Painted Metal Research Articles

The Concept of Historical Aluminium-Pigmented Anticorrosive Armour Paints, for Sustainable Maintenance of Ferrous Heritage

ABSTRACT This paper describes the concept of a historical, anticorrosive paint type (armour paint), used on outdoors located ferrous substrates from the early to the mid-20th century. Synthesis from the archive and research reports findings conceptualises a 2 + 2 paint layer system. The system involves red lead linseed oil primer and a top drying oil paint pigmented with micaceous iron oxide and metallic aluminium pigments. This results in excellent barrier properties, high density and elastic paint layers. If moisture reaches the metal and paint interface, the primer acts inhibitive and passivating on the corrosion reactions. The photooxidative deterioration of the paint binder is retarded by the pigment’s ability to reflect light, which affects the lifetime of the paint system. Today, this paint concept is almost forgotten, but associated knowledge of the paint types, paint manufacturing and craft skills could contribute to a sustainable maintenance of ferrous heritage. The authentic concept is, despite its use of a red lead primer, relevant for objects with unique heritage values. The top paints could prolong the lifetime of objects already painted with red lead. A modified concept could initiate development of environmentally beneficial alternatives with VOC-free renewable binders, complex phosphate primers and zinc oxide addition.

Exposures in nail salons to trace elements in nail polish from impurities or pigment ingredients - A pilot study.

Nail polishes have evolved considerably. Toxic elements, such as lead, have been found in nail polish, and it is unclear if new finishes using metallic effect pigments may be contributing to metals exposure in nail technicians. We characterized concentrations of trace elements in 40 nail polishes, 9 technicians' urine, and 20 technicians' toenail clippings from 8 nail salons in the Boston area in 2017. We also collected 24 salon surface wipes from 3 of the salons. Antimony was not disclosed as a nail polish ingredient, yet concentrations (<15μg/g) were above existing cosmetics guidelines (0.5μg/g) in five (13%) of the samples. Aluminum (<11,450μg/g), barium (<11,250μg/g), iron (<3,270μg/g), and magnesium (<2375μg/g) were disclosed as ingredients and were also found on salon surfaces where nail polish was stored or used. Heavy metal impurities in nail polish were not detected for cadmium. Lead and nickel were found at low concentrations (<0.40μg/g lead, <0.67μg/g nickel). Tin (p=0.003) concentrations were higher in nail polish with finishes compared to without. Barium and strontium (both p=0.0001) concentrations were higher for red nail polishes compared to all other colors. Of those elements in nail polish and salon surfaces, aluminum and iron were detected in toenails, manganese was detected in urine and toenails, and barium was detected in urine at comparable levels to the general population. Besides preventable antimony levels in nail polish, individual metals in nail polish did not appear to be from impurities but mainly from colorants (i.e., pigments) and not major contributors to nail technician exposure. It is unclear if low-level chronic metals mixtures in nail salons are of health concern.

Real-Time Image-Based Lighting of Metallic and Pearlescent Car Paints

Real-Time Image-Based Lighting of Metallic and Pearlescent Car Paints

An efficient bi-layer intumescent paint metal laminate fire barrier for various substrates: Extension to other application

An efficient bi-layer intumescent paint metal laminate fire barrier for various substrates: Extension to other application

金属漆闪光效果的评价方法和装置的研究

金属漆闪光效果的评价方法和装置的研究

Application of Six Sigma approach on hood outer panel to reduce the defect in painting peel off

Fact based problem solving using DMAIC approach has been presented in this paper for reducing defects in sheet metal painting peel off defect in an endeavor to approach six sigma quality level in a leading MNC auto manufacturer. DMAIC identifies, analyses, and eradicates the root cause of defects in the process and thereby helps to achieve superior levels of quality by means of improved productivity. The present research was conducted in the Stamping operation facility where the coils of sheet metals are manufactured into the hood outer panels of cars. Systematic application has enabled the issue on the supply chain quality to be resolved for the issue of paint peel off at OEM. Based on this study, it has been achieved that the hood panels proceeding to the Rework process and Body shop were significantly minimized. Post successful implementation of Six sigma - DMAIC in the assembly processes, number of defectives per month dipped from 230 to 54, which is a massive 85% reduction in defectives. From the results, it was found that rejection rate of the selected OEM is brought to 0.4% from 3%. The paper enables application of DMAIC throughout the supply chain successfully towards achieving zero defect.

金属漆颗粒效果测量装置和评价方法的研究

金属漆颗粒效果测量装置和评价方法的研究

Preparation and properties of metal textured polypropylene composites with low odor and low VOC

Abstract The aim of the present work is to upgrade the functionality and environmental friendliness of polypropylene (PP) by means of a blending technique. The influence of the metal pigment on the odor, volatile organic compounds (VOC) and metal texture of PP, and the effects of the extractant, adsorbent and processing technology on the odor and VOC of PP composites were studied systematically. It was found that metallic pigment significantly increased the VOC, odor, metallic texture and MFR of PP, and reduced the impact strength and elongation at break. The adsorbent and extractant can effectively reduce the VOC and odor of the PP composites. When the adsorbent and extractant contents were 0.5 and 5 wt%, respectively, the maximum reduction in the VOC and odor reached 73.6% and 1 level, respectively. When the extractant and adsorbent were used at the same time, the method of adding extractant and adsorbent from the main and the secondary feeding port respectively was significantly superior to the method of adding the extractant and adsorbent from the main feeding port together in reducing the odor and VOC of PP composites, which displayed a good synergistic effect.

Influence of TiO2 Nanocrystals on Alkyd Resin Paint Films to Protect Metals

Aim and Objectives: Nowadays, nanomaterials technology is developing very quickly and bringing high economic efficiency for many industries including paint. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of paint properties when replacing TiO2 powder coating with nano TiO2 at different ratios.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: The research method is selecting the traditional alkyd paint formula, then replacing this coating powder TiO2 with nano TiO2 to monitor the properties of the paint film over time. Methods of analyzing the properties of the paint film are based on Vietnam standards.&#x0D; Results: The study results showed that TiO2 coating powder replaced by TiO2 nanomaterials has increased the properties of the paint film, improving the thickness, gloss, and durability of the paint film. Nano TiO2 increases from 0.5% to 24% by weight, the impact increased by about 11% (73 to 82 kg.cm), Glossy 60° increased by about 12%, Glossy 85° increased by about 12%, especially the durability of paint film over time increased nearly double. Nano TiO2 is a more expensive material than TiO2, so it should replace less than 4% by weight to increase the quality of the paint film, this ratio is changed according to the actual equipment requirements.&#x0D; Conclusions: The higher the rate of replacing TiO2 materials with TiO2 nano, the better the properties of the paint film. Therefore, nano-material TiO2 is a good coating in alkyd resin for metal paint, it improves the properties of paint film better than TiO2 material.

Disclosing glittering and sparkling effects in 20th-century reverse glass paintings: a study of metallic pigments and metal foils by means of in situ XRF and DRIFTS analysis

Abstract This work presents a spectroscopic study of metallic pigments and metal foils used in reverse glass paintings that were created between 1912 and 1954. Metallic pigments induce a notable sparkling effect by means of the lateral incidence of light, whereas metal foils enhance the gloss and create a glittering effect when the painting is viewed in reflected light. Both effects were desired features especially in modern reverse paintings on glass and applied by artists in manifold creative manner. The paper gives an overview on the composition of the metal foils and metal pigments in 14 works as determined in situ by X-ray spectrometry. Metal foils made of tin, brass, aluminium and silver were found in nine paintings. Gold-imitating Cu-Zn pigments in different hues and with various Cu/Zn net intensity ratios were recorded for six paintings. Silvery pigments were identified mainly as Al pigments, but also as Cu-Zn-Ni alloy in one case. Other uncommon metallic pigments were detected in Arlequin vindicatif (c. 1925) by Floris Jespers, who used not only Cu-Zn and Al pigments, but also brownish Cu and Cu-Zn-Sn pigments. Non-invasive diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) was used to classify the binding media of the metallic pigments. Drying oil and natural resin probably mixed with oil were the most common binding media. A polysaccharide-based binder was found in the silvery Cu-Zn-Ni pigment of Ohne Titel (1954) by Marianne Uhlenhuth.

Environmentally Benign Solution-Based Procedure for the Fabrication of Metal Oxide Coatings on Metallic Pigments.

Aluminum pigments were coated with Fe2O3 and CuO by solution‐based thermal decomposition of the urea nitrate compounds hexakisureairon(III)nitrate and tetrakisureacopper(II)nitrate. The deposition process was optimized to obtain homogeneously coated aluminum pigments. The growth of the surface coatings was controlled by investigation with scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and static light scattering as well as infrared, X‐ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. The iron precursor showed an incomplete decomposition in solution, incorporating traces of urea molecules inside the coatings while the copper precursor showed complete dissociation accompanied by in situ formation of amine complexes. The amount of organic residues resulting from ligand fragments in the final oxide coatings could be reduced to 22 % for the iron oxide and 12 % for the copper oxide by further temperature treatment in solution (259 °C). Colorimetric investigations of the obtained pigments revealed an excellent hiding power, outperforming the pigments used in current state‐of‐the‐art formulations.

Assessment of Copper and Iron Concentration in Water of Yamuna River, Delhi, India

The concentration of Copper (Cu) and Iron (Fe) in water from River Yamuna, Delhi, India, were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Heavy metals are potentially toxic and are transferred to the surrounding environment through different pathways. Heavy metals are considered one of the most dangerous groups since they are non-degradable due to their persistent nature, toxicity, and tendency to accumulate in organisms and alters the food chain cycle and still more. Yamuna river water may become contaminated by the accumulation of trace metals and metalloids through emissions from the rapidly expanding industrial areas, disposal of high metal wastes, leaded gasoline and paints, land application of fertilizers, animal manures, sewage sludge, pesticides, wastewater irrigation, and Electronic waste. Trace element toxicity has proven to be a major threat, and there are several health risks associated with it. Even though they do not have any biological role, these metals' toxic effects remain present in some of the other forms harmful for the human body and its proper functioning. On comparison of these heavy metals concentration in water, it was found that Fe, Cu were higher than the permissible limits of WHO, which gives an indication of hazardous risk to human health.

On the detection of defects on smooth free metallic paint surfaces

In view of the difficulty of automatic detection of defects on smooth free metallic paint surfaces, a simple and effective automatic detection system based on deflection principle is proposed in this paper. This system consists of cameras and a set of striped lights. A series of images can be acquired at a certain frequency by camera. And the detection algorithm is divided into three steps. In the first step, the square-difference fusion method and minimum fusion method are used to fuse a group of the standard images to obtain two fusion images, which are used to extract the ROI and partial template. In the second step, partial template is used to perform template matching and correction on the fusion images. In the last step, extraction of mask, extraction of defects, and screening of defects are performed on the corrected fusion image to extract defects. To detect complex metallic paint surfaces of the car, the experimental results demonstrate that the defects detection accuracy can reach 85% and the defect recognition size can reach 0.1mm.

АСПИРАЦИОННЫЕ СИСТЕМЫ В ПОКРАСОЧНЫХ ЦЕХАХ МАШИНОСТРОИТЕЛЬНЫХ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ

Organizing air change in dyeing shops and cleaning of the exhaust air are of great importance for providing the technological and comfortable parameters of indoor climate, and for protecting the environment from polluting emissions. The article considers the methods of painting metal products and gives characteristics of the used paints. A list of noxious substances, evolved at painting metal products, and their influence on human’s health, is presented. Through an example of a dyeing shop at the ОАО «Belagromash-Servis named after V.М. Ryazanov», the existing general-dilution and local ventilation systems are analyzed. With account of the technological process and the location of paint stations an exhaust ventilation system has been developed. The designs and arrangement of exhaust hoods are suggested, which prevent hazardous substances from getting from a metal products painting station to work area. For the aspiration system a centrifugal bubble unit (CBU) with the exhaust air cleaning efficiency is selected. The motion model of air, removed from a paint station, and the distribution of noxious substances in it, is calculated in Solid Works.

A Bayesian Inference Framework for Procedural Material Parameter Estimation

AbstractProcedural material models have been gaining traction in many applications thanks to their flexibility, compactness, and easy editability. We explore the inverse rendering problem of procedural material parameter estimation from photographs, presenting a unified view of the problem in a Bayesian framework. In addition to computing point estimates of the parameters by optimization, our framework uses a Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach to sample the space of plausible material parameters, providing a collection of plausible matches that a user can choose from, and efficiently handling both discrete and continuous model parameters. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework, we fit procedural models of a range of materials—wall plaster, leather, wood, anisotropic brushed metals and layered metallic paints—to both synthetic and real target images.

Novel water-based coatings of acrylic-polyurethane reinforced with mixed metal pigment for oil and gas pipelines protection

Pipelines are the most important part of oil and gas production and transportation processes. Protective coatings are tremendously important to maintain the pipelines body; it works like our human skin forming the physical and chemical barrier which is always ready and prepared to defend the body from prejudicial materials. Nowadays, the ongoing trend on protective coatings industry is heading to gradual substitution of the coatings containing hazardous materials by eco-friendly ones. The main stream in this context is to develop a new eco-friendly water-based coating for protection of steel pipelines from corrosion. This coating includes blends of acrylic emulsion (AC) with different dosages of polyurethane (PU) polymer (7 %, 15 % and 30 %) using traditional physical blend method. Moreover, the modified acrylic emulsion (AC-PU) was then enriched with novel mixed metal pigment of (CoO.ZnO.Al3O4) based on bauxite ore as natural source of alumina. The used polymers and the prepared pigment were subjected to comprehensive characterization methods to evaluate their chemical structure and morphology. After that, the anticorrosive performance of the formulated coatings containing the modified acrylic emulsions and prepared pigment was investigated in 3.5 % NaCl and 10 % HCl solutions. The results showed that, the coating formulated with acrylic emulsion mixed with 15 % polyurethane in presence of the prepared pigment offered higher corrosion protection compared to the other formulations and the parent polymers.

Applying microwave energy to fabricate powder coatings with strong and stable metal shine

Metallic pigmented powder coating, composed of coating powders and metallic pigments, has been drawing more attention and occupying more market share with more stringent environmental pressure on traditional metallic solvent paint. To overcome the shortcomings of the thermal bonding method that aims at bonding the two incompatible ingredients, a self-designed microwave bonding device was first developed and tested in the present work. Taking advantage of the heating-selectivity of the microwave, a lower bonding temperature was obtained when compared to the thermal bonding method. Also, through the analysis of bonding rate and color difference, a higher bonding quality and enhanced color stability were found. More bondings between coating particles and Al flakes were clearly observed by SEM and EDS in the microwave-bonded samples. The microwave bonding is proved to be a feasible and efficient method and thus the bonding device has great potential to replace the present bonding machine.

Pulse laser thermography as a non-destructive method of latent surface defects of materials

The time dependences of the surface temperature increment of painted metal objects were studied depending on the thickness of the layer subjected to corrosion, as well as putty, restoring erosion defects on it. Hidden under a layer of paint, they cannot be detected remotely during normal visual observation. At the same time they are well detected by pulsed laser thermography. The experimental data in the work are compared with the results of mathematical modeling. Particular attention is paid to eliminating possible distortions caused by external contamination of the tested objects.

Li2CO3-affiliative mechanism for air-accessible interface engineering of garnet electrolyte via facile liquid metal painting

Garnet based solid-state batteries have the advantages of wide electrochemical window and good chemical stability. However, at Li-garnet interface, the poor interfacial wettability due to Li2CO3 passivation usually causes large resistance and unstable contact. Here, a Li2CO3-affiliative mechanism is proposed for air-accessible interface engineering of garnet electrolyte via facile liquid metal (LM) painting. The natural LM oxide skin enables a superior wettability of LM interlayer towards ceramic electrolyte and Li anode. Therein the removal of Li2CO3 passivation network is not necessary, in view of its delamination and fragmentation by LM penetration. This dissipation effect allows the lithiated LM nanodomains to serve as alternative Li-ion flux carriers at Li-garnet interface. This mechanism leads to an interfacial resistance as small as 5 Ω cm2 even after exposing garnet in air for several days. The ultrastable Li plating and stripping across LM painted garnet can last for 9930 h with a small overpotential.

FRICTION COEFFICIENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE COMPONENTS

Engineering properties of materials includes coefficient of friction (COF) which are basic in design performance of engineering systems. The COF can be considered as very important in design of handling tools. Various types of handling tools and equipment are used at various stages of disposal and treatment of MSW and COF is one critical property. This paper presents estimate of COF of municipal solid waste components. The components of the municipal solid waste are paper, plastic, organic and others. The estimation of the COF was done using an inclino-tribometer. Waste from 16 sample locations were used with 6 surfaces which are considered to be of relevant. It was estimated that Formica surface has the least COF values and range from 0.269 and 0.312 with ‘others’ – formica surface tribosystem being the least. It was also found that paint application on wooden surface with oil paint would increase COF as compared to applying emulsion on same wooden surface. The study pointed out that polishing with vanish is the best way to reduce COF in wood surfaces. It was also observed that painting metal surfaces with oil paint will increase the COF than when the same metal was left unpolished or unpainted.