Metal-organic Framework Derivatives Research Articles

Recent Progress in MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Non-Enzymatic Glucose Detection

In recent years, substantial advancements have been made in the development of enzyme-free glucose sensors utilizing pristine metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their combinations. This paper provides a comprehensive exploration of various MOF-based glucose sensors, encompassing monometallic MOF sensors as well as multi-metal MOF combinations. These approaches demonstrate improved glucose detection capabilities, facilitated by the augmented surface area and availability of active sites within the MOF structures. Furthermore, the paper delves into the application of MOF complexes and derivatives in enzyme-free glucose sensing. Derivatives incorporating carbon or metal components, such as carbon cloth synthesis, rGO-MOF composites, and core–shell structures incorporating noble metals, exhibit enhanced electrochemical performance. Additionally, the integration of MOFs with foams or biomolecules, such as porphyrins, enhances the electrocatalytic properties for glucose detection. Finally, this paper concludes with an outlook on the future development prospects of enzyme-free glucose MOF sensors.

Highly active bimetallic MOF derivatives for improving the dehydrogenation performance of LiAlH4

LiAlH4 is considered an effective hydrogen storage material due to its high hydrogen storage capacity and relative abundance of aluminum. However, LiAlH4 presents disadvantages such as slow kinetics, high dehydrogenation temperature, and poor reversibility. To improve these shortcomings of LiAlH4, we designed and prepared Ni-Ti bimetallic metal-organic framework derivatives with stable structures and high dispersion of metal species, which named as Ni-Ti-NC. A series of tests show that the composite components and circular disk-like structure of Ni-Ti-NC can improve the dehydrogenation behavior of LiAlH4. Benefiting from the addition of Ni-Ti-NC, the initial decomposition temperature of LiAlH4 significantly decreased to 59.5 ℃, and about 6.11 wt% of hydrogen was rapidly released within 25 min at 200 ℃. Meanwhile, the activation energies of the two-step hydrogen evolution reaction decreased to 64.18 kJ·mol−1 and 73.99 kJ·mol−1, respectively. Furthermore, compared with only 0.09 wt% hydrogen absorption of pure LiAlH4 at 30 bar hydrogen pressure and 300 ℃ constant temperature, doping Ni-Ti-NC promoted the hydrogen absorption capacity of LiAlH4 to nearly 0.64 wt% under the same conditions. In addition, the structure and chemical changes of LiAlH4 after the addition of Ni-Ti-NC were investigated in detail. The reasons why Ni-Ti-NC improved the hydrogen storage performance of LiAlH4 were comprehensively analyzed, which helped us design efficient catalysts for solid hydrogen storage materials.

MOF-Derived Mn2 O3 Nanocage with Oxygen Vacancies as Efficient Cathode Catalysts for Li-O2 Batteries.

Designing efficient and cost-effective electrocatalysts is the primary imperative for addressing the pivotal concerns confronting lithium-oxygen batteries (LOBs). The microstructure of the catalyst is one of the key factors that influence the catalytic performance. This study proceeds to the advantage of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) derivatives by annealing manganese 1,2,3-triazolate (MET-2) at different temperatures to optimize Mn2 O3 crystals for special microstructures. It is found that at 350 °C annealing temperature, the derived Mn2 O3 nanocage maintains the structure of MOF, the inherited high porosity and large specific surface area provide more channels for Li+ and O2 diffusion, beside the oxygen vacancies on the surface of Mn2 O3 nanocages enhance the electrocatalytic activity. With the synergy of unique structure and rich oxygen vacancies, the Mn2 O3 nanocage exhibits ultrahigh discharge capacity (21 070.6 mAh g-1 at 500mA g-1 ) and excellent cycling stability (180 cycles at the limited capacity of 600 mAh g-1 with a current of 500mA g-1 ). This study demonstrates that the Mn2 O3 nanocage structure containing oxygen vacancies can significantly enhance catalytic performance for LOBs, which provide a simple method for structurally designed transition metal oxide electrocatalysts.

Facile design of sea cucumber-like MOF-derived Fe-Co bimetallic autocatalytic carbon nanotube composites with enhanced microwave absorption properties

Thin properties and efficient absorption performance are two significant factors in the practical application of electromagnetic wave absorbers, but still face considerable conflicts. Three-dimensional (3D) Carbon Nanotube (CNTs) interpenetrating network structure has been proved to be an effective strategy to obtain high performance electromagnetic waves (EMW) absorption materials. We report a 3D sea cucumber-like nanomaterial that uses pyrolysis to self-grow CNTs on the surface of bimetallic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). FeCo bimetallic MOF were successfully prepared and CNTs were grown after the pyrolysis of bimetallic MOF. The excellent EMW absorption performance of FeCo/CNTs composites was attributed to its multiple absorption mechanism. Electromagnetic analysis showed that the 3D structure increases the multiple reflections of the EMW and the CNT produces sufficient polarization effects. The interconnection of CNTs provides more opportunities for electron leap and electron hopping. When the matched thickness is 1.38 mm, the performance of EMW absorption properties showed a minimum reflection loss of − 59.24 dB at 17.10 GHz. Moreover, the ultrathin FeCo/CNTs composites could reach an effective absorption of 10.96 GHz (60.9% of 2–18 GHz) showing an ultra-wide absorption. This work provided options for the modification of MOFs derivatives as excellent candidates for EMW absorbers.

Hierarchical and Orderly Surface Conductive Networks in Yolk-Shell Fe3 O4 @C@Co/N-Doped C Microspheres for Enhanced Microwave Absorption.

Constructing the adjustable surface conductive networks is an innovation that can achieve a balance between enhanced attenuation and impedance mismatch according to the microwave absorption mechanism. However, the traditional design strategies remain significant challenges in terms of rational selection and controlled growth of conductive components. Herein, a hierarchical construction strategy and quantitative construction technique are employed to introduce conductive metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) derivatives in the classic yolk-shell structure composed of electromagnetic components and the cavity for remarkable optimized performance. Specifically, the surface conductive networks obtained by carbonized ZIF-67 quantitative construction, together with the Fe3 O4 magnetic core and dielectric carbon layer linked by the cavity, achieve the cooperative enhancement of impedance matching optimization and synergistic attenuation in the Fe3 O4 @C@Co/N-Doped C (FCCNC) absorber. This interesting design is further verified by experimental results and simulation calculations. The products FCCNC-2 yield a distinguished minimum reflection loss of -66.39dB and an exceptional effective absorption bandwidthof 6.49GHz, indicating that moderate conduction excited via hierarchical and quantitative design can maximize the absorption capability. Furthermore, the proposed versatile methodology of surface assembly paves a new avenue to maximize beneficial conduction effect and manipulate microwave attenuation in MOFs derivatives.

PH-responsive dual-enzyme mimics based on hollow metal organic framework-derivatives β-Co(OH)2 for multiple colorimetric assays.

Ahollow metal organic framework derivative β-Co(OH)2has been prepared, which possesses oxidase and peroxidase-like activities. Oxidase-like activity is derived from the generation of free radicals, and peroxidase-like activity is related to the electron transfer process. Unlike other nanozymes with dual enzyme-like activities, β-Co(OH)2 possesses pH-responsive enzyme-like activities, among which the β-Co(OH)2 exhibits superior oxidase and peroxidase-like activities under pH of 4 and 6, respectively, which could avoid mutual interference between multiple enzymes. Based on the phenomenon that enzyme-like activities of β-Co(OH)2 can catalyze colorless TMB to generate blue oxidized TMB (oxTMB) with absorption peak at 652 nm, the sensors integrating total antioxidant capacity and H2O2 quantification were developed. The oxidase-like activity-based colorimetric system has a sensitive response to ascorbic acid, Trolox, and gallic acid, in which the limit of detection for those antioxidant substances was 0.54 μM, 1.26 μM, and 14.34 μM, respectively. The sensors based on peroxidase-like activity hadlow limit of detection of 1.42 μM for H2O2 and alinear range of 5-1000 μM. Theproposed method can be well applied to the detection of the total antioxidant capacity of kiwi, Vc tables, orange and tea extract with high accuracy, and H2O2 determination in milk and glucose detection in beverages with satisfactory recovery (within 97-106%).

MOFs-derived core-shell structured NiCo2O4NWs@Co3O4NPs for non-enzymatic glucose detection

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) exhibit many structural advantages, such as large specific surface area and abundant active sites, which make them promising candidates as electrode materials for non-enzymatic glucose sensors. In this work, using MOFs as templates, MOFs derived Co3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were in-situ synthesized on the surface of NiCo2O4 nanowires (NWs), forming a self-supporting electrode based on nickel foam (NF), which was directly used for the detection of glucose. Because of the presence of MOFs derivatives and self-supporting structures, NF/NiCo2O4NWs@Co3O4NPs electrode exhibits good structural stability and high conductivity, which ensure the excellent electrocatalytic performance. The NF/NiCo2O4NWs@Co3O4NPs electrode shows prominent electrocatalytic performance toward glucose with a wide testing range (0.001–1.7 mmol/L), high sensitivity (8163.2 μA cm−2 mM−1), fast response time (within 1 s), high anti-interference ability and long-term stability. Further, the electrode was used to test different glucose levels in live mouse serum samples, showing acceptable reliability and high accuracy comparing with blood glucose meter test (medical test method). Thus, NF/NiCo2O4NWs@Co3O4NPs electrode with self-supporting core-shell nanostructure will be a promising candidate applied in non-enzymatic glucose sensors.

Hierarchical and Porous Structures of Carbon Nanotubes-Anchored MOF Derivatives Bridged by Carbon Nanocoils as Lightweight and Broadband Microwave Absorbers.

High-performance microwave absorption (MA) materials have attracted more and more attention because they can effectively prevent microwave radiation and interference from electronic devices. Herein, a new type of MA composite is constructed by introducing carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-anchored metal-organic framework derivatives (MOFDs) into a conductive carbonnanocoil (CNC) network, denoted as CNC/CNT-MOFD. The CNC/MOFD shows a wide effective absorption band of 6.7GHz under a filling ratio of only 9% in wax-matrix. This is attributed to the hierarchical and porous structures of MOFD bridged by the uniformly dispersed conductive CNC network and the cross-polarization induced by the 3D spiral CNCs. Besides, the as-grown 1D CNTs improve space utilization, porosity, and polarization loss of the composites, resulting in the increase of imaginary permittivity, which further realizes impedance matching and energy attenuation. The Ni nanoparticles in layers of MOFD and at the tips of CNTs generate magnetic loss, promoting the low-frequency absorption ability. Resultantly, RCS values of the optimized composite in all tested theta (θ) ranges are less than -25dB m2 at 9.5GHz, effectively reducing the probability of the target detected by the radar.

Metal-organic framework–derived NiCo2S4@Co3S4 yolk-shell nanocages/Ti3C2Tx MXene for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors

Ti3C2Tx MXene has become an excellent two-dimensional conductive substrate for electrode materials of supercapacitors (SCs) with prominent physicochemical properties. Whereas, due to the lower theoretical specific capacitance and its interlayer agglomerate, the practical application and electrochemical property of Ti3C2Tx have imposed serious restrictions. Herein, metal-organic framework (MOF) derived NiCo2S4 @Co3S4 nanocages with superior yolk-shell structure are introduced to anchor on the surface of Ti3C2Tx via ion exchange reaction and electrostatic attraction, forming the distinctive hierarchical structure of NiCo2S4 @Co3S4/Ti3C2Tx composed of NiCo2S4 @Co3S4 yolk-shell nanocages (NiCo2S4 @Co3S4 YSNs) adsorbed on 2D Ti3C2Tx nanosheets. The NiCo2S4 @Co3S4 YSNs with a large void space, serving as a confined reactor, not only offer a buffer against the volume variation, but also supply abundant active sites and restrain the agglomeration of Ti3C2Tx nanosheets. Furthermore, the novel structure of NiCo2S4 @Co3S4/Ti3C2Tx composite as electrode material could accelerate the thermodynamic stability, suppress the textural instability, and moderate the unavoidable volume change of active substance. Benefited from the above merits, the NiCo2S4 @Co3S4/Ti3C2Tx electrode demonstrates a significant specific capacitance (1872 F g−1 at 2 mV s−1), remarkable rate capability in the high current density (such as, 1121.6 F g−1 at 20 A g−1, 1533 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1) and displays an excellent life span with 92.2 % of the capacity retention after 12,000 cycles at 10 A g−1. More particularly, the asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) fabricated with NiCo2S4 @Co3S4/Ti3C2Tx represent a fascinating energy density of 241.9 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 1125 W kg−1, which can light up 10 LEDs simultaneously. The results further prove that this rational design method could provide a meaningful prospect for MXenes and MOF derivatives composites for high-performance ASCs.

Recent Advances in MOF-Based Materials for Remediation of Heavy Metals and Organic Pollutants: Insights into Performance, Mechanisms, and Future Opportunities

In recent years, heavy metals and organic pollutants have become two major obstacles to maintaining the ecological environment. Thus, choosing efficient and environmentally friendly methods and materials to remediate heavy metals and organic pollution has become a hot research topic. Porous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and their composites or derivatives can be used as ideal adsorbents and catalytic materials because of their unique structures and functions. This work reviews the research progress on MOF-based materials in the remediation of the water environment in the past decade. The MOF-based materials discussed here mainly include MOF composites obtained by fabrication and MOF derivatives obtained by pyrolysis. Both MOF composites and MOF derivatives are optimized materials that exhibit adsorption or catalytic performance superior to the pristine MOFs. Additionally, the interactions and mechanisms between the MOF-based materials and different heavy metals or organic pollutants are discussed in detail. Finally, some problems or defects of the MOF-based materials are also proposed considering the materials’ economic efficiency, stability and safety. There is still a long way forward for the real application of MOF-based materials. Further efforts are also needed to explore and expand the environmental remediation scope of MOF-based materials.

Superior triethylamine sensing platform based on MOF activated by carbon dots for photoelectric dual-mode in biphasic system

Multimode sensors are required to enable detect of hazardous substances in different media. A sensing platform based on metal organic frameworks (MOF) and its derivatives was established to detect triethylamine (TEA) gas and TEA aqueous solution in the range of 1–100 ppm. The carbon dots (CDs) were selected as the light-energy conversion module to improve greatly the photoelectric performance of sensors. On the one hand, the dual-emission ratio type fluorescent sensor was built by CDs and MOF. The CDs@ZIF-8(In) showed excellent fluorescence emission enhancement at 440 nm and 610 nm in a dose-dependent manner when TEA was added. The change of fluorescence emission intensity of CDs@ZIF-8(In) sensor for TEA in water was at least 3 times than that of other volatile organic compounds, and its detection limit reached 1 ppm. On the other hand, the gas sensor based on MOF derivatives modified by CDs (CDs@DZIF-8(In)) displayed 3.5 times signal response than pure DZIF-8(In), reaching 374.6 to 100 ppm TEA. Moreover, the optimal operating temperature of CDs@DZIF-8(In) sensor was 40 ℃ lower than that of DZIF-8(In) sensor. The excellent fluorescence and electron transfer properties of CDs may play a key role in the design and modification of various types of sensors.

The Rise and Development of MOF‐Based Materials for Metal‐Chalcogen Batteries: Current Status, Challenges, and Prospects

AbstractMetal‐chalcogen batteries (MCBs) have been considered promising candidates for next‐generation energy storage because of their low cost, high theoretical capacity, and environmental friendliness. However, several issues, such as volume changes during charging/discharging, the shuttle effect of soluble intermediates, the sluggish reaction kinetics of intermediate conversions, and the uncontrolled dendrite growth of alkali metal anodes, have greatly impeded the commercialization of MCBs. The introduction of metal‐organic framework (MOF)‐based materials (pristine MOFs, MOF composites, and MOF derivatives) into different parts of MCBs can effectively overcome the above issues because these materials possess the advantages of high porosity, low density, large surface area, regular pore channels, tunable pore size, and topological variety. Herein, a detailed overview of recent advances in MOF‐based materials in MCBs, providing comprehensive guidelines for further research is presented. MOF‐based materials for cathodes and anodes are first summarized, in which the influence of various parameters of pristine MOFs on the properties and the application status of typical composites and derivatives are presented. MOF‐based materials for separators are then presented according to different working mechanisms. Next, MOF‐based materials for electrolytes are described based on their physical states. Finally, the challenges and outlook for applying MOF‐based materials in MCBs are discussed.

Metal-Organic Framework Composites and Their Derivatives as Efficient Electrodes for Energy Storage Applications: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been important electrochemical energy storage (EES) materials because of their rich species, large specific surface area, high porosity and rich active sites. Nevertheless, the poor conductivity, low mechanical and electrochemical stability of pristine MOFs have hindered their further applications. Although single component MOF derivatives have higher conductivity, self-aggregation often occurs during preparation. Composite design can overcome the shortcomings of MOFs and derivatives and create synergistic effects, resulting in improved electrochemical properties for EES. In this review, recent applications of MOF composites and derivatives as electrodes in different types of batteries and supercapacitors are critically discussed. The advantages, challenges, and future perspectives of MOF composites and derivatives have been given. This review may guide the development of high-performance MOF composites and derivatives in the field of EES.

NiNP/Cu-MOF-C/GCE for the the noninvasive detection of glucose in natural saliva samples

This study presents the preparation of a novel electrochemical non-enzymatic sensor for the detection of glucose in natural saliva based on a metal organic framework (MOF) derivative (Cu-MOF-C) and nickel nanoparticle (NiNP) composite modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCE). The morphology and structural evolution were thoroughly characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet and visible spectrum (UV) and Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR). Moreover, the electrocatalytic activity of the NiNPs/Cu-MOF-C/GCE for glucose was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and the amperometric i-t technique. The NiNPs/Cu-MOF-C/GCE sensor exhibits a wide linear range of 0.3–1150 μM and low detection limit (DL) of 0.090 μM at a signal/noise ratio (S/N) of 3. The average recovery rate of this method is satisfactory between 97.3% and 108.4%. Furthermore, the sensor exhibited excellent repeatability, good stability and reproducibility for glucose detection. Compared with traditional invasive measurement, the detection of glucose in natural saliva can reduce the pain caused by continuous blood collection, which is an ideal method for patients requiring continuous monitoring of glucose.

Metal–Organic Framework (MOF) Derivatives as Promising Chemiresistive Gas Sensing Materials: A Review

The emission of harmful gases has seriously exceeded relative standards with the rapid development of modern industry, which has shown various negative impacts on human health and the natural environment. Recently, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-based materials have been widely used as chemiresistive gas sensing materials for the sensitive detection and monitoring of harmful gases such as NOx, H2S, and many volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In particular, the derivatives of MOFs, which are usually semiconducting metal oxides and oxide-carbon composites, hold great potential to prompt the surface reactions with analytes and thus output amplified resistance changing signals of the chemiresistors, due to their high specific surface areas, versatile structural tunability, diversified surface architectures, as well as their superior selectivity. In this review, we introduce the recent progress in applying sophisticated MOFs-derived materials for chemiresistive gas sensors, with specific emphasis placed on the synthesis and structural regulation of the MOF derivatives, and the promoted surface reaction mechanisms between MOF derivatives and gas analytes. Furthermore, the practical application of MOF derivatives for chemiresistive sensing of NO2, H2S, and typical VOCs (e.g., acetone and ethanol) has been discussed in detail.

Formation of hierarchical core-shell hollow Co3S4@NiCo2S4 nanocages with enhanced performance for supercapacitor

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have sparked considerable interest as prospective metal precursors or sacrificial templates to design high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials. Here Co3S4@NiCo2S4 nanocages supercapacitor electrode material with a dual-core layer hollow structure was successfully constructed through an appropriate ion-exchange strategy of MOFs and the subsequent vulcanization treatment. The specific capacitance of the Co3S4@NiCo2S4 electrode was up to 1202 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and could still attain 80% initial capacity at 10 A g−1. The integrated Co3S4@NiCo2S4//AC asymmetric supercapacitor achieved 58 Wh kg−1 of energy density at 750 W kg−1 of power density. The asymmetric supercapacitor retained 81.8% of its capacitance after 10,000 galvanostatic charge-discharge cycles. In this study, the individual nanostructure and excellent electrochemical properties of Co3S4@NiCo2S4 nanocages provide a rational strategy for developing high-energy-density supercapacitor electrode materials based on MOFs derivatives.

MOF-derived carbon/ZnS nanoparticle composite interwoven with structural and conductive CNT scaffolds for ultradurable K-ion storage

This study reports MOF-derived carbon/ZnS nanoparticle composite interwoven with CNT scaffolds for ultradurable K-ion storage. Metal–organic framework (MOF)-derived carbons possess in situ generated metal particles, which are subsequently utilized to prepare metal compounds. In MOF derivatives, the original morphology of MOF is rarely maintained due to the collapse of the framework and pyrolysis of organic ligands at high temperature. Accordingly, metal nodes aggregate, resulting in coarsening and non-uniform distribution of metal particles, which degrades their electrochemical properties. Moreover, the collapse dwindles micropore volume, decreases interparticle porosity and hinders diffusion of ions. Despite the importance in energy storage materials, however, these issues have been largely overlooked in MOF-assisted nanoparticle synthesis. We report a novel strategy for synthesizing robust MOF grown in situ on and interwoven with structural and conductive scaffolds of carbon nanotube networks (MOF-5@ACNT), which effectively stabilize the structure and morphology of the MOFs by preventing them from collapsing, thereby suppressing the aggregation and coarsening of metal particles during carbonization. To synthesize ZnS nanoparticles embedded in MOF-derived carbon (ZnS/C@CNT), MOF-5@ACNT and sulfur are mixed and heat-treated to prepare ZnS/C@CNT, wherein the initial cubic morphology of MOF-5 is retained and ∼15 nm ZnS nanoparticles are uniformly distributed without aggregation. ZnS/C@CNT exhibits a highly reversible conversion–alloying reaction with a high specific capacity (410 mA h g−1) and excellent cycling performance (87 % retention after 1000 cycles). The intimate contact between the ZnS nanoparticles and carbon through chemical interactions and structural and morphological stability make ZnS/C@CNT a promising anode material for KIBs.

Construction of multi-dimensional NiCo/C/CNT/rGO aerogel by MOF derivative for efficient microwave absorption

The development of high-performance microwave absorption materials is currently imperative in order to solve the problem of electromagnetic pollution. Herein, we successfully obtained a multi-dimensional graphene-based aerogel (NiCo/C/CNT/rGO aerogel) decorated with one-dimensional carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and metal-organic framework (MOF) derivatives. The introduction of rGO aerogel significantly modifies the phase composition (NiCo/C/CNT and rGO) and hierarchical structure (1D CNT, 3D NiCo/C/CNT and rGO aerogel) of the composite, resulting in a multi-dimensional gradient, defects, heterogeneous interfaces, and superior microwave absorption properties. The optimum electromagnetic wave absorption performance of −58.8 dB is achieved at a filler loading of 20 wt%, with a thickness of 1.8 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth of 7.6 GHz, covering the entire Ku-band. The excellent electromagnetic wave absorption performance can be attributed to the synergistic effect of impedance matching, electromagnetic attenuation capability, unique multi-dimensional porous structure, abundant defects and interfaces. In summary, the present work provides a novel approach for the synthesis of multi-dimensional lightweight magnetic/dielectric microwave absorbers.

CuCo Nanocube/N-Doped Carbon Nanotube Composites for Microwave Absorption

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have come into the limelight in the field of microwave absorption since they can be developed into porous carbon-based MOF derivatives with a variety of features, such as controlled defects, tunable structures, and variable compositions. In this paper, Cu3[Co(CN)6]2 Prussian blue analogue (CuCo-PBA) precursors with a regular cubic morphology were synthesized by a simple co-precipitation method and converted into CuCo nanocube/N-doped carbon nanotube (CuCo/NCNT) derivatives by annealing them in argon. It was found that when the annealing temperature was 850 °C, the minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of CuCo/NCNT could reach −54.13 dB with an effective absorption bandwidth of 4.01 GHz. The excellent microwave absorption properties were attributed to the mutual synergy of conduction loss, interfacial polarization, magnetic resonance loss, and eddy current loss. Therefore, this work provides an effective preparation method for the design of lightweight carbon-based microwave-absorbing materials with heterogeneous interfaces using Prussian blue.

Advances of Electroactive Metal-Organic Frameworks.

The preparation of electroactive metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for applications of supercapacitors and batteries has received much attention and remarkable progress during the past few years. MOF-based materials including pristine MOFs, hybrid MOFs or MOF composites, and MOF derivatives are well designed by a combination of organic linkers (e.g., carboxylic acids, conjugated aromatic phenols/thiols, conjugated aromatic amines, and N-heterocyclic donors) and metal salts to construct predictable structures with appropriate properties. This review will focus on construction strategies of pristine MOFs and hybrid MOFs as anodes, cathodes, separators, and electrolytes in supercapacitors and batteries. Descriptions and discussions follow categories of electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), pseudocapacitors (PSCs), and hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs) for supercapacitors. In contrast, Li-ion batteries (LIBs), Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs), Lithium-oxygen batteries (LOBs), Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), Sodium-sulfur batteries (SSBs), Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs), Zinc-air batteries (ZABs), Aluminum-sulfur batteries (ASBs), and others (e.g., LiSe, NiZn, H+ , alkaline, organic, and redox flow batteries) are categorized for batteries.