Metal Brush Research Articles

Decontamination of Actinide-contaminated Injured Skin with Ca-DTPA Products Using an Ex Vivo Rat Skin Model.

Skin contamination by α-emitting actinides such as plutonium and americium is a risk for workers during nuclear fuel production and reactor decommissioning. Decontamination of skin is an important medical countermeasure to limit potential internal contamination, particularly in the case of injured skin. Current recommendations include undressing of the victim followed by skin washing using soap or chelating agents, such as diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA). The goal of the present work is to assess the efficacy of a novel Ca-DTPA loaded gel to decontaminate injured skin exposed to plutonium or americium as compared to recommended treatments. For decontaminant testing on injured skin, whole body skin was obtained from euthanized rats and lesions created using a metallic brush. Delimited test areas were contaminated with plutonium or americium solutions of known properties. Various protocols were tested including time before contamination, duration of gel application, washing steps, as well as the concomitant addition or not of dressings. Activity was measured in each decontamination product and in skin. Data indicate that healthy skin was easier to decontaminate than damaged skin. On injured skin, we demonstrated an increased decontamination efficacy of the Ca-DTPA gel formulation as compared to the solution. Importantly, gel application alone was effective, and further gel applications could be used for residual activity.

Scab Removal from Hot-Rolled Steel by Metallic Brushes

Scab Removal from Hot-Rolled Steel by Metallic Brushes

Some Technological Parameters of Construction Joints Formation Using the Self-Compacting Concrete Mixtures

Introduction. The important condition ensuring the monolithicity of the erected massive monolithic reinforced concrete structures, divided in compliance with the standards into the heat-shrinkable blocks, is the quality of construction joints in terms of the new-to-old concrete bonding. The research on the bonding strength dependence on the technological parameters of the construction joints formation using the widely spread in recent years self-compacting concretes is a relevant task, because the number of publications on the respective topic is insufficient. The aim of the present paper is to develop a scientific concept regarding the influence of the certain technological parameters on the new-to-old concrete bonding strength during the construction joints formation.Materials and Methods. The research was carried out using the self-compacting and ordinary heavy vibratory-compacted concretes with the compressive strength ranged from 34.5 to 69.2 MPa. The object of the study was the dependence of the new-to-old concrete bonding strength on the method of standardised surface pre-treatment of the “old” concrete in a joint and the compressive strength of the grade of the “new” self-compacting concrete. The composite Mörsch specimens in which the “old” concrete was cured for up to 3 days were used as the main samples. The construction joint relative strength was considered to be the joint quality evaluation criterion equalling to the ratio of the shear strength of concrete in a composite Mörsch specimen to the minimum axial tension strength values of the “new” and “old” concrete. The quality indicators of the concrete were determined by applying the standard methodology. The specimens were cured under conditions simulating the production of works in the spring-summer season.Results. During the research, the construction joint quality criteria in terms of the “old” to “new” concrete bonding were analysed along with the changes they undergo depending on the studied recipe (concrete grade) and technological (length of the technological break, surface treatment method) factors. The dependences of the proposed construction joint quality criterion on the “new” concrete compressive strength (grade) were obtained and the inefficiency of the surface treatment with a metal brush was shown, especially if accompanied with the technological break extension. The required bonding strength values for B25 ... B35 grade concretes can be for sure provided by the surface pre-milling, whereas the extension of the technological break has negative affect on the bonding strength.Discussion and Conclusions. Due to the revealed low bonding strength of the “old” to “new” concretes, regardless the technological factors, it is expedient to look into the ways of ensuring the construction joint quality by implementing structural solutions such as keyed joints and (or) additional reinforcement.

Formation of functional protective chromium-based coatings by friction cladding

Corrosion damage to metal parts and structures is one of the most important scientific, technical and economic problems. Coatings based on chromium are widely used in modern mechanical engineering. They are used both to solve problems related to the restoration of the size and shape of the surfaces of worn parts, and to improve performance, for example, wear and corrosion resistance, heat resistance, reflective and protective and decorative ability, etc. One of the promising methods for the formation of anti-corrosion coatings is the technology of friction cladding using a flexible tool - a rotating wire metal brush. The article studies coatings formed by friction cladding from donor materials (sintered composites) containing powders of chromium (about 80 %), zinc, copper, tungsten carbide, tungsten-cobalt, hexagonal boron nitride, thermally expanded graphite. The chemical composition of donor materials and the resulting coatings was studied by X-ray diffraction analysis. It was determined that the composition of the obtained coatings based on chromium correlates with the composition of donor materials, however, it additionally contains elements of nickel and iron. It is assumed that iron in the composition of the coating appears as a result of cutting off the particles of the steel base by the bristles of the brush and transferring them to the forming layer of the coating. The nickel content indicates that particles of the wire bristle material of the brush are also introduced into the coating layer. Corrosion tests were carried out in a salt fog chamber KST-2 according to GOST 9.308-85 of samples with coatings obtained by galvanic chromium plating and friction cladding. The coated samples were kept in the chamber for 192 hours. The galvanized coating withstood the test without any signs of corrosion. Traces of corrosion appeared on friction clad coatings, while on all samples the corrosion area was no more than 7 %. It is conditionally accepted that coatings obtained by friction cladding have satisfactory corrosion resistance. The results of X-ray fluorescence analysis of the chemical composition of donor materials and coatings were obtained with the financial support of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (Project No. FZRU-2020-0011). The results of tests for corrosion resistance of samples with applied coatings were obtained with the financial support of the Belarusian Republican Foundation for Basic Research (grant T21ET-005).

A newly developed carrier for the vitrification of prepubertal testicular tissue and its comparison with four different carriers

Research questionThe cryopreservation of prepubertal testicular tissue is important for children who are to undergo gonadotoxic treatment. There is ongoing debate around the optimal carrier for an inexpensive and rapid vitrification technique. How efficient would a novel, practical and sterilizable metal brush be when compared with previously used carriers? DesignThe testicular tissues of prepubertal rats were vitrified using four different carriers and evaluated by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. ResultsNuclei were easily discriminated in the metal brush, aluminium foil and high-security straw groups, but there was decreased discrimination of structures in the metal wire group. Minimal cytoplasmic degeneration, vacuolization and mild reversible degenerative effects were seen in spermatogonial stem cells and Sertoli cells in the metal brush group. Mild to moderate structural changes were found in the aluminium foil group. Severe pyknosis of the nuclei, a high degree of swelling, expansion of the endoplasmic reticulum, and swelling and blurring of the mitochondria were seen in the metal wire and high-security straw groups. The cell viabilities in the metal brush, aluminium foil, metal wire and high-security straw groups were 91.6 ± 3.85%, 83.0 ± 4.06%, 76.0 ± 3.16% and 68.6 ± 4.93%, respectively. ConclusionsThe metal brush is a promising new carrier for prepubertal testis vitrification.

CT-Guided Retrieval of a Retained, Migrating Oral Cavity Grill Brush Bristle

A 73-year-old male patient presented to the emergency department with severe right-sided odynophagia, which started while eating food that he had prepared on a barbecue grill. He had recently cleaned his grill using a metal brush.

Experimental characterization of friction and heat generation of carbon fibre brush seals for aero-engines

Brush seals have been extensively studied for the last thirty years as an advanced sealing solution for gas turbine engines. The research is always aimed towards the reduction of the leakage flow, that has direct repercussions on the specific fuel consumption, the thrust-to-weight ratio, and the emission of pollutants. In addition, the sealing device must cope with side effects related to higher interface speeds, rotordynamics issues, or durability. Brush seals main assets are their excellent leakage performance with low friction properties compared to other contact seals like lip seals, and their ability to withstand rotor radial excursion without permanent damage. However, proper design optimization cannot be performed without the inclusion of the tribological performance. This paper presents a parametric investigation of the friction properties of carbon fibre brush seals as a function of the fibre pack geometry and the rotational speed. Carbon fibre and commonly used metallic brush seals present fundamentally different behaviour in presence of differential pressure or rotational speed. This paper also proposes an alternative method to predict the brush seal torque, based on measurements with a torque sensor. Heat generation was also evaluated with a thermographic camera. Both methods ensured consistency between results.

Elemental diet directly affects chemotherapy-induced dermatitis and raw wound areas.

Elental® is an L-glutamine-rich elemental diet (ED) that has been widely used in Japan as a nutritional supplement for malnourished patients. In addition, Elental® has been successfully used in the management of chemotherapy-induced mucositis in cancer patients. Recently, it was also reported that Elental® can effectively reduce chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma, and can also reduce mucositis and dermatitis in animal models. However, it is unclear whether oral intake or topical application of Elental® can act directly on chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis or dermatitis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible direct healing effect of Elental® on chemotherapy-induced dermatitis and raw wound areas in a mouse model. Dermatitis and raw wounds were induced in nude mice by administration of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (via gastric tube) and mechanical injury (using a metal brush or a surgical knife). We then compared the outcome following oral or topical application of Elental® in these mice. The effect of Elental® on the growth and migration ability of the human oral keratinocyte cell line, HOK, was also examined using MTT and migration assays, respectively. In the mouse model, both oral administration and topical application of Elental® reduced 5-FU-induced dermatitis and healed raw wound areas more effectively compared with the topical application of saline. The MTT assay revealed that Elental® exerted a growth-promoting effect on HOKs. In addition, Elental® enhanced the ability of HOKs to migrate, as demonstrated by the migration assay. These findings demonstrated that the topical application as well as the oral intake of Elental® exerted a direct healing effect on chemotherapy-induced dermatitis or raw wound areas. The data also indicated that oral intake of an ED may exert a direct healing effect on chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis.

Полирование поликристаллического алмазного покрытия деталей

The results of the experimental investigation of polycrystalline diamond coating polishing in parts by a metal brush are shown. A polishing mode impact upon roughness of the surface obtained is shown. The analysis of results obtained is carried out.

МЕХАНИЗМ ДИСКРЕТНОГО ТРЕНИЯ МЕТАЛЛИЧЕСКОГО ИНСТРУМЕНТА С ПОЛИКРИСТАЛЛИЧЕСКИМ АЛМАЗНЫМ ПОКРЫТИЕМ ДЕТАЛЕЙ

The article presents the experimental study results of the polishing process of a thin-film diamond coating of parts with a metal brush. The polishing process effect on the roughness of the resulting surface is established. The process of polishing a diamond coating is carried out due to two factors: mechanical cleavage of the microroughness peaks and a chemical-thermal factor, in which graphitization of cleaved micro-vertices is carried out.

Study of the structure of coating of the copper-clad steel wire obtained by «freezing-out» method

The results of studying the structure of the coating obtained by «freezing-out» method with a preliminary surface preparation including application of the underlayer or precoat by cladding with a flexible tool (CFT) are presented. The CFT procedure consists in coating with a rotating cylindrical metal brush. The developed technology of coating using «freezing-out» with the preliminary application of the precoat makes it possible to exclude harmful and labor-consuming galvanic operations. The effect of technological parameters on the quality of CFT-formed coating, i.e., the structure of the interface between the steel-copper system and data of durometric measurements of the microhardness of the copper layer and the steel core were analyzed. Elastic-stress states in the surface layer of the core and in the copper coating were determined using X-ray tensometry by the method of oblique survey. The effect of the underlayer of various materials (copper, brass, tin, tin-lead alloy) on the adhesion of the main copper coating to the core after «freezing-out» copper was studied using an adhesimeter. A fractographic analysis of the destroyed coating surfaces was also carried out. The distribution of metals in the border zones of the steel-copper compound is determined. Camscan scanning electron microscope and X-ray microanalyzer Link exL are used to examine the zone structure for the presence of intermetallic compounds. The developed «freezing-out» procedure with a preliminary application of the undercoat by CFT method is environmentally friendly, easy to use and low-power-consuming technology.

Manufacturing Technology Improvement of Technology and Equipment for Preparing Steel-Copper Wire

New technology and equipment developed from the results of research work are created for producing bimetallic wire. A feature of the new technology is production of bimetallic wire by passing a steel core through molten metal. This method of obtaining bimetallic wire is called “freezing” in publications, since the external appearance of the wire obtained is similar to a form crystallized metal. Results are provided for comprehensive studies, and recommendations are aimed at increasing the level of adhesion between a coating and a core by application a thin underlayer of non-ferrous metal (copper, brass, tin, etc.) to the core surface. Use of a rotating metal brush is proposed for coating formation, i.e., a flexible tool cladding (FTC) method.

Design of a Two-Wheeled Rover With Sprawl Ability and Metal Brush Traction

PUFFER (“pop-up flat-folding explorer robot”) is an expendable, two-wheeled NASA/JPL rover that is meant to explore the less-accessible regions of Mars. This paper presents the UC Berkeley prototype of PUFFER that was used to inform the mechanical design of the folding chassis for the ensuing NASA/JPL version. PUFFER is so named because it can fold itself to fit into tight spaces; its chassis consists of a 3-D linkage that can vary the sprawl angle of its wheels. This ability to sprawl, besides letting multiple PUFFERs fit into a parent rover, improves PUFFER’s slope-climbing ability by allowing it to lower its center of mass. To further improve slope climbing, each wheel is fitted out with nitinol brushes that serve to enhance ground traction. Together, these two features allow the Berkeley prototype of PUFFER to climb 47 deg rock inclines that have a surface roughness of about half its folded height. Other qualities of PUFFER are that it has a collapsible tail, is able to flip itself over, and requires only three actuators.

Surface alterations following instrumentation with a nylon or metal brush evaluated with confocal microscopy

PurposeSurface alterations of titanium discs following instrumentation with either a nylon brush or a metal brush were evaluated.MethodsA total of 27 titanium discs with 3 surface types (9 discs for each type), including machined (M) surfaces, sandblasted and acid-etched (SA) surfaces, and surfaces treated by resorbable blast media (RBM), were used. Three discs were instrumented with a nylon brush, another 3 discs were instrumented with a metal brush, and the remaining 3 discs were used as controls for each surface type. Surface properties including the arithmetic mean value of a linear profile (Ra), maximum height of a linear profile (Rz), skewness of the assessed linear profile (Rsk), arithmetic mean height of a surface (Sa), maximum height of a surface (Sz), developed interfacial area ratio (Sdr), skewness of a surface profile (Ssk), and kurtosis of a surface profile (Sku) were measured using confocal microscopy.ResultsInstrumentation with the nylon brush increased the Ra, Sa, and Sdr of the M surfaces. On the SA surfaces, Ra, Sa and Sdr decreased after nylon brush use. Meanwhile, the roughness of the RBM surface was not affected by the nylon brush. The use of the metal brush also increased the Ra, Sa, and Sdr of the M surface; however, the increase in Sdr was not statistically significant (P=0.119). The decreases in the Rz, Sz, Ra, Sa, and Sdr of the SA surfaces were remarkable. On the RBM surfaces, the use of the metal brush did not cause changes in Ra and Sa, whereas Rz, Sz, and Sdr were reduced.ConclusionsTitanium surfaces were altered when instrumented either with a nylon brush or a metal brush. Hence, it is recommended that nylon or metal brushes be used with caution in order to avoid damaging the implant fixture/abutment surface.

Brush Biopsy Sample Quality: Preliminary Investigation of a Metal Brush Prototype

Objective: To qualitatively investigate whether a prototype brush composed of metal bristles collects oral epithelial cells effectively for cytological evaluation of oral mucosal lesions. Material and Methods: Twenty patients with suspicious oral mucosal lesions were enrolled. Patients were asked to gargle with saline and to deposit the oral rinse into specimen cup. Then, oral mucosal cell samples were collected using a metal oral brush, via sweeping motion. Punch biopsy was performed for histological examination. All samples were evaluated with liquid based cytology (LBC) according to the cellularity, the depth of the epithelial layer, cellular integrity by an oral pathologist. Results: Oral rinse provided samples with 100% cellular integrity and cellularity, mostly from the intermediary layers. With metal brush, both inadequate cellularity and cellular integrity was observed in 25% of the cases. Cellular integrity was adequate in 65%, cellularity was adequate in 45% of the lesions. Samples were dominantly from the intermediary layers, but in one case, metal brush collected cells from the parabasal layer. Conclusion: The narrow spiral pitch and width of metal bristles may have resisted to release the cellular samples collected. With adjustment of the spiral pitch and diameter of metal brush bristles, its’ efficacy could be enhanced.

The effect of preprocessing on surface quality in the chemical polishing of parts from titanium alloy produced by SLM

Abstract The paper demonstrates how machining and chemical polishing affect the residual stresses and surface roughness of SLM-produced Ti-6Al-4V specimens. The machining methods include surface brushing with a metal brush, and sandblasting. These pre-machining methods are thus found to generate compressive residual stresses on the specimen surface, which enhances the operating properties of parts.

Refining FE Structural Mechanics Simulations of a Railgun by Taking Into Account Electromagnetic Effects

Modeling of the structural behavior of the housing of an electromagnetic railgun is usually carried out without considering the electromagnetic origin of the forces; the magnetic pressure acting on the rails is assumed to act at the rail surfaces only. This approximation proves to be a great challenge, as moving pressure profiles at speeds of a railgun projectile are very rare in purely mechanical investigations. In the past, we have published several papers on the structural mechanics of railgun housings characterized by discrete supports. We could show that the displacement of rail surfaces at the position of the armature can reach amplitudes that are not negligible. In fact, in the case of metal brush armatures, the increase in distance between the rail surfaces of only tenths of a millimeter can make the difference between the solid contact and arcing to increase. We also matched our findings to experimental data that were, however, so far only gained in static tests. In this paper, we analyze the foundations of our mechanical modeling using electromagnetic calculations. We calculate a 3-D distribution of the $J \times B$ volume force density in the rails and use them as input for our structural mechanics model. A second point to be addressed concerns the parts made from conducting materials, such as our discrete supports made from steel bolts, which are situated in rapidly changing magnetic fields during the experiments. Again, the influence on our structural mechanics modeling is discussed.

Technology of high-speed combined machining with brush electrode

The new method was proposed for high-precision dimensional machining with a brush electrode when the true position of bundles of metal wire is adjusted by means of creating controlled centrifugal forces appeared due to the increased frequency of rotation of a tool. There are the ultimate values of circumferential velocity at which the bundles are pressed against a machined area of a workpiece in a stable manner despite the profile of the machined surface and variable stock of the workpiece. The special aspects of design of processing procedures for finishing standard parts, including components of products with low rigidity, are disclosed. The methodology of calculation and selection of processing modes which allow one to produce high-precision details and to provide corresponding surface roughness required to perform finishing operations (including the preparation of a surface for metal deposition) is presented. The production experience concerned with the use of high-speed combined machining with an unshaped tool electrode in knowledge-intensive branches of the machine-building industry for different types of production is analyzed. It is shown that the implementation of high-speed dimensional machining with an unshaped brush electrode allows one to expand the field of use of the considered process due to the application of a multipurpose tool in the form of a metal brush, as well as to obtain stable results of finishing and to provide the opportunities for long-term operation of the equipment without its changeover and readjustment.

Design and Fabrication of Water Bottle Wrapper Remover Machine

This paper deals with an industrial problem of plastic wrapper removing. This trends to given a new innovation in the field of recycling. From this contribution all kind of water bottles having eligible to remove the unwanted labels for further reconstruction. Thus, this paper focus on the design of label wrapper machine to remove the PVC 38&40-Micron label around the specially shaped cool drinks bottles. The metal brush through the power of electric motor can remove the label effectively. Recycle process which plays virtual role in all over application but, reuse and recycle process is only thing of plastics application. However modern technology food and cool drinks are contain inside of plastics container. But, our aim is to be recycle the plastic without any additional of colour, odour and taste. Human source never fulfil maximum efficiency work. Hence, in this project which utilized new trends and reduce the human work for further implementation from its construction. Hence hear by the high power machine to solving the above issue with addition of metal brush to remove the labels constantly.

Small Bowel Perforations by Metallic Grill Brush Bristles: Clinical Presentations and Opportunity for Prevention.

Increasing reports on the incidental ingestion of metallic bristles from barbeque grill cleaning brushes have been reported. We sought to describe the clinical presentation and grilling habits of patients presenting after ingesting metallic bristles in an attempt to identify risk factors. We performed a chart review of six patients with documented enteric injury from metallic bristles. Subjects were contacted and administered a survey focused on the events surrounding the bristle ingestion. We arranged for in-home visits to inspect the grill and grill brush whenever possible. Of the six subjects identified, three (50%) were male, five (83%) were white, and they ranged in age from 18 to 65 years (mean 42.5). All complained of abdominal pain. All bristles were identified by CT scan. Three patients underwent laparoscopic enterorrhaphy, and two underwent laparotomy. The remaining patients did not require intervention. None had replaced their grill brush in at least two years. Surgeon's awareness of this unusual injury is important to identify and manage this problem. Alternative methods to clean the grill should be sought and grill brushes should be replaced at least every two years.