Metacognitions Questionnaire Research Articles

Change in Interpersonal and Metacognitive Skills During Treatment With Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy and Metacognitive Therapy: Results From an Observational Study.

Background: Interpersonal skills deficits and dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs have been implicated in the etiology and maintenance of depression. This study aimed to investigate the association between changes in these skills deficits and change in depressive symptoms over the course of treatment with Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP) and Metacognitive Therapy (MCT).Methods: In this prospective, parallel group observational study, data was collected at baseline and after 8 weeks of an intensive day clinic psychotherapy program. Based on a shared decision between patients and clinicians, patients received either CBASP or MCT. Ninety patients were included in the analyses (CBASP: age M = 38.7, 40.5% female, MCT: age M = 44.7, 43.3% female). Interpersonal deficits were assessed with the short-form of the Luebeck Questionnaire for Recording Preoperational Thinking (LQPT-SF) and the Impact Message Inventory (IMI-R). Metacognitive beliefs were assessed with the Metacognition Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30). The Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS-SR16) was utilized to assess depressive symptoms. A regression analysis was conducted to assess variables associated with outcome. ANCOVAs were utilized to investigate whether improvement in skills deficits is dependent on type of treatment received.Results: Improvements in preoperational thinking and increases in friendly-dominant behavior were associated with change in depressive symptoms. There was no association between reductions in dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs and a decrease in depressive symptoms. While both treatment groups showed significant improvements in interpersonal and metacognitive skills, there was no significant between-group difference in the change scores for either of these skills.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that changes in interpersonal skills seem to be of particular relevance in the treatment of depression. These results have to be replicated in a randomized-controlled design before firm conclusions can be drawn.

Examining the roles of cognitive flexibility, emotion recognition, and metacognitions in adult Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder with predominantly inattentive presentation.

The evaluation of cognitive functions in Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is fundamental to improve the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. However, the role of specific higher-order cognitive functions in adult ADHD, including cognitive flexibility, emotion recognition, and metacognitions, remains unclear. Therefore, in the current study, we aimed to examine these three distinct higher-order cognitive functions among adult ADHD individuals. Forty patients with ADHD with predominantly inattentive presentation and 42 healthy controls participated in the study. The Adult Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder Scale (AADHDS), the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET), and the Metacognitions Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30) were administered. Results indicated that patients with ADHD had worse metacognitions scores, in specific subdimensions, relative to healthy controls. However, cognitive flexibility and emotion recognition did not differ between the groups. Moreover, the cognitive confidence subdimension of the MCQ-30 was found to be sole significant predictor in the attention deficit subdimension of the AADHDS. Our findings suggest that lack of cognitive confidence may contribute to ADHD symptomatology despite regularly functioning cognitive flexibility and emotion recognition. Therefore, metacognitions could be a suitable target to alleviate the severity of ADHD symptoms.

Classification of subtypes of patients with eating disorders by correspondence analysis.

BACKGROUNDGrouping eating disorders (ED) patients into subtypes could help improve the establishment of more effective diagnostic and treatment strategies.AIMTo identify clinically meaningful subgroups among subjects with ED using multiple correspondence analysis (MCA).METHODSA prospective cohort study was conducted of all outpatients diagnosed for an ED at an Eating Disorders Outpatient Clinic to characterize groups of patients with ED into subtypes according to sociodemographic and psychosocial impairment data, and to validate the results using several illustrative variables. In all, 176 (72.13%) patients completed five questionnaires (clinical impairment assessment, eating attitudes test-12, ED-short form health-related quality of life, metacognitions questionnaire, Penn State Worry Questionnaire) and sociodemographic data. ED patient groups were defined using MCA and cluster analysis. Results were validated using key outcomes of subtypes of ED.RESULTSFour ED subgroups were identified based on the sociodemographic and psychosocial impairment data. CONCLUSIONED patients were differentiated into well-defined outcome groups according to specific clusters of compensating behaviours.

Mindfulness and related factors among addicted adolescents

Objectives: Mindfulness has been defined as “the clear and single-minded awareness of what happens to us and in us, at the successive moments of perception”. Mindfulness-based therapies have been used in the treatment of psychiatric diseases in recent years. There is no study on the mindfulness of addicted adolescents in our country. In this study, we aimed to determine the level of the mindfulness and the factors affecting the mindfulness among addicted adolescents. Methods: Fourty drug-addicted adolescents and fourty five healthy adolescents were included in the study. Sociodemographic Data Form, Addiction Profile Index Adolescent Form (BAPI-E), Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (COPE), Metacognition Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (MCQ-C) and Child-Adolescent Social Support Scale (CASS) were applied to the participants. Clinical interviews (based on DSM-V) were performed to assess addiction. Results: There were no significant differences in the mindfulness levels between the addicted and the non-addicted groups. The mindfulness levels of the patients who attempted suicide were lower than the patients who did not attempt suicide. Behavioral disengagement sub-scales of COPE were significantly higher in the substance use and the denial group. Conclusions: Non-functional styles coping with stress were found to be significantly higher in the addicted group, however, we found no significant differences in the mindfulness levels.

Metacognitive Beliefs, Cognitive Functioning, Psychiatric Symptoms and Empathy in People with Schizophrenia.

BackgroundPeople with schizophrenia often exhibit deficits in empathy, which plays a major role in social cognition and interpersonal relationship. However, little work has investigated potential factors that influence empathy in schizophrenia. The study aimed to investigate the relationship among metacognition, psychiatric symptoms, cognitive functioning and empathy in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia.MethodsForty-eight people with schizophrenia were enrolled in the study group. All subjects participated in the metacognitions questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30), brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS), neurocognitive functioning, interpersonal reactivity index (IRI), and the pictorial empathy test (PET).ResultsStepwise regression analysis revealed that cognitive self-consciousness (domain of metacognitions questionnaire-30) accounted for 37% of the variance in perspective taking scores (domain of interpersonal reactivity index). Resistance (subscale of brief psychiatric rating scale) and positive beliefs about worry (domain of metacognitions questionnaire-30) accounted for 34% of the variance in fantasy (domain of interpersonal reactivity index). Activation (subscale of brief psychiatric rating scale) was a significant predictor for empathic concern (domain of interpersonal reactivity index). Resistance, cognitive confidence (domain of metacognitions questionnaire-30), intellectual processes and inhibitory control (go-no-go task) accounted for 38% of the variance in personal distress. Negative symptoms (subscale of brief psychiatric rating scale) and cognitive self-consciousness were significant predictors for the pictorial empathy test.ConclusionThe study was aimed to examine self-perception of metacognitive beliefs and empathy. More research is needed to explore the association between metacognitive beliefs, cognitive functioning and psychiatric symptoms on empathy in people with schizophrenia.

Comparing Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders and Related Transdiagnostic Factors in Cancer Patients and Healthy Individuals

Introduction:This study aimed to compare symptoms of anxiety disorders and related transdiagnostic factors in cancer patients and healthy individuals.Materials and Methods: In this causal-comparative study, 30 patients with cancer and 30 healthy individuals were selected by the convenience sampling method. The groups were matched in demographic characteristics with each other. The participates completed the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (2006), Severity Measure for Panic Disorder-Adult (2013), Social Phobia Inventory (2000), Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire (2008), Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (1994), Metacognition Questionnaire (2004), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (2011), and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (2006). Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 24), using a one-way analysis of variance. The significance level was 0.05.Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in symptoms of generalized anxiety (GAD) and panic disorders (PD) (P 0.05). In addition, there was a significant difference between the two groups in all transdiagnostic factors (P<0.05).Conclusion: Individuals with cancer were reported more symptoms of GAD and PD and related transdiagnostic factors than those in the control group.

Comparing anxiety sensitivity and metacognition beliefs in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and coronary heart diseases; acase-control study

Aim of the studyTwo important diseases related to Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Condition (PFAMC) are Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and Coronary Heart Diseases (CHD). Relation between PFAMC and new psychological factors is still unknown. The present study aimed to compare anxiety sensitivity (AS) and metacognition beliefs in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders, coronary heart diseases and healthy individuals in Isfahan, Iran.Subject or material and methodsThis case-control study was conducted on 50 patients with IBS and 50 patients with CHD who diagnosed by cardiologists and gastroenterologists and 50 healthy individuals were matched by the same demographic variables (Gender, Education level, Marital status, Occupational status). The data collection tools consisted of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) and Metacognition Questionnaire- 30 items (MCQ-30). The data were analyzed using Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).ResultsThe results showed CHD group has more significant physical concerns and mental incapacitation concerns compare to IBS and control groups. It means CHD patients have more fear of physical symptoms related to anxiety (such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, trembling and feeling faint) and physical symptoms related to anxiety (such as lack of concentration and nervousness). Also IBS group has significantly higher positive metacognitive beliefs than CHD and control groups.DiscussionThe results showed that AS and metacognitive beliefs about worry play a crucial role in PFAMC such as IBS and CHD. Hence, the management of AS and metacognitive beliefs by clinicians in the treatment of these disorders is recommended.ConclusionsManagement of AS and metacognitive beliefs by clinicians in the treatment of PFAMCdisorders is important.

Metacognitive Rating Scale: A Study Applying a Korean Translation to Individuals with Schizophrenia.

Metacognition is a higher-level cognition of identifying one’s own mental status, beliefs, and intentions. This research comprised a survey of 184 people with schizophrenia to verify the reliability of the metacognitive rating scale (MCRS) with the revised and supplemented metacognitions questionnaire (MCQ) to measure the dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs of people with schizophrenia by adding the concepts of anger and anxiety. This study analyzed the data using principal component analysis and the varimax method for exploratory factor analysis. To examine the reliability of the extracted factors, Cronbach’s α was used. According to the results, reliability was ensured for five factors: positive beliefs about worry, negative beliefs about uncontrollability and danger of worry, cognitive confidence, need for control, and cognitive self-consciousness. The negative beliefs about uncontrollability and danger of worry and the need for control on anger expression, which were both added in this research, exhibited the highest correlation (r = 0.727). The results suggest that the MCRS is a reliable tool to measure the metacognition of people with schizophrenia.

Predicting Academic Resilience based on Metacognitive Beliefs and Achievement Motivation in High School Students in Shiraz, Iran

Background Resilience is one of the other essential variables that, in the educational setting, despite challenges and environmental difficulties, is regarded as a very high likelihood of success in school and other life situations.The purpose of this study was to predict academic resilience based on metacognitive beliefs and achievement motivation in first-grade high school students in Shiraz, Iran. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with a correlational design. The study population comprised all first-grade high school students in Shiraz, Iran. The research sample included 162 students (79 boys and 83 girls) selected by the multi-stage cluster sampling method. The Academic Resilience Inventory (ARI), the Metacognition Questionnaire (MCQ-30), and the Herman's Achievement Motivation Questionnaire were used to measure the studied variables. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22.0. Results: 162 (49.40%) of the students were females. The results showed that metacognitive beliefs could predict students 'academic resilience β = -0.601; p < 0.01) and achievement motivation, improving students' academic resilience. According to F = 27.285, the fitted regression model's significance at the 95% confidence level. Considering R 2 = 0.15, it can be claimed that 15% of the changes in students' resilience are explained by achievement motivation. Conclusion Based on the results, metacognitive beliefs and motivation for progress significantly predict students' academic resilience.

A discriminant analysis model of psychosocial predictors of problematic Internet use and cannabis use disorder in university students

Researchers have found similarities and differences between behavioral and drug addictions. The present study was designed to explore which of a series of psychosocial predictors of addictive behaviors could differentiate problematic Internet use (PIU) and Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) in a sample of University students. A total of 144 participants (76 males, mean age = 23.03 years ± 2.83) were separated into three groups: those presenting with PIU (18 females, Mean age = 22.27 years), those presenting with CUD (22 female, Mean age = 22.73 years), and a control group (28 female, Mean age = 24.04 years). Participants completed the Internet Abusive Use Questionnaire (IAUQ), the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11), the Multidimensional Distress Tolerance Scale (MDTS), the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), the Metacognitions Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30), and the Repetitive Thinking Questionnaire-10 (RTQ-10). The classification analysis results showed that 68.8% of the control group, 70.8% of the PIU group, and 81.3% of the CUD group were correctly classified in their respective groups. In addition, the results of the discriminant function analysis showed that there was a significant difference between members of the PIU and CUD groups in the degree of family support (0.45), significant other (0.33), tolerance of physical discomfort (0.30), reappraisal (0.42), and cognitive confidence (0.35). The findings provide evidence that specific psychosocial predictors can discriminate PIU from CUD.

엘리트 운동선수를 위한 수행 중 메타인지 척도의 타당성 검증

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to verify whether the metacognitive scale of athletes developed by Love, Kannis-Dymand & Lovell (2019) can be used by domestic athletes.<BR> Method: A preliminary survey was conducted for elite athletes in Korea in order to secure the content validity and equivalence of the modified scale, and then this survey was conducted. For the collected data, a total of 309 data were analyzed, excluding 11 copies that were unscrupulously written such as non-response and double entry. First, the descriptive statistics of the items were identified, and the validity of the scale was verified by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In addition, the reference validity was re-verified through the correlation analysis between the sub-factors of self-regulation, and finally, the centralized validity and discriminant validity of the scale were confirmed.<BR> Results: As a result, it was confirmed that 3 factors and 15 questions in the same factor structure as the original scale were suitable for the domestic situation.<BR> Conclusion: Through this study, it is found that the metacognition questionnaire of Love, Kannis-Dymand & Lovell (2019) is believed to be helpful in understanding the causes of competition insecurity among domestic players.

Dysfunctional Metacognitive Beliefs in Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Pattern of Their Changes Following a 3-Month Treatment.

Introduction: Metacognitions are considered to be crucial factors for the development and maintenance of pathologic anxiety. The present case–control study aimed to examine how metacognitive beliefs are associated with the diagnostic status and subtypes of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). In addition, we examined the pattern of changes in metacognitive beliefs after a 3-month pharmacological treatment in patients with OCD.Methods: A total of 562 cases with OCD and 236 healthy controls were assessed with the Metacognitions Questionnaire (MCQ) and various measures of OC symptom severity. Multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) with covariates were conducted to explore the relationship between subdimensions of metacognitive beliefs and OCD disease status. In addition, for the OCD patients, Pearson's correlation was performed between baseline MCQ subdimensions and Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory-Revised-Korean subscales (OCI-R-K). Finally, in a subset of drug-free OCD patients (n = 144), the MCQ was reassessed after 3 months of treatment and patterns of changes in subdimensions of the MCQ were examined.Results: Patients with OCD scored significantly higher on the four dimensions of the MCQ. There were significant associations between all MCQ subdimensions and OCI-R-K subscales. In the repeated-measure MANOVA, a significant group (non-responders vs. responders)-by-time interaction effect was found only for the negative beliefs about the uncontrollability and danger of worry (NB) subdimension (F = 10.75; η2 = 0.072; p = 0.001).Conclusion: The presence of dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs in OCD subjects and their association with OCD characteristics suggest that dysfunctional metacognitions may play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of OCD. Improvement of metacognitive beliefs in the NB dimension may be a clinically meaningful correlate of good treatment response in the pharmacological treatment of OCD.

Maladaptive metacognitive beliefs mediated the effect of intolerance of uncertainty on depression.

Both elevated intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and maladaptive metacognitive beliefs (MBs) were associated with depression. However, the relationship between MBs and IU in clinical depression is unclear. The current study aimed to investigate the putative impairment of MBs and IU in major depressive disorder (MDD) and explore the relationship between these two factors with depressive symptoms. Metacognition Questionnaire-30 Items (MCQ-30), Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-Short Form (IUS-12) and clinical rating scales were administered to 53 patients with MDD and 56 healthy controls (HCs). Stepwise regressions were performed to explore independent contributions of MBs and IU on depression. Mediation analysis was used to examine associations among variables. Patients with MDD reported higher IUS-12 and MCQ-30 scores than HCs. Stepwise regressions revealed a unique contribution of negative MBs concerning the consequences of not controlling thoughts (MCQ-NC) on depression symptoms while controlling the effects of age, gender, anxiety symptoms and IU. MCQ-NC and negative MBs concerning the uncontrollability and danger of negative thinking (MCQ-NEG) completely mediated the effects of IU on depression and anxiety symptoms. Our results provided clear evidence that maladaptive negative MBs are directly associated with depression symptoms, and mediated the effect of IU on depression and anxiety symptoms, suggesting that IU and MBs influence clinical symptoms in a hierarchical manner.

Relationship between Impulsivity and Meta-Cognition with Cognitive Failures

Abstract Introduction: Inadvertent mistakes are often major problems in daily life. Cognitive failure is the nomenclature attributed to these defects and cognitive failures questionnaire measures the self-reported frequency of these mistakes. It is hypothesized that impulsivity and meta-cognition have underlying associations with cognitive failures. The present study aimed to explore the relationship between impulsivity and meta-cognition with cognitive failures. Method: A randomly selected sample of 125 university students (age range: 18-22) administered the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ), UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale Questionnaire, and Meta-Cognition Questionnaire (MCQ). Data were analyzed using regression. Results: The results indicated that the component of meta-cognition, cognitive confidence had a positive significant relationship with cognitive failures (r=0.51, p<0.01). Furthermore, amongst components of impulsivity, urgency had a significant negative relationship with cognitive failures (r=-0.44, p<0.01). A regression analysis revealed that cognitive confidence and urgency could predict cognitive failure variance. According to Beta coefficients, relative potion of cognitive confidence to predict CF was 51% at first step and 40% in the second. Relative potion of urgency in the second step was 27%. Conclusion: The effect of little urgency and inefficient cognitive confidence is noticeable in distraction, memory problems, blunders and lack of names remembering.

The predictor role of metacognition and emotion recognition in internet gaming disorder among late adolescents

IntroductionInternet gaming is acknowledged as a common leisure activity among adolescents yet only a little known about the pscyhodevelopmental roots. Emotion recognition and metacognition which are proved to be determinants in behavioral disorders may be considered salient factors in also internet gaming disorder (IGD).ObjectivesThe research to date has focused on psychological comorbidities rather than risk factors (e.g. dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs, emotion recognition deficits), whereas, improved early intervention would be more likely if risk factors were well defined, especially before the onset of the illness. The objective of this study was to investigate these areas by analyzing associations between metacognitive beliefs, emotion recognition, and IGD among late adolescents with tendency for pathological gaming behavior.Methods806 high school students were recruited and instructed to take Internet Gaming Disorder Scale (IGDT), Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (MCQ-C) and Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test - Children’s Version (RMET).ResultsMean comparisons corresponding to IGD risk potential showed that positive meta-worry and superstitious, punishment, and responsibility beliefs of MCQ-C were significantly higher in the risky group, whereas; RMET neutral subtest was significantly higher in the non-risky group. Additionally, a positive correlation was found in all subtests of MCQ-C, RMET positive emotions and IGD. Regression analysis revealed that RMET positive subtest and positive meta-worry of MCQ-C predict IGD risk.ConclusionsThe findings of the study partially corroborated the early results found among early adolescents; however, they also indicated the requirement of distinct therapeutic approach for cognitive interventions of IGD in late adolescence period.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Sports-specific metacognitions: associations with flow state in triathletes

ABSTRACT Objectives This study investigated associations between triathletes’ sports-specific metacognitive beliefs, metacognitive processes measured prior to a triathlon (n = 193), and in-event flow measured post event (n = 76).. Method The Metacognitive questionnaires were administered to triathletes one day prior to the event, and the flow scale was administered just following the event. Bivariate correlations were used to test relationships with individual flow dimensions, while stepwise regressions were used to determine the strongest metacognitive predictors of meta processes and flow. Results Correlations indicated that metacognitive beliefs were negatively associated with various specific dimensions of flow (Cohen’s f2 = .28), while metacognitive processes positively associated with flow dimensions (Cohen’s f 2 = .49). Stepwise regressions revealed that specific metacognitive beliefs were negatively associated with metacognitive processes during competition (Cohen’s f2 = .08 to .49), including the coordination, evaluation and control of cognition. Further regressions demonstrated that negative beliefs about competitive thinking, thought control, and cognitive coordination predicted experience of flow during competition. Conclusions Overall, this study demonstrated that sports specific metacognitive beliefs and processes may influence the regulation of flow during a competition, however, further research using longitudinal and qualitative methodologies is required to understand the relationships further KEY POINTS (1)Flow state has been well established as mental state for optimal performance. (2)Manifesting flow requires effective self-regulation of attention and cognition. (3)Metacognitions have shown to influence attention and flow in athletes. (4)Sports-specific metacognitions were associated with various dimensions of flow state. (5)Sports-specific metacognitive beliefs predicted self-regulatory ability prior to performances. (6)Sports-specific metacognitions predicted the experience of flow during performances.

Association between Personality Traits and Metacognition among Pharmacy Students: Implication for Pharmaceutical Education

Abstract: Background: The importance of pharmacy practitioners’ personality traits in their professional development and future patient-centered pharmaceutical care practice has been widely recognized. Metacognitive skills in critical thinking, self-directed learning as a critical part of pharmacy training has been emphasized in the new pharmacy education accreditation standard. Correlation between metacognition and personality has been demonstrated in patients with personality pathology. Objectives: This work aimed to study the association between personality and metacognition among Chinese pharmacy students. Materials and Methods: A total of 130 pharmacy students voluntarily completed the 30-item Metacognitions Questionnaire (MCQ-30) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) to measure their metacognitions and personality traits, respectively. Results: Pearson Correlations showed a strong association between metacognition and NEO-FFI conscientiousness personality trait. NEO-FFI neuroticism was found weakly but significantly positively associated with overall MCQ-30 scores, strongly positively associated with metacognitive factors “Negative beliefs about worry” and “Cognitive self-consciousness”, moderately negatively associated with “Positive beliefs about worry” or “Cognitive confidence” subscales of MCQ-30. Scores on the NEO-FFI extraversion, openness or agreeableness and the metacognitive factor “Positive beliefs about worry”, “Cognitive confidence” or “Negative beliefs about worry” were highly correlated. Conclusion: This study firstly linked pharmacy students’ personality traits to their metacognition levels, suggesting that educational interventions to develop metacognitive skills might contribute to the improvement of students’ personality traits. Key words: Personality, Metacognition, Association, Pharmacy students, Pharmaceutical education.

Relationship of Academic Vitality, Academic Self-efficacy, and Metacognitive Skills with Lifelong Learning Concerning Mediating role of Study Approaches

Background: Nowadays, learning is one of the most important factors in the lives of human beings. Lifelong learning and its effective variables are the topics of discussion in the contemporary era. In this regard, the present study was done to investigate the relationship between academic vitality, academic self-efficacy, and metacognitive skills, and lifelong learning concerning the mediating role of study approaches among students of Payame Noor University, Kangavar branch in the academic year 2016-2017. Methods: A random sampling method was used to select the participants. The sample size was determined to be 168 students. The required data were collected using the Academic Vitality Inventory, the Self-efficacy Scale, the Metacognition Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30), Approaches and Study Skills Inventory for Students (ASSIST), and the Lifelong Learning Inventory. In total, 128 questionnaires were completely filled out and collected. Results: The results were analyzed using the Pearson Correlation and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using PLS and SPSS v. 20 software. The results showed that the model suitably fitted the data. The main research hypothesis was accepted at the 0.002 significance level. Academic self-efficacy, study approaches and skills, and metacognitive skills were directly correlated with lifelong learning (r=0.436, p=0.001). Conclusion: Education and emphasis on study give incentives for lifelong learning. In a normal situation, no relationship was found between lifelong learning and other factors.

Measurement of Unwanted Thought Suppression Strategies with the Thought Control Questionnaire in the General Polish Population: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Validation.

IntroductionAlthough psychological studies have suggested both the desired and paradoxical effects of unwanted thought suppression, we still know little about this mechanism. It has been proposed that individual differences in using specific strategies to suppress intrusions explain why contradictory effects of suppression are observed. The main aims of the study were to investigate the factor structure of the Polish version of Thought Control Questionnaire (TCQ) and verify whether this structure corresponds to the original version of the TCQ measurement.MethodsUsing the TCQ, which is a 30-item self-report measure, this research investigated individual thought control strategies to suppress intrusive thoughts in the general population. We used parallel analysis and theoretical interpretability to investigate the most appropriate factor structure of the inventory. To examine the validity of the Polish version of TCQ the correlational analysis of TCQ factors with other psychometric scales: Beck Depression Inventory, The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and The Metacognitions Questionnaire. The internal consistency of the TCQ subscales was also assessed by calculating the Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients for each factor.ResultsThe resulting five-factor solution explained 51.86% of the total variance. The Polish version of TCQ consisted of five subscales yielding satisfactory reliability values: 1) Punishment (α = 0.725); 2) Distraction (α = 0.688); 3) Social Control (α = 0.780); 4) Worry (α = 0.788; 5) Re-appraisal (α = 0.70).ConclusionThe five-factor solution was convergent with the dimensions that appeared in the original TCQ version and were observed in the most TCQ adaptations in various countries. Our findings support the psychological construct of thought-control strategies measured by TCQ and prove the satisfactory reliability of this self-report measure within a Polish population.

Metacognitive beliefs and emotional eating in adolescents.

Metacognition refers to how people think about their own thoughts. Existing studies have found that compared to healthy controls, individuals with eating disorders manifest elevated levels of dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs. No studies to date have investigated what role metacognitive beliefs play in the manifestation of emotional eating, a well-known risk factor for the development of eating disorders. The purpose of the current study was to assess the associations between metacognitive beliefs and emotional eating in a community sample of adolescents. Participants were 135 middle school students (Mean age = 13.62years; SD = 0.57) who completed the Emotional Eating Scale Adapted for Children and Adolescents-Short-Form, Metacognition Questionnaire for Children, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule for Children, and a demographic questionnaire. Participants classified as high emotional eaters reported statistically significant higher negative metacognitive beliefs (Mean = 15.56; SD = 4.22) compared to participants classified as low emotional eaters (Mean = 12.85; SD = 4.31; p ≤ 0.001; t = - 3.69). There was a significant positive association between emotional eating and negative metacognitive beliefs in the hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis (standardized beta coefficient = 0.25; p < 0.05) after controlling for socio-demographic variables and negative affect. The current findings provide preliminary evidence that negative metacognitive beliefs may play a role in the manifestation of emotional eating in adolescents. Future prospective studies are needed to elucidate the temporal associations between emotional eating and negative metacognitive beliefs in this population. Level III, case-control analytic study.