a flatted structure POF with thickness of 0.5 mm and diameter of 0.4 cm, achieves maximum intensity sensitivity of up to 1748.91 %/RIU and resolution of up to 5.97 × 10−4 RIU in the RI range of 1.33 to 1.382. Furthermore, its simple design and manufacturing process shows potential for application, especially in biochemistry and environmental safety.

Analysis of Different Types of Antenna for Television Network and Extracting C Band Channels

Television network is a system of transmitting and receiving television signals over a large area. Antenna is a device that converts electromagnetic waves into electric currents or vice versa. Antenna plays a crucial role in the performance and quality of television network. In this paper, we will analyze different types of antenna for television network, such as dipole antenna, yagi antenna, parabolic antenna and fractal antenna. We will compare their advantages and disadvantages, and suggest some criteria for choosing the best antenna for different scenarios. Dipole antenna is the simplest and most common type of antenna for television network. It consists of two metal rods or wires of equal length that are connected to a transmitter or receiver. Dipole antenna can receive signals from any direction in a horizontal plane, but has a low gain and a narrow bandwidth. Dipole antenna is suitable for local television stations or indoor applications. Yagi antenna is a directional antenna that consists of a dipole antenna and several parasitic elements, such as reflectors and directors. Yagi antenna can focus the signals in one direction and reject the signals from other directions, thus increasing the gain and reducing the interference. Yagi antenna has a moderate bandwidth and can be easily adjusted to different frequencies. Yagi antenna is suitable for long-distance television network or outdoor applications. Parabolic antenna is another directional antenna that consists of a parabolic reflector and a feed horn. Parabolic antenna can concentrate the signals into a narrow beam and achieve a high gain and a wide bandwidth. Parabolic antenna can also receive signals from satellites or other high-altitude sources. Parabolic antenna is suitable for satellite television network or high-definition television network. Fractal antenna is a novel type of antenna that uses fractal geometry to design its shape and structure. Fractal antenna can have multiple resonant frequencies and a large effective area, thus increasing the bandwidth and the efficiency. Fractal antenna can also have self-similarity and scalability, which means it can be miniaturized or enlarged without affecting its performance. Fractal antenna is suitable for digital television network or wireless communication network. In conclusion, different types of antenna have different characteristics and applications for television network. Depending on the factors such as distance, frequency, direction, interference, quality and cost, one can choose the best antenna for their specific needs

Conductivity Measurement of Solid Metal Rods Using High-Frequency Eddy Current Method

Conductivity is an essential parameter for solid metal rods, which can be applied to assess quality. In this paper, an eddy current testing(ECT) method is investigate to measure the conductivity of solid metal rods. Above all, the simplified theoretical model is derived for a coil encircling a cylindrical sample. According to the proposed model, the real part of the coil impedance variation at high frequency (~ MHz) is closely related with the reciprocal of root of the rod conductivity. Therefore, a simple and effective conductivity measurement method for solid rod conductivity measurement is investigated based on the relationship between the impedance variation and the solid rod conductivity. Moreover, the effect of metal rods and coils parameters on the proposed method are also analyzed. Finally, the proposed method is verified with measurements of conductive materials. The results demonstrate the investigated simplified theoretical model is accurate and reasonable, and the relative error of the solid rod conductivity measurement is 2.2%.

Proof-of-Concept Study of a 3-D Ultrasound Scanner Used for Ankle Joint Assessment.

Joint arthropathies often require continuous monitoring of the joint condition, typically performed using magnetic resonance (MR) or ultrasound (US) imaging. US imaging is often the preferred screening or diagnostic tool as it is fast and inexpensive. However, conventional 2-D US has limited capability to compare imaging results between examinations because of its operator dependence and challenges related to repeat imaging in the same location and orientation. Comparison between several imaging sessions is crucial to assess the interval progression of joint conditions. We propose a novel 3-D US scanner for ankle joint assessment that can partially overcome these issues by enabling 3-D imaging. Here, we (i) present the design of the 3-D US ankle scanner system, (ii) validate the geometric reconstruction accuracy of the system, (iii) provide preliminary images of healthy volunteer ankles and (iv) compare 3-D US imaging results with MR imaging. The 3-D ankle scanner consists of a tub filled with water, a linear US probe attached to the wall of the tub and a motorized unit that rotates the US probe 360° around the center of the tub. As the probe rotates, a 3-D US image is formed of the ankle of the patient positioned in the middle of the tub. US probe height, angle and distance from the tub center can be adjusted. The reconstruction accuracy of the system was validated in each of the coordinate directions at different probe angles using two test phantoms. A phantom consisting of numerous Ø200-µm nylon threads with known spacing and a metal rod with machined grooves was used for validation in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. The volumetric reconstruction accuracy validation was performed by imaging an agar phantom with two embedded spheres of known volumes and comparing the segmented sphere volume and surface area with the expected. Three-dimensional US and MR images of both ankles of five healthy volunteers were acquired. Distal tibia and proximal talus were segmented in both imaging modalities and the surfaces of these segmentations were compared using the 95% Hausdorff and mean surface distances. The observed mean linear measurement error in all the coordinate directions and over several probe angles was 2.98%. The mean measured volumetric measurement error was 3.45%. The volunteer study revealed useful features for joint assessment present in the 3-D ankle scanner images, such as joint spacing, distal tibia and proximal talus. The mean 95% Hausdorff and mean surface distances between segmentations in 3-D US and MR images were 5.68 ± 0.83 and 2.01 ± 0.30 mm, respectively. In this proof-of-concept study, the 3-D US ankle scanner enabled visualization of the ankle joint features that are useful for joint assessment.

GPR results for indicating layers of snow strata

The authors of this article describe the results of GPR tests for indicating the layers of snow strata and determining their properties, allowing for forecasting of avalanche hazards. The GPR tests were carried out during the winter season 2021/2022. Trenches were dug in the snow, in the wall of which long metal rods (markers) were installed, which are the reflectors for the GPR and make it possible to distinguish the boundaries of layers on the radarogram. As a result of conducting GPR sounding of the snow cover, radarograms were obtained, on which the layered structure of snow can be read. Using the GeoScan32 software, dielectric permittivity values were obtained for 19 layers of snow strata with different properties. Correlations were obtained between dielectric permittivity and temperature, crystal diameter, snow layer density, and snow layer water storage. The resulting dielectric permittivity relationships reveal the strongest correlations between dielectric permittivity and density, with a higher correlation coefficient for dry snow than for wet snow. The values of dielectric permittivity obtained from GPR were also compared with calculated values derived from a number of empirical correlations with snow density.

Влияние эффекта медленной динамики на упругие релаксационные свойства поликристаллических металлических стержней

A theoretical model for the formation of ultrasonic signals in metallic microcrystalline rods taking into account the metastable behavior of their defective states is proposed. The influence of metastable states of the defective structure of samples on the features of changes in their resonant frequencies in ultrasonic experiments of fast dynamics is analyzed. The increase in the Young's modulus and the dynamics of changes in resonant vibrations of rods made of aluminum alloy D16T under conditions of free relaxation are explained. Based on the results obtained, the concentration of metastable defects was estimated.

Manipulation of electromagnetic waves induced by pseudomagnetic fields in two dimensional photonic crystals

Many interesting phenomena, such as quantization of Landau levels and quantum Hall effect, can occur in an electronic system under a strong magnetic field. However, photons do not carry charge, and they do not have many properties induced by external magnetic fields, either. Recently, the pseudomagnetic field, an artificial synthetic gauge field, has attracted intense research interest in classical wave systems, in which the propagation of the wave can be manipulated like in a real magnetic field. The photonic crystal is an optical structure composed of periodic material distributions and provides a good platform for studying the control of electromagnetic waves. In this work, we construct a uniform pseudomagnetic field by introducing uniaxial linear gradient deformation of metallic rods in a two-dimensional photonic crystal. The strong pseudomagnetic field leads to the quantization of photonic Landau levels in photonic crystal. The sublattice polarization of <i>n</i> = 0 Landau level is also demonstrated in our simulations. Unlike the real magnetic field, the pseudomagnetic fields of photonic crystal is opposite in two inequivalent energy valleys, and the time-reversal symmetry of the system is not broken. Our designed gradient photonic crystals support the transport of edge state in the gap between <i>n</i> = 0 and <i>n</i> = ±1 Landau levels. The edge state can propagate unidirectionally when it is excited by a chiral source. When a gaussian beam impinges on the photonic crystal, the propagating paths of two splitting beams can be controlled, which gives rise to the bend of two beams. Two photonic crystals with opposite pseudomagnetic fields are assembled together, and the interesting phenomenon of “snake-state” can be obtained. Our proposal opens the way for designing information processing devices by manipulating electromagnetic waves.

Semi-analytical and Full Wave Solutionfor the FMCW-signal Path of a Radar for the Metal Rod in a Concrete Medium Detection

This article describes the systematic development of an analytical and full wave model of a radio channel, which may be included in the operation algorithm of detecting metal structures in a concrete medium for the radar device. The analytical model is based on the geometric formulation and solution of an inverse problem to find the required refraction angle to accurately target incidence. In the full wave model, which was developed in CAD Altair Feko, it is possible to take into account both the real antenna or antenna array, which is used in the device, and the real signal reflection object, which is located in the concrete medium. It is important to note that the analytical model takes into account the dispersion effect of electromagnetic waves propagating in the medium. This fact turns out to be especially relevant for the forming of the radar complex based on chirp signals (or FMCW) in a certain frequency range. In this paper, an algorithm is developed for the frequency range of 0.8–5 GHz, however, if necessary, the band boundaries may be changed. The algorithm is established created for its use in radar devices for detecting metal structures in a concrete medium. A measuring module of restoring the actual material parameters may be included in the complex of the radar device for a posteriori accounting of the electrophysical parameters of the concrete.

3D Localization of Miniaturized Devices for Precision Medicine: Enabling wireless surgical navigation, health monitoring, and targeted drug delivery

The localization and real-time tracking of devices in vivo with high precision are critical for many surgical and medical diagnostic procedures. For instance, in orthopedic surgeries, the precise alignment and control of implants and surgical tools can significantly impact the outcome. A common example is intramedullary nailing, in which long bone fractures are fixed by putting a metal rod into the bone and holding the two together using screws. It is crucial to know the precise locations of the screw holes, which are found by using X-ray fluoroscopy, before drilling into the fractured bone <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[1]</xref> . Although fluoroscopy provides <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${100}{-}{200}{\mu}{\text{m}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> of localization accuracy, it causes high levels of radiation exposure to the patient and the surgical team. Another example is capsule endoscopy, in which a pill-shaped camera is sent through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of a patient, taking images of different regions of the stomach and intestines. It is important to know the real-time location of the pill as it goes through the GI tract in order to provide a quantitative assessment of the GI transit time and to enable targeted therapeutic interventions <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[2]</xref> . Currently, X-ray imaging is used to find the pill’s location at a given time. Other applications where the localization and tracking of devices in vivo are critical include robotic surgeries, minimally invasive surgeries, and endovascular procedures.

Stability and mechanical reliability of drilling rigs (on the example of boring frames)

The boring frame destruction probability of a drilling rig in the form of a metal rod model under the action of hook and wind loads, as well as ice on the surface of the structure in the conditions of the Far North (maximum load condition) is considered. A mathematical model according to the principle «load - strength» is developed. The results of the work can be used in the construction of similar structures for the oil industry. Keywords load, model, wind pressure, bending, strength, hook, oilman, drilling rig, derrick

Deviation Analysis of Temperature Distribution in Copper Bar Heat Conduction Process Experiments Against Numerical Calculations

In the process of heat transfer by conduction, besides the quantities in the form of surface area, length or thickness of the rod, and the temperature difference between the ends of the rod and the value of the thermal conductivity, other factors also affect the rate of heat transfer to the rod, one of which is environmental factors. As long as heat flows from the high to the low temperature, the temperature decrease is not uniform at any time interval. This is a sign of the influence of the ambient temperature for each part of the material. Temperature observations were carried out experimentally in an open environment in the laboratory and then compared with the results of numerical calculations as the ideal condition for the heat conduction process. The Boltzmann transport equation for the induction process on metal rods is solved using finite differences with an explicit method to obtain the temperature distribution. The results showed differences in the temperature distribution pattern of copper rods with numerical calculations and experiments. This difference is caused by the amount of heat released into the environment. The higher the temperature at the observation point, the greater the heat released into the atmosphere.