Metal Cans Research Articles

Trifluoroacetic acid modified MOF-808 composite coating for solid-phase microextraction of six phenols followed by gas chromatography analysis

The development of adsorption materials with good stability and high efficiency is significant in solid-phase microextraction (SPME). In this work, metal–organic framework MOF-808 (Zr) was modified by trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) to improve its hydrophobicity. MOF-808-TFA was electrochemically deposited on stainless steel wire with poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxthiophene) (PEDOT) to increase its extraction efficiency. The main parameters in the synthesis and extraction procedure were optimized. The prepared MOF-808-TFA@PEDOT nanocomposite coating was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and thermogravimetric analysis. A direct immersion solid-phase microextraction (DI-SPME) method for six phenols was developed based on the nanocomposite coating which had good service life (150 times). The extraction efficiency was 12 times higher than the commercial PDMS coating. Combined with gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID), a simultaneous determination method for the six phenols was established, which exhibited wide linear range with 0.05–50 μg L−1 (R2 > 0.99). The limit of detection was 0.01–0.08 μg L−1 (S/N = 3), and the limit of quantification was 0.05–0.25 μg L−1. The method was applied to determine the migration quantity of phenols from four metal cans with recovery rate between 85.6–116.8 % (RSD < 13.9 %), and it was verified by standard GC–MS method and SPSS statistical analysis. These results indicated the DI-SPME-GC-FID method had reliability and potential application in security testing for food contact materials.

Construction of novel π-bridged fluorescent probes for Fe2+ monitoring in living cells and foods.

Fe2+ plays a crucial role in biological systems as an essential trace element in the body. Iron is absorbed by the body through food and Fe2+ is also an important component of living cells; therefore, quantitative testing of Fe2+ in food and in living cells is of great importance. This paper presents the development of a novel π-bridge EDOT-based N-oxide turn-on fluorescent probe, designated as FeE, for the detection of Fe2+. The probe has been shown to exhibit excellent sensitivity, a favorable linear relationship between fluorescence signal intensity and Fe2+ concentration, and an effective immunity to interference. The probe has low cytotoxicity and has been successfully used to detect Fe2+ in cells using laser confocal fluorescence microscopy. It is also possible to determine the presence of Fe2+ in animal blood, spinach, apple juice, red wine, mineral water and metal cans.

Assessing the Physiochemical and Sensorial Quality of Pea Sauce Canned in Plastic Trays vs. Metal Cans

Metal cans, while boasting excellent barrier properties, raise concerns about leaching and environmental impacts. This study explored plastic trays, a potential alternative for canned food packaging. First we delved into the plastic tray’s characteristics, including its composition and permeability to oxygen and water vapor. Secondly, we conducted a comparison between the newly introduced plastic packaging and traditional metal cans, focusing on their interactions with food during the sterilization process and their effects on the quality of Tunisian pea sauce. The composition analysis revealed that the plastic tray was composed of polypropylene (PP) (with a single endothermic peak at 168 °C), while the film was found to have a mixture of PP internally and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) externally (with two endothermic peaks at 161.96 °C and 243.81 °C). Plastic trays showed good results in water vapor permeability (0.832 g/m2.d) but exhibited higher oxygen permeability (190 g/m2.d), raising oxidation concerns. Migration testing confirmed plastic packaging safety (&lt;10 mg/dm2), while some simulants exceeded limits in metal cans. pH levels remained consistent between both packaging types, but varied significantly over a 28-day storage. Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen (TVBN) levels differed significantly between plastic and metal packaging, with notable variations observed over time with maximums of 0.3 mg/100 g for plastic trays and 0.17 mg/100 g for metal cans. Sensory evaluation revealed that tasters were adept at differentiating between canned pea sauce in plastic trays and metal cans (83%, 10/12), with taste and color exhibiting significant differences (p &lt; 0.05). This underlines the impact of packaging material on canned food quality and consumer preference, with minimal influence on other sensory aspects. This data empowers manufacturers to make informed packaging decisions for a diverse range of canned foods.

Mass Spectrometric Study of the Most Common Potential Migrants Extractible from the Inner Coatings of Metallic Beverage Cans.

Population exposure to endocrine disrupting chemical- bisphenols, which are used commonly in food containers and drinking water pipes in Europe, is above acceptable health and safety levels, according to updated research data. In order to evaluate the most abundant potential migrants in canned sweetened beverages marketed in Poland, we performed the HPLC-MS screening test of the migrants present in the can coating material. The analyzed samples represented the three top-ranked companies of the global soft drink market; it is reasonable to assume that the obtained data are of global validity. The tested can coatings and beverages contained bisphenols conjugates such as five butoxyethanol (BuOEtOH) adducts with bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), one butoxyethanol adduct with bisphenol A monoglycidyl ether (BAMGE), and cyclo-di-BADGE. The performed HPLC-MS/MS analysis in the MRM mode enabled evaluation of the concentrations of the detected conjugates in canned beverages which were found to be very low, namely at the level of 1 µg/L. On the other hand, the high consumption of canned beverages may yield a risk associated with the presence of these compounds in the diet. The subsequent HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS experiments allowed, for the first time, a detailed determination of the fragmentation pathways of the detected migrants as well as detection of the isomers of the two migrants, namely BADGE + BuOEtOH and BADGE + BuOEtOH + HCl.

Oligoester Identification in the Inner Coatings of Metallic Cans by High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with Cone Voltage-Induced Fragmentation.

The application of polyesters as food contact materials is an alternative to epoxy resin coatings, which can be a source of endocrine migrants. By using high-pressure liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS) with cone voltage-induced fragmentation in-source, a number of polyester-derived migrants were detected in the extracts of inner coatings of metallic cans. The polyester-derived migrants were detected in each inner coating of fish product-containing cans (5/5) and in one inner coating of meat product-containing can (1/5). They were not detected in the inner coatings of vegetable/fruit product-containing cans (10 samples). The respective detected parent and product ions enabled differentiation between cyclic and linear compounds, as well as unambiguous identification of diol and diacid units. Most of the detected compounds, cyclic and linear, were composed of neopentyl glycol as diol and two diacid comonomers, namely isophthalic acid and hexahydrophthalic acid. The other detected oligoesters were composed of neopentyl glycol or propylene glycol and adipic acid/isophthalic acid as comonomers. The compounds containing propylene glycol as diol were found to be exclusively linear cooligoesters. On the basis of abundances of [M+Na]+ ions, the relative contents of cyclic and linear oligoesters were evaluated.

Processing and quality evaluation of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in flexible pouches

AbstractDry beans are a nutrient‐dense food with a history of processing in metal cans to improve convenience for consumers. Flexible retort pouches have been gaining popularity as a food package to replace metal cans because they are lighter in weight and require less energy to process. While there are potential benefits of using pouches for processed bean products, a pilot‐scale pouch processing protocol for beans is needed for testing to expand to wider commercial applications. To address that need, the objectives of this study were to optimize a pouch processing method for dry beans and assess the subsequent quality of pouch‐processed beans. Black and kidney bean genotypes from different field trials and production years and harvested by different threshing methods were used in this study. Pouch processing was conducted with two types of pouches at a pilot facility, and processing quality included texture, appearance, and color. Cooking time of dry seeds was assessed to understand how variety and environmentally induced differences in cooking time influence pouch processing quality. Kidney beans that required longer dry seed cooking times had firmer texture when pouch processed (r = .72, p &lt; .01). Both genotype and production year impacted cooking time and pouch processing quality. Threshing method had a significant impact on the appearance of processed kidney beans, while it had no significant impact on the processing quality of black beans. Pouch processing requires 42% (at 245°F/118.3°C retort temperature) or 60% (at 250°F/121°C) less retort processing time compared with canning. Both foil and non‐foil pouches can be used to differentiate varieties for processing quality, but the non‐foil pouches require much less effort to seal. This study provides a detailed methodology for pouch processing and quality evaluation of dry beans and useful information for researchers and processors in future applications of using pouches as alternative packaging for processed beans.

Analyzing and examining the impact of various fiber types on the mechanical and functional characteristics of UHPC

In this research, we compared the performance and mechanical properties of (UHPC) produced with varying percentages of waste and recycled fibers, including polypropylene plastic (plastic sack fibers) (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), date palm fibers (DP), Monterey pine tree fibers (MP), human hair (HH), and aluminum (from metal cans) (AF). This was done in relation to a control sample of UHPC (WC). The study investigated the effects of different percentages of these fibers (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 percent by weight of cement) with a length of 3 cm in self-compacting concrete. We conducted tests on fresh concrete, including Slump Flow, J-Ring, V-Funnel, L-Box, and U-Box, as well as tests on hardened concrete, such as compressive strength, tensile strength, permeability, crack width control, thermal cracking, Schmidt hammer tests, and ultrasonic pulse velocity. The results indicated that increasing the percentage of fibers (PP, PET, DP, AF, MP, and HH) in UHPC enhances tensile strength, reduces permeability, and increases compressive strength. Additionally, under the influence of temperature, a decrease in both the depth and length of cracks was observed in the concrete slabs. Notably, the inclusion of 2% human hair fibers (HH) in UHPC resulted in superior tensile strength, reduced permeability, and minimized both the length and depth of cracks compared to other fiber types. Conversely, the addition of 2% aluminum fibers (AF) led to a reduction in tensile strength, an increase in permeability, and an increase in both the length and depth of cracks. This research demonstrated that, in terms of mechanical and functional properties, human hair fibers provided better results in UHPC across all tests conducted, significantly enhancing the longevity of the structure.

Investigation and mechanism of headspace corrosion in metal cans filled chicken noodle soup

AbstractThis study demonstrated a method to investigate corrosion formation in the headspace of canned chicken noodle soup. In this method, Selected Ion Flow Tube–Mass Spectrometer was used to identify and quantify chemical compounds in raw and cooked chicken noodle soup and those that migrated towards the polymer coating of the metal cans. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to detect the appearance of breaches in the coating of the tested cans, and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) allowed for analysis of the elemental composition of the internal walls of the tested cans. Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) provided information about the migration of iron and tin from the internal walls of the cans into the packaged soups. SEM images showed that breaches developed in the coating of the tested cans when corrosion occurred. The EDS analyses showed that tin and iron exposures were associated with extra peaks in the EDS. These peaks were attributed to sulphur. From the results obtained, it was concluded that the process of heat retorting contributed to the formation of sulphur‐containing volatile compounds that bonded to the coating in the headspace of the tested cans. These then penetrated the protective coating and facilitated avenues for other oxidative chemicals in the product to cause corrosion and staining. Results from the ICP‐MS analyses showed that tin and iron subsequently migrated from the corroded cans toward the chicken soup. These results thus showed how corrosive compounds in a retorted food initiated corrosion in metal cans.

Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals from beverage packaging materials and risk assessment for consumers

This study investigated the influence of beverage packaging materials on the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in plastic, glass, carton, aluminium, and tin canned non-alcoholic beverages. Results showed that 63 EDCs including perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), bisphenols, parabens, benzophenone-type UV-filters, biocides, nitrophenols, and alkylphenols, were detected in 144/162 screened products. Detected ∑63EDC concentrations ranged from 1.3 to 19,600 ng/L. EDC concentrations were higher in beverages packaged in metal cans while lower or no levels were detected in glass, plastic, and carton packaged drinks. Bisphenol levels were higher on average in canned beverages compared to glass (p < 0.01) and plastic products (p < 0.05) produced by the same brand and manufacturer. Two structural isomers of bisphenol A (BPA) were identified in 19 beverages, constituting the first detection in foodstuffs. The calculated daily intake of detected EDCs showed that exposure to BPA from per capita beverage consumption of 364 mL/day are up to 2000-fold higher than the newly revised safety guideline for BPA recommended by the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). Overall, these findings suggest that BPA exposure poses a potential health hazard for individuals who regularly consume non-alcoholic beverages packaged in aluminium or tin cans, particularly young children.

Identification of Corrosive Volatile Compounds Found in the Headspace of Chicken Noodle Soup Retorted in Metal Cans.

This study investigated the development of volatile compounds in the headspace of canned chicken noodle soup (and sought to develop appropriate testing methods). The primary objective of this study was to identify compounds in the soup that were responsible for the initiation of the corrosion in the cans. The long-term goal of these studies is to develop an efficient method to investigate how headspace volatile compounds in foods could cause corrosion defects in metal cans and how these could be corrected without undermining the quality and safety of the food. To determine and to evaluate the volatile compounds in the canned soups, selected ion flow tube-mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) was used. The coatings of the tested cans were carefully stripped off and analyzed using this SIFT-MS method. High levels of sulfur-containing volatile compounds and organic acids were detected in both the soups and the coatings. It was concluded that during the retorting of the sealed cans filled with chicken soup, sulfur-containing volatile compounds formed and entered the headspace of the tested cans and interacted with the coating, leading to the formation of blackened stains.

Contribution of glass jar packaging to the environmental assessment of canned seafood products: Albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) and Atlantic chub mackerel (Scomber colias) as case studies

Canned seafood is a practical option for consumers with high nutritional value. However, packaging plays a key role in its environmental impacts due to the production of metal cans made by aluminium or tinplate and glass jars. The aim of this study was to perform a life cycle assessment of four seafood canned products in glass jars with Atlantic chub mackerel and albacore tuna. The contribution of end-of-life options for glass jar (reuse, recycle or landfill) was also evaluated, as well as environmental burden of storage at home scenarios of canned, chilled and frozen fish productspotential seafood waste in the different supply chains.Glass jar packaging contribution to environmental assessment of products was half compared with metal cans. The production of ingredients was the life cycle phase with highest contribution in all products followed by primary packaging for climate change impact category. Results pointed out the benefits of recycling glass jar with 8% GHG emissions reduction on average. Storage at the consumer stage represented less GHG emissions for canned products when compared to frozen when considering a period of more than one month.

SAFE PREPARATION AND DELIVERY OF GRAPHITE TARGETS FOR 14C ANALYSIS: PROCEDURES OF BRAVHO LAB AT BOLOGNA UNIVERSITY

ABSTRACT Nowadays, most radiocarbon (14C) laboratories can reliably avoid and remove any possible sample contamination during the pretreatment of organic samples (e.g., bones, charcoal, or trees) thanks to a series of methods commonly used by the radiocarbon community. However, what about the final step, the storage of graphite? Rarely do the laboratories produce their graphite and ship it as pressed targets to accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) facilities for measurement. Pressed graphite in aluminum targets are vulnerable to contamination, and during shipment or storage, exogenous carbon can be introduced again. Here we report a test on various archaeological sample materials from different environments and different periods (from the past three millennia to the Middle Paleolithic period). We transformed them into graphite, pressed the graphite into targets and sent them to two different AMS laboratories to be dated. We observe that packing details of the targets, extended shipment and storage time may lead to contamination which can be avoided by appropriate packaging in tight metal cans and sealed in vacuum bags. Close cooperation and coordination between our chemistry laboratory and the AMS facilities, high standards in contamination removal, and efficient measurement planning enabled us to obtain reliable 14C ages within a short time.

The Fifth Bioelectronic Medicine Summit Hosted by the Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research (Manhasset, NY) and Columbia Engineering (NY, NY) at The Garden City Hotel, Garden City, NY 11530 on October 11-12th, 2022- Bioelectronic Medicine: Today’s Tools, Tomorrow’s Therapies

The Fifth Bioelectronic Medicine Summit Hosted by the Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research (Manhasset, NY) and Columbia Engineering (NY, NY) at The Garden City Hotel, Garden City, NY 11530 on October 11-12th, 2022- Bioelectronic Medicine: Today’s Tools, Tomorrow’s Therapies

Identification of potential migrants from epoxy and organosol coatings used in metal food cans

The coatings of metal cans may release complex mixtures of migrants into the contained foods, including non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), such as reaction products. All migrating substances should be studied to demonstrate their safety. In this work, the characterisation of two epoxy and organosol coatings was performed using several techniques. Firstly, the type of coating was identified using FTIR-ATR. Screening techniques based on purge and trap (P&T) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to GC-MS were used to investigate volatiles from coatings. For the identification of semi-volatile compounds, an appropriate extraction was performed before analysis by GC-MS. The most abundant substances were compounds with at least one benzene ring and an aldehyde or alcohol group in their structures. Furthermore, a method to quantify some of the identified volatiles was explored. Secondly, HPLC with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) was used to determine non-volatile compounds such as bisphenol analogues and bisphenol A diglycidyl ethers (BADGEs), with subsequent confirmation by LC-MS/MS. Additionally, migration assays were performed by this technique to determine non-volatile compounds migrating into food simulants. Bisphenol A (BPA) and all BADGE derivatives except BADGE.HCl were detected in the migration extracts. Moreover, BADGE-solvent complexes such as BADGE.H2O.BuEtOH, BADGE.2BuEtOH, etc. were also tentatively identified using the accurate mass provided by time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS).

Breathing Room: Working Principles of Independent Art Spaces in African Cities

Breathing Room: Working Principles of Independent Art Spaces in African Cities

Hyperspectral Imaging Based Detection of PVC During Sellafield Repackaging Procedures

Traditionally, special nuclear material (SNM) at Sellafield has been stored in multilayered packages, consisting of metallic cans and an overlayer of plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as an intermediate layer when transitioning between areas of different radiological classification. However, it has been found that the plasticized PVC can break down in the presence of both radiation and heat, releasing hydrochloric acid, which can corrode these metallic containers. Therefore, internal repackaging procedures at Sellafield have focused recently on the removal of these PVC films from containers, where as much degraded and often adhered PVC as possible is manually removed based on visual inspection. This manual operation is time-consuming, and it is possible that residual fragments of PVC could remain, leading to corrosion-related issues in future. In this work, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) was evaluated as a new tool for detecting PVC on metallic surfaces. The Samples of stainless steel type 1.4404—also known as 316L, the same as is used to construct SNM cans—and PVC were imaged in our experiments, and support vector machine (SVM) classification models were used to generate detection maps. In these maps, pixels were classified into either PVC or 316L based on their spectral responses in the range 954–1700 nm of the electromagnetic spectrum. Results suggest that the HSI could be used for an effective automated detection and quantification of PVC during repackaging procedures, detection and quantification that could be extended to other similar applications.

Effects of Plastic Chemical Bisphenol a on Gut Functions

Bisphenols are chemicals extensively used in plastic industries. Bisphenol A (BPA), a member of the bisphenol family, is widely used in manufacturing epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastic. Epoxy resins have applications in manufacturing the inside lining of metal cans to preserve the quality of canned foods. Polycarbonate plastics have a usage in the manufacture of packaging of food and drinks. BPA-containing plastic is also extensively used in the production of dental implants and sales receipts. There is constant leaching of BPA from the plastic items into the edibles stored in them, particularly when these plastic containers get exposed to high temperatures, non-neutral pH and multiple uses. On consuming these contaminated food items, the gut is the first organ exposed to BPA, followed by all other body systems. In most human body fluid samples examined, BPA is present in a detectable amount. BPA belongs to the family of known endocrine-disrupting chemicals with oestrogenic properties. The increasing alarms regarding the adverse effects of BPA on child development compelled prohibiting products that contain BPA from being used in baby care in many countries worldwide. Being a known xeno-oestrogen, BPA may target the oestrogen receptors in the gut and may affect the various actions mediated by oestrogen in the gut. Besides oestrogenic properties, BPA may have many other hormonal and non-hormonal actions that may affect gut functions. The present article reviews the studies reporting the effect of BPA on gut functions.

EFFECT OF TRADITIONAL PROCESSING METHOD AND LEAF-PACKAGING ON SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF OLÈLÈ, A STEAMED COWPEA PASTE

Musa paradisiaca, Tectona grandis and Thalia geniculata leaves used in the past as wrapping materials of Olèlè (steamed dough of cowpea enriched to the shrimps and other condiments), are being abandoned in favor of metal cans. This situation contributes to the lost of identity of this traditional food product. Two traditional processing methods which differ in the dehulling techniques are practiced to obtain Olèlè also called Magni magni or Moin moin. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of processing methods and wrapping materials on sensory characteristics of Olèlè and their consumer acceptability. For this purpose, sensory difference and overall acceptability tests and a sensory profile analysis were conducted. Thus, Olèlè differently wrapped was produced the day of the sensory evaluation and appreciated by sensory panelists. Panelists clearly distinguished Olèlè according to the processing method. Sixteen representative descriptors were identified to profile Olèlè. The leaves used for wrapping Olèlè had a significant effect on its sensory characteristics noted by the consumer panel with clearly distinct sensory profiles (p ≤ 0.05). The overall acceptability test revealed that the Olèlè wrapped in Musa paradisiaca leaves is the most appreciated, followed respectively by those wrapped with Tectona grandis leaves, Thalia geniculata leaves and one packaged in recycled tin cans.

Design and Development of Inspection Test Rig with Stamping

Stamping and inspection are tasks that have been done manually since the beginning of time. Doing these tasks manually is time consuming, there is a possibility of error in it and it gets hectic after a while so it cannot be performed continuously. Automation has been simplifying and reducing the possibility of error over the recent years. In this project we will be designing and developing a prototype for stamping and inspection of metal cans using pneumatics and programmable logic controller (PLC). The stamping is done using the mechanism of quick retrieval by pressurized air. We aim to inspect cans of different sizes and make the system compatible to a wider range of industries. Different sizes of cans will require different pressure while stamping which will be programmed and stamping will be done accordingly with the required pressure. We can further develop the system to automate the whole production including pouring of material in cans, lidding, packaging, stamping and sorting. This work will propose a 3D design on the electropneumatic system and all the components used will also be discussed. This article is unique due to the concept of using one conveyor belt for two different sizes of cans. With the help of this design we can design different systems which can be compatible for multiple products in different industries. This might turn out to be a great solution for small scale industries that want to automate their plants but have not been able to due to high initial cost.

Simultaneous Determination of Migration Amounts of 14 Kinds of Bisphenol Substances in Food Metal Cans and Effect of Sterilization on the Migration

Simultaneous Determination of Migration Amounts of 14 Kinds of Bisphenol Substances in Food Metal Cans and Effect of Sterilization on the Migration