Metabolizable Research Articles

Energy utilization and requirement of broiler breeders during the production phase

This study aimed to evaluate energy utilization and propose models for metabolizable and net energy requirements in broiler breeders during the egg production phase. Sixty Cobb500 broiler breeders aged between 29 and 65 wk were randomly assigned to 3 feeding levels. At each age, 6 birds were adapted for 8 d to 3 levels of metabolizable energy intake (MEi), established based on the amount of feed allocated: 1) the amount of feed recommended in the guideline, 2) 25% above, and 3) 25% below. The birds were housed in respirometry chambers for 6 d (1 adaptation, 4 feeding state, 1 fasting) to measure oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production to calculate heat production (HP) and fasting HP (FHP). Daily measurements of feed intake, egg weight, egg production, and total excreta were recorded. Variables of MEi, HP, and retained energy (RE) in the egg were calculated, while RE in the body and its partitioning into fat and protein in the egg and body were calculated from MEi, total HP (THP), and RE in the egg. Statistical analysis involved linear regression of multiple factors with MEi and age (categorical) as the independent variables. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between visceral mass and the evaluated variables. The study proposed mixed models for developing models of energy requirements for both metabolizable (ME) and net systems (NE). The study found that FHP (average 259 ± 20.08 kJ/kg0.75*d) remained constant throughout the production cycle regardless of the MEi level (P > 0.05). The efficiency of energy utilization for depositing protein and fat in the body changed with the bird's age. The lower error model was considered to select ME requirements for maintenance, egg, and gain efficiencies, disregarding the effect of age. The efficiencies were 0.89, 0.78, and 0.80 for maintenance, gain, and egg production, respectively. The NE was unaffected by age and showed a lower error than the ME model. The NE system was found to be more accurate in expressing the energy requirements of broiler breeders.

Concentrations of Digestible, Metabolizable, and Net Energy in Coconut Co-products Fed to Growing Pigs

This experiment was conducted to determine the concentration of digestible (DE), metabolizable (ME), and net energy (NE), and to develop prediction equations for DE and ME in coconut co-products (CCP) fed to growing pigs. The CCP used were copra meal (CM), protein enriched copra meal (PECM), and white copra (WC) obtained from the different sources in the Philippines. Twenty-two growing barrows (PIC L337 × C24; initial BW 18.74 ± 0.91 kg) were individually housed in metabolism cages that allowed for a total but separated collection of feces and urine. Pigs were arranged in a replicated 11 × 3 Youden square design with 11 dietary treatments at three periods each. A basal diet that contained 96.26% corn, and ten additional diets consisting of 70% basal diet and 30% CCP were formulated. All diets have the same proportion of corn and other ingredients. Fecal, urine, diet, and CCP samples were analyzed for gross energy (GE) using bomb calorimetry. The DE and ME concentrations of CCP diets and ingredients were calculated. The NE of diets and ingredients were estimated using the prediction equation (NE = 0.870 × ME – 442). The DE, ME, and NE concentrations differed (P < 0.001) among CCP and ranged from 1,843 to 3,284, 1,666 to 3,211, and 1,008 to 2,352 kcal/kg DM, respectively. The DE (3,193 kcal/kg DM), ME (3,074 kcal/kg DM), and NE (1,774 kcal/kg DM) concentrations of CM was greater (P < 0.001) than PECM (1,859, 1,717, and 1,052 kcal/kg DM, respectively) but with similar DE (2,657 kcal/kg DM), ME (2,562 kcal/kg DM), and NE (1,787 kcal/kg DM) of WC. However, the DE, ME, and NE of WC was greater (P < 0.001) than PECM. A positive correlation (r ≥ 0.72; P < 0.05) was observed between the DE and ME and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in 8 CCP (excluding WC samples). The DE and ME concentrations in CCP may be predicted using the following equations: 1) DE = -715.30 + 101.42 × % ADF (R2 = 0.52, RMSE = 403.85, P = 0.04); and 2) ME = -983.16 + 106.13 × % ADF (R2 = 0.51, RMSE = 427.42, P = 0.04). In conclusion, DE and ME concentrations differ among CCP sources fed to growing pigs. Moreover, DE and ME values in CCP can be predicted using ADF as independent variable.

Methodologies for energy evaluation of pig and poultry feeds: A review

The cost of feed represents an important part of the total cost in swine and poultry production (>60%) with energy accounting for at least 70% of feed cost. The energy value of ingredients or compound feeds can be estimated as digestible (DE), metabolisable (ME) and net energy (NE) in pigs and ME and NE in poultry. The current paper reviews the different methods for evaluating DE, ME and NE of feeds for monogastric animals and their difficulties and limits, with a focus on NE. In pigs and poultry, energy digestibility depends on the chemical characteristics of the feed, but also on technology (pelleting, for instance) and animal factors such as their health and body weight. The ME value includes the energy losses in urine that are directly dependent on the proportion of dietary N excreted in urine resulting in the concept of ME adjusted for a zero N balance (MEn) in poultry. For poultry, the concept of true ME (TME, TMEn), which excludes the endogenous fecal and urinary energy losses from the excreta energy, was also developed. The measurement of dietary NE is more complex, and NE values of a given feed depend on the animal and environmental factors and also measurement and calculation methods. The combination of NE values of diets obtained under standardised conditions allows calculating NE prediction equations that are applicable to both ingredients and compound feeds. The abundance of energy concepts, especially for poultry, and the numerous feed and animal factors of variation related to energy digestibility or ME utilisation for NE suggest that attention must be paid to the experimental conditions for evaluating DE, ME or NE content. This also suggests the necessity of standardisations, one of them being, as implemented in pigs, an adjustment of ME values in poultry for an N retention representative of modern production conditions (MEs). In conclusion, this review illustrates that, in addition to numerous technical difficulties for evaluating energy in pigs and poultry, the absolute energy values depend on feed and animal factors, the environment, and the methods and concepts. Finally, as implemented in pigs, the use of NE values should be the objective of a more reliable energy system for poultry feeds.

Apparent total and ileal digestibility of rice bran with or without multicarbohydrase and phytase in weaned piglets

In the first 2 weeks after weaning, the piglets' digestive system cannot efficiently digest the new diet with vegetal ingredients. This study evaluated the effects of multicarbohydrase – MC (700 U α-galactosidase, 2200 U galactomannanase, 3000 U xylanase and 22 000 U β-glucanase per kilogram of diet), and phytase – Phy (500 phytase units – FTU/kg of diet) supplementation on the nutritive value of rice bran (RB) in weaned piglets. Twenty-five weaned piglets, 21 days old, were individually caged to determine the apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ash, digestible (DE), metabolisable (ME) energy, methane production, as well as apparent (AID) and standardised (SID) ileal amino acid digestibility in RB. Treatments were applied in a completely randomised experimental design with a 2 × 2 (0 and 200 mg/kg MC; 0 and 50 mg/kg Phy) factorial arrangement. An additional group of five piglets was fed a corn-basal diet (BD) during apparent digestibility evaluation of nutrients and a 5% casein-corn starch basal (BD1) diet during apparent and standardised ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acid evaluation. Ileal digesta were collected at slaughtering (38 days old). Test diets were made by mixing the basal diets and RB 7: 3 (w/w), with or without MC, Phy-or the combination. There was a positive interaction (P < 0.05) between MC and Phy-in the balance of CP and energy. An effect of Phy (P < 0.05) was observed on DM, CP and ash digestibility, whereas MC only improved N retention (P < 0.05). The pronounced effect of Phy-on ash digestibility of RB confirmed what was expected; however, it had no equivalent effect on amino acid digestibility. Based on literature data, the nutrient balance and digestible energy of RB without enzymes were lower than those using older pigs; AID and SID values for indispensable amino acids were 39 and 17% lower, respectively. The combination MC + Phy-showed an effect (P < 0.05) on Ile, Leu, Thr, Trp-and Val-digestibility. Isolated or combined, the enzymes increased the AID and SID averages of all amino acids in RB (P < 0.05). Enzyme combination provided a positive synergy for energy and protein digestibility of RB. The MC + Phy-RB test diet produced less methane, followed by Phy-and MC diets.

INFLUENCE OF CONCENTRATE SUPPLEMENTATION WITH BROWSE PLANT (GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM) ON NUTRIENT UTILIZATION AND GROWTH OF THE WEST AFRICAN DWARF (FOUTA DJALLON) KIDS

TWELVE West African dwarf (Fouta Djallon) kids, 4 to 6 months of age and weighing between 5.96 and 7.24kg, were used in the study of three dietary treatments involving a basal diet of browse plant (gliricidia Septum) supplemented with concentrate feed at 25 and 50% levels of dry matter intake to appetite. The diets were fed for a period of three months in order to estimate nutrient intake and utilization, protein and energy requirements including growth performances of the kids. Kids maintained on gliricidia sepium alone (G1000CO) needed significantly (P/0.05) more dry matter (DM) consumption to appetite (294.66 ± 14.941 g/day) than kids maintained on either 75% gliricidia sepium plus 25% concentrate (G75 C25) or 50% gliricidia sepium plus 50% concentrate (GC)50 (236.26±0.385kg) than either kids on treatments G100C0 or (GC)50 (6.84±0.214 and 6.92±0.313kg respectively). DM intake as a percentage of liveweight was about 3.60 +0.237%. The kids were in positive nitrogen balance and the nitrogen retention value ranged from 31.36 ±1.633 to 50.22 ±0.994%. Metabolic faecal nitrogen (MFN) and endogenous urinary nitrogen (ENU) were 0.232±0.005g/100g DM intake and 0.070 g/day wkg734 respectively. The biological value (BV) of the diets ranged from 56.79 to 75.62%. The digestible crude protein (DCP) requirement for maintenance was 0.853±0.133 g/day/wkg734 while the DCP requirement for liveweight gain was 0.030±0.001 g/day/wkg734 per g of liveweight gain. The digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable (ME) energy requirements for maintenance were 124.42±3.274 kcal/day/wkg734 and 100.78 + 4.588 kcal/day/wkg734 respectively. Results showed that the utilization of the browse plant (gliricidia sepium) by the kids was best when fed at 75% browse plus 25% concentrate.

A new source of high-protein distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) has greater digestibility of amino acids and energy, but less digestibility of phosphorus, than de-oiled DDGS when fed to growing pigs.

AbstractThree experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA), concentration of metabolizable (ME), and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in a new source of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS; ProCap DDGS) are greater than in conventional de-oiled DDGS. In experiment 1, nine barrows (initial BW: 67.2 ± 6.4 kg) with a T-cannula in the distal ileum were allotted to a triplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with three diets and three periods for a total of nine replicate pigs per diet. Two diets included ProCap DDGS or de-oiled DDGS as the sole source of crude protein (CP) and AA. An N-free diet was used to determine the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Ileal digesta were collected on days 5 and 6 of each period after 4 d of adaptation to diets. Results from experiment 1 indicated that ProCap DDGS contained more CP and AA compared with de-oiled DDGS. The SID of all AA in ProCap DDGS was greater (P < 0.001) compared with de-oiled DDGS with the exception that the SID of Pro was not different between the two sources of DDGS. In experiment 2, 24 growing barrows (initial BW: 32.7 ± 3.1 kg) were housed individually in metabolism crates and used in a randomized complete block design and fed a corn-based diet or two diets containing corn and each source of DDGS with eight replicate pigs per diet. Fecal and urine samples were collected for 4 d after 7 d of adaptation. Results from experiment 2 indicated that concentration of ME in ProCap DDGS was greater (P < 0.05) compared with corn or de-oiled DDGS. In experiment 3, 32 growing barrows (initial BW: 20.2 ± 0.9 kg) were placed in metabolism crates and allotted to four diets with eight pigs per diet using a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement. The de-oiled DDGS and ProCap DDGS were both included in a diet without microbial phytase and a diet with microbial phytase (500 units/kg diet). Pigs were adapted to the diets for 5 d and fecal samples were collected for 4 d. Results from experiment 3 indicated that inclusion of phytase in the diet containing ProCap DDGS increased (P < 0.05) the STTD of P, but addition of phytase to the de-oiled DDGS diet did not increase STTD of P (interaction, P < 0.001), but the STTD of P was greater (P < 0.05) in de-oiled DDGS compared with ProCap DDGS. In conclusion, ProCap DDGS has greater SID of AA and contains more ME, but has reduced STTD of P compared with conventional de-oiled DDGS.

Amino acid digestibility and energy use by weaned piglets fed yellow corn, sorghum and an exogenous enzymes combination

In weaned piglet diets, about 20% of the total protein and amino acids (AA) comes from the inclusion of sorghum or yellow corn. Therefore, the fraction of digestible amino acids of these ingredients is important for diet formulations. The ileal-cannulated pig model is not used in younger pigs due to difficulties related to implanting T-cannula in the distal ileum and possible subsequent problems. Thus, the present study evaluated the apparent digestibility of yellow corn and sorghum in piglets by total collection and digestibility of amino acids by the slaughter method. Fifty weaned piglets, at 21-d-old, were divided into two assays to determine effects of multi-carbohydrase (MC) preparation (700 U α-galactosidase, 2,200 U galactomannanase, 3,000 U xylanase, and 22,000 U β-glucanase per kg of diet) and phytase (Phy, 500 FTU per kg of diet) supplementation on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ash, digestible (DE) and metabolizable (ME) energy and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in yellow corn (YC) and sorghum. Piglets were individually caged and ileal digesta were collected at slaughter (38 d old). A completely randomized experimental design with a 2 × 2 (0 and 200 MC; 0 and 50 Phy) factorial treatment arrangement. A basal diet (BD) was used for an additional group of 5 piglets. Corn BD was used for ATTD determination, and corn-starch BD2 containing 50 g/kg casein was used to estimate AA losses. YC and sorghum replaced 30% of BD. There was no interaction effect (P > 0.05) of the enzyme combination on the apparent digestibility of nutrients, energy, AID and SID of AA of YC and sorghum. The apparent effect from the combination of the enzymes, in fact, was due to the presence of MC, as shown by its isolated inclusion. The supplementation of MC improved ATTD of sorghum DM (P = 0.041) regardless of Phy-supplementation. Piglets weaned at 21 days of age showed lower capacity to use energy and nutrients in the subsequent three weeks, compared to NRC and the Brazilian tables. Isolated or combined, the enzymes did not increase the digestibility coefficients of YC, however, MC increased DM digestibility of sorghum.

126 Energy (ME)-releasing efficacy of graded levels of 6-phytase, Natuphos® E, and a NSPase, Natugrain® TS, in 35 kg pigs fed corn/soy diets

Abstract This study evaluated the metabolizable (ME) release of graded levels of phytase when fed to 35 kg pigs on mash corn/soy diets formulated to meet or exceed current NRC (2012) recommendations. A total of 280 male (PIC 337 x Camborough) pigs were used in a randomized complete block design with pen as the experimental unit, treatment as the fixed effect, and block as the random effect (4 pig/pen x 8 treatments x 10 replications). Pigs were blocked by sex and weight. Treatments groups consisted of PC, NC1=PC- 0.17% Ca, - 0.15% aP, -0.02% Na, -200 kcal/kg, T1=NC +1000 FTU/kg phytase+0.15 g/kg NSPase, T2=NC+1500 FTU/kg phytase+0.15 g/kg NSPase, T3=NC+2000 FTU/kg phytase+0.15 g/kg NSPase, T4=NC+2500 FTU/kg phytase+0.15 g/kg NSPase and T5=NC+3000 FTU/kg phytase +0.15 g/kg NSPase. TiO2 was used as the undigestible marker. Feed, rectum grabbed fecal samples were collected at 35 kg pigs. ME was 3407, 3213, 3301, 3329, 3345, 3354 and 3358 Kcal/kg, P &lt; 0.05, respectively. The NC reduced the ME by 194 Kcal/kg versus the PC. 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500 and 3000 FTU/kg released 87, 116, 132, 141 and 145 Kcal/kg, respectively. Least cost formulation reduced net feed costs by $8.63, $9.22, $11.10, $11.90 and $12.39/ton, respectively. In conclusion, Natuphos E by breaking down phytic acid and Natugrain TS by breaking down NSPs released up to 145 Kcal/kg ME in pigs.

Effects of variety and storage duration on the nutrient digestibility and the digestible and metabolisable energy content of maize fed to growing pigs

ABSTRACTThe objective of this research was to determine the effects of variety and storage duration on the nutrient digestibility and the digestible (DE) and metabolisable (ME) energy content in maize when fed to growing pigs. Four maize varieties (LS1, LS2, LS3 and LS4) were hand-harvested from the same growing area in China in early October of 2012. The samples were sun dried to about 14% moisture content and then stored in the warehouse of the Fengning Pig Experiment Base at China Agricultural University for 0, 3 or 10 months. Twenty-four barrows of about 33 kg body weight were used and allotted to a completely randomised block design with four diets and six replicate pigs per diet. Pigs were individually housed in metabolic crates. The four experimental diets were formulated by mixing 96.8% of each variety of maize with 3.2% vitamins and minerals. A 5-day collection period followed a 7-day diet acclimation period. The results indicated that the DE and ME contents of maize and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of organic matter (OM), dry matter, gross energy (GE), neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre (ADF), crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) were significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by maize variety and storage duration. With an extension of storage duration from 0 to 10 months, the DE and ME of maize and the ATTD of OM, GE, ADF, CP and EE changed in a quadratic manner (p < 0.05), and 3 months of storage exceeded 0 months of storage by 1.84%, 1.43%, 0.31%, 0.32%, 15.37%, 2.11% and 5.02%, respectively. The DE, ME of maize and the ATTD of OM, GE, ADF, CP and EE decreased by 3.67%, 6.00%, 0.97%, 1.40%, 30.54%, 3.92% and 20.93%, respectively, at 10 months of storage compared to 3 months of storage. No interaction was observed between maize variety and storage duration in DE and ME contents in maize. In conclusion, under the conditions of this study, most of the nutrient digestibility and the DE and ME contents of maize increased from 0 to 3 months and decreased from 3 to 10 months.

Canola meal on starting pigs feeding

Three experiments were carried out to determine the nutritional values and evaluate the performance of piglets fed on canola meal. In experiment I, a digestibility assay was conducted using fourteen barrow pigs, with an initial body weight of 20.62±3.30 kg. The evaluated feedstuff was canola meal, with a level of 250 g/kg in the basal diet (corn + soybean meal-based). The experimental unit consisted of one pig, with a total of seven experimental units per diet. The values as (fed basis) of digestible (DE) and metabolizable (ME) energy of canola meal were 2,995 kcal/kg and 2,796 kcal/kg, respectively. In experiment II, ileal digestibility assays were carried out to determine the apparent and true ileal digestibility coefficient and digestible amino acids. Three crossbred pigs were used, with a BW of 38.6±1.98 kg. The treatments consisted of two diets, with a single source of protein (canola meal) and one protein-free diet (OFD). The values of digestible amino acids in canola meal were as follows: lysine: 11.8 g/kg; methionine+cystine: 9.1 g/kg; threonine: 7.9 g/kg; tryptophan: 2.4 g/kg; leucine: 15.7 g/kg; and isoleucine: 8.7 g/kg. In experiment III, 60 piglets (BW= 15.08±0.72 kg to 30.26±2.78 kg) were allotted in a completely randomized design. The treatments consisted of four diets with increasing levels of canola meal (50, 100, 150 and 200 g/kg), six replicates and experimental unit consisted of two pigs. Additionally, a control diet was formulated containing 0.0 g/kg CM. Regression analysis indicates that there was no effect (P?0.05) of the level of canola meal inclusion on pigs performance. The performance results suggest that it is feasible to use up to 200 g/kg of canola meal in starting pigs diet, without impairing performance and the feeding cost.

The effect of inclusion level and basal diet on the determination of the digestible and metabolisable energy content of soybean oil and its digestibility when fed to growing pigs

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of inclusion level and type of basal diet on the digestible (DE) and metabolisable (ME) energy content of soybean oil and its digestibility when fed to growing pigs. Thirty-six barrows (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire weighing 34.2 ± 3.8 kg) were randomly allotted to a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement involving two basal diets and three levels of soybean oil (0%, 5% and 10%). One basal diet was based on corn and soybean meal. The other basal diet was based on corn starch and casein. The barrows were housed in individual metabolism crates to facilitate separate collection of faeces and urine, and were fed the assigned test diets at 4% of initial bodyweight per day. A 5-day total collection of faeces and urine followed a 7-day diet-adaptation period. The DE and ME contents of soybean oil were significantly affected by the dietary inclusion level (P &lt; 0.05), but not by the type of basal diet. The DE contents of soybean oil at the 5% and 10% inclusion level were 34.99 and 37.63 MJ/kg, respectively, for the corn–soybean meal basal diet and 33.72 and 35.21 MJ/kg, respectively, for the corn starch–casein basal diet. The respective corresponding values for ME were 33.91, 37.07, 33.06 and 34.83 MJ/kg. The DE values calculated from regression equation were 38.05 and 37.85 MJ/kg, respectively, for corn–soybean meal and corn starch–casein basal diet. The DE value calculated from regression equation was greater than the values determined from the difference method for corn starch–casein basal diet. The value of endogenous loss for acid-hydrolysed ether extract was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for corn–soybean meal basal diet than for corn starch–casein (13.06 g/kg of dry matter intake for corn–soybean meal basal diet and 1.37 g/kg of dry matter intake for corn starch–casein basal diet, respectively). The values of the true total tract digestibility and apparent total tract digestibility of soybean oil determined from the corn–soybean meal basal diet were not different from those determined from the corn starch–casein basal diet (true total tract digestibility: 97.1% and 95.4%; apparent total tract digestibility: 95.8% and 95.3%, respectively). In conclusion, the DE and ME values of soybean oil are affected by its inclusion level but not by basal diet. The type of basal diet did not affect the digestibility of soybean oil, but affected the endogenous loss of acid-hydrolysed ether extract for soybean oil.

Energy and amino acid digestibility of camelina cake fed to growing pigs

This experiment was conducted to determine the apparent (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility, (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA), the digestible (DE), metabolizable (ME) and calculated net energy (NE) values of screw-pressed camelina cake (SPCC) fed to growing pigs. Six ileal cannulated barrows [(Yorkshire-Landrace)×Duroc] with an average BW of 80kg were assigned to two experimental diets in a two period crossover design to give six observations per diet. Each period lasted for 10d; the initial 5d for diet adaptation, followed by 3d for urine and feces collection, and 2d for ileal digesta collection. Pigs were fed either a corn–soybean meal basal diet formulated to meet NRC (1998) (Nutrient Requirements of Swine, 10th ed. National Academic Press, Washington, DC) nutrient requirements for 50 to 80kg pigs or the basal diet with a portion of the corn and soybean meal replaced by 200g/kg SPCC. The daily feed allowance was set at 40g/kg BW at the beginning of each period and offered in two equal portions at 0800 and 1600h. Titanium dioxide (3g/kg) was included as an indigestible marker. The AID and SID of CP and AA as well as DE and ME values in SPCC were determined by the difference method. The SID of CP and AA was calculated using published values for basal endogenous AA losses obtained from our laboratory and NE was calculated using the determined components from chemical analyses. The GE, CP, lysine, methionine, threonine, ether extract, NDF, ADF and glucosinolate contents of SPCC (on a DM basis) were 21.5MJ/kg, 381, 18, 6.8, 16.8, 119, 315, 203g/kg and 36.3μmol/g, respectively. The SID coefficient of CP for SPCC was 0.65. The coefficient of SID of lysine, methionine and threonine for SPCC were 0.58, 0.53 and 0.53, respectively. The DE, ME, and calculated NE values of SPCC were 17.5, 16.2 and 10.2MJ/kg, respectively. In conclusion, SPCC has potential as an energy source given its remaining oil content, however, its digestibility coefficients for AA and CP were low, and could limit its utilization in swine diets. The SID AA, DE, ME, and calculated NE values of SPCC obtained from the current study could be used when formulating diets and to obtain predictable animal performance.

Determination of the net energy content of canola meal from Brassica napus yellow and Brassica juncea yellow fed to growing pigs using indirect calorimetry

The net energy (NE) content of canola meals (CM; i.e. Brassica napus yellow and Brassica juncea yellow) in growing pigs was determined using an indirect calorimetry chamber or published prediction equations. The study was conducted as a completely randomized design (n=6), with (i) a basal diet and (ii) 2 diets containing 700 g/kg of the basal diet and 300 g/kg of either of the two varieties of CM. A total of 18 growing barrows were housed in metabolism crates for the determination of digestible (DE) and metabolizable (ME) energy. Thereafter, pigs were transferred to the indirect calorimetry chamber to determine heat production (HP). The NE contents of diets containing Brassica napus yellow and Brassica juncea yellow determined with the direct determination technique and prediction equations were 9.8 versus 10.3 MJ/kg dry matter (DM) and 10.2 versus 10.4 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Retained energy (RE) and fasting heat production (FHP) of diets containing Brassica napus yellow and Brassica juncea yellow were 5.5 versus 5.7 MJ/kg and 4.3 versus 4.5 MJ/kg, respectively, when measured with the direct determination technique and prediction equations. The NE contents of Brassica napus yellow and Brassica juncea yellow were determined to be 8.8 and 9.8 MJ/kg DM, respectively, using the direct determination technique.

Effect of feeding level on ileal and total tract digestibility of nutrients and energy from soybean meal‐based diets for piglets

A total of 36 piglets with an initial body weight (BW) of 5.6 ± 0.7 kg, fitted with simple T-cannulas at the distal ileum, were used to evaluate the effect of three graded feeding levels (50, 75 or 100 g/kg BW(0.75) day) on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N) and energy, and on ATTD of organic matter (OM), ether extracts (EE), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and digestible (DE), metabolisable (ME) and net energy (NE) content in soybean meal (SBM)-casein-cornstarch-based diets. The AID of DM, N and energy and ATTD of NDF, ADF and EE in the diets were not affected (p > 0.05) by the feed intake (FI) level. There was a small decrease in ATTD of DM, N (CP), OM, ash and energy, and in DE, ME and NE content in the diets (p < 0.05) with increasing FI level. The net disappearance in the large intestine (in % of ileal recovery) decreased for DM, N and energy (p < 0.05) with increasing FI level. The design of the study allowed for estimating ileal endogenous loss of N and total tract endogenous loss of ash, N and EE, for estimating corresponding true ileal and total tract digestibility values, and for estimating urinary endogenous N loss. High variability in estimates of ileal endogenous N loss and total tract endogenous losses of N, EE and ash reflects great variation in individual endogenous losses between animals. Estimation of true total tract digestibility of N, EE and ash by regression analysis was affected by their decrease in ATTD with increasing FI level, as estimates for true digestibility were lower compared to their apparent values. The present results suggest that FI level can affect both apparent and true total tract nutrient digestibility in piglets.

Prediction of digestible and metabolizable energy content and standardized ileal amino Acid digestibility in wheat shorts and red dog for growing pigs.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of chemical composition of wheat shorts and red dog on energy and amino acid digestibility in growing pigs and to establish prediction models to estimate their digestible (DE) and metabolizable (ME) energy content and as well as their standardized ileal digestible (SID) amino acid content. For Exp. 1, sixteen diets were fed to thirty-two growing pigs according to a completely randomized design during three successive periods. The basal diet was based on corn and soybean meal while the other fifteen diets contained 28.8% wheat shorts (N = 7) or red dog (N = 8), added at the expense of corn and soybean meal. Over the three periods, each diet was fed to six pigs with each diet being fed to two pigs during each period. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy in wheat shorts and red dog averaged 75.1 and 87.9%. The DE values of wheat shorts and red dog averaged 13.8 MJ/kg (range 13.1 to 15.0 MJ/kg) and 15.1 MJ/kg (range 13.3 to 16.6 MJ/kg) of dry matter, respectively. For Exp. 2, twelve growing pigs were allotted to two 6×6 Latin Square Designs with six periods. Ten of the diets were formulated based on 60% wheat shorts or red dog and the remaining two diets were nitrogen-free diets based on cornstarch and sucrose. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was used as an indigestible marker in all diets. There were no differences (p>0.05) in SID values for the amino acids in wheat shorts and red dog except for lysine and methionine. Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and SID values for lysine in different sources of wheat shorts or red dog, which averaged 78.1 and 87.8%, showed more variation than either methionine or tryptophan. A stepwise regression was performed to establish DE, ME and amino acid digestibility prediction models. Data indicated that fiber content and amino acid concentrations were good indicators to predict energy values and amino acid digestibility, respectively. The present study confirms the large variation in the energy content and amino acid digestibility in wheat shorts and red dog, and describes the factors that influence this variation and presents equations based on chemical composition that could probably be used to predict the DE and ME values as well as the amino acid digestibility of wheat shorts and red dog.

Dehydrated brewery residue for pigs in the growth phase under high temperature conditions

This research was developed to evaluate the nutritional, digestible (DE) and metabolizable (ME) energy values of dehydrated brewery residue (DBR) for growing pigs, as well as to evaluate the performance of these animals, subjected to five levels of DBR inclusion (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%). The experimental design was of randomized blocks, based on animal weight. In the digestibility assay, 12 male piglets of average weight of 34.8±4.8 kg were utilized, while the performance assay had 40 piglets with average weight of 26.7±3.3 kg. Digestible and metabolizable protein values of dehydrated brewery residue for growing pigs reared in an environment of high temperatures were 22.47 and 22.06%, respectively, whereas digestible and metabolizable energy values of DBR were 3,371 and 3,364 kcal/kg, respectively. Dehydrated brewery residue can be included in diets for growing pigs up to the level of 20%.

Farklı Meşe Türlerinden Elde Edilen Palamutlarının Potansiyel Besleme Değeri ve Kondense Tanen İçerikleri

Summary The potential nutritive values of acorns of Quercus suber, Quercus branti, Quercus coccifera, Quercus cerris and Quercus infectoria were estimated by chemical composition and in vitro gas production technique. Acorns collected at least 10 different trees in three experimental plots. There were significant (P 0.5) differences in the potential gas production of acorn among oak species when incubated in the absence of PEG, there is significant (P<0.001) differences in the potential gas production of acorn among oak species when incubated in the presence of PEG. Although the estimated organic matter (OMD) and metabolisable (ME) contents of acorn for Q. suber and Q. infectoria were significantly (P<0.001) higher than those for Q. branti, Q. coccifera and Q. cerris when incubated in the absence of PEG, the estimated OMD and ME contents of acorn for Quercus cerris and Q. infectoria were significantly lower than those for Q. suber, Q. branti and Q. coccifera when incubated in the presence of PEG. The improvement in gas production, OMD and ME in the presence of PEG emphasizes the negative effect of tannins on digestibility. As a conclusion, oak acorns have potential nutritive values for ruminant animals such as sheep and goat since acorns have high starch, OMD and ME but low level of CT contents. However these results obtained in the current study should be supported by in vivo feeding experiments.

Protein intake but not feed intake affects dietary energy for finishing pigs

The effects of dietary protein and feeding levels on dietary metabolizable (ME) and net energy (NE) content were determined in 24 pigs, each offered two diets at 2.0 times the energetic maintenance requirement or for ad libitum intake between 55 and 95 kg body weight. Within feeding levels, pigs received, in random order, low-protein (LP; 11.2% CP, 0.61% lysine) or high-protein (HP; 20.2% CP, 0.61% lysine) diets of similar digestible energy content. Dietary NE was calculated from heat production based on 24-h indirect calorimetry following a 7-day N-balance period. Feed intake was greater for LP than HP when fed for ad libitum intake (p = 0.001). Protein level did not affect daily gain (p > 0.1) but HP improved gain: feed (p = 0.003). Dietary ME and NE were not significantly affected by feeding level but were decreased by high protein intake (p < 0.07). Reducing dietary protein reduced urinary energy losses and increased energy retention but did not affect heat production. The effect of dietary protein restriction was already evident on the ME level and carried over to a similar degree to the NE level because the utilization of ME was not affected by protein level. Dietary ME and NE decreased by 0.012 MJ/kg (p = 0.014) and 0.018 MJ/kg (p = 0.062), respectively, for each gram per day N intake. The results suggest that although there was an effect of protein level on NE, the greatest effect occurred at the level of ME. However, the prediction of both ME and NE may be improved by adopting energy values for dietary protein that changes with dietary protein content.

Determinação e predição de valores energéticos de silagens de grãos úmidos de milho para suínos

Conduziu-se este trabalho, com os objetivos de avaliar a composição química e os valores energéticos de diferentes silagens de grãos úmidos de milho (SGUM) para suínos, e ajustar equações de predição para a energia digestível (ED) e metabolizável (EM) com base na composição química. Os tratamentos consistiram de oito diferentes silagens de grãos úmidos de milho, que substituíram em 30,0% a ração referência. Foram realizadas as análises de MS, PB, EE, FB, FDA, FDN, Ca e P das silagens em estudo. Na determinação dos valores energéticos, foram utilizados 36 suínos, distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os valores de ED e EM das silagens de grão úmido de milho variaram de 3494 a 3701 kcal/kg MS e 3392 a 3613 kcal/kg MS, respectivamente. Não se obteve um bom ajustamento das equações para predizer os valores de ED e EM da SGUM, apresentando baixos coeficientes de determinação, sendo que o extrato etéreo apresentou uma correlação positiva e a fibra bruta uma correlação negativa para os valores energéticos estudados.

Energy Values of Maize Silages, Harvested and Ensiled at Different Seasons, with Nylon Bag and Enzymatic Methods

Temur, C. and Demirel, M. 2007. Energy values of maize silages, harvested and ensiled at different seasons, with nylon bag and enzymatic methods. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 31: 59–64. Energy values of maize silages harvested and ensiled at before silking (BS), silking (S), milk line (ML) and half milk line (HML) were determined by nylon bag and enzyme (pepsin-cellulase) methods. In the nylon bag technique, dry matter (DMD) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) of maize silages (60.02 and 65.63% BS stage) were reduced by advancing maturity stage. In the enzyme method, when DMD of maize silages (55.24% at BS stage) was reduced, OMD (42.20%) was increased by advancing maturity stage (P<0.05). Determined DMD and OMD values with nylon bag technique as well as digestible (DE), metabolizable (ME) and net energy for lactation (NE1) method were higher than the enzyme method (P<0.01). According to the linear regression analysis, relationships between two methods were nonsignificant. But the results of 2nd degree polynomial function regression analyses, all relationships were significant and the highest R2 value was 0.63 for following equation: Nylon bag organic matter digestibility = 62.79- 22.99STAGE+0.014EME+3.99STAGE2-0.0001EME2. Thus enzyme method could be used only at milk line for estimations of DMD, OMD, DE, ME and NE1.