Metabolites Alkaloids Research Articles

Metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses for characterizing the alkaloid metabolism of Chinese jujube and sour jujube fruits.

Jujube is an important economic forest tree whose fruit is rich in alkaloids. Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) and sour jujube (Ziziphus spinosa Hu.) are the two most important species of the jujube genus. However, the mechanisms underlying the synthesis and metabolism of alkaloids in jujube fruits remain poorly understood. In this study, the fruits of Ziziphus jujuba 'Hupingzao' and Ziziphus spinosa 'Taigusuanzao' in different harvest stages were used as test materials, we first integrated widely targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses to elucidate the metabolism of alkaloids of jujube fruits. In the metabolomics analysis, 44 alkaloid metabolites were identified in 4 samples, 3 of which were unique to sour jujube fruit. The differential alkaloid metabolites (DAMs) were more accumulated in sour jujube than in Chinese jujube; further, they were more accumulated in the white ripening stage than in the red stage. DAMs were annotated to 12 metabolic pathways. Additionally, transcriptomics data revealed 259 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in alkaloid synthesis and metabolism. By mapping the regulatory networks of DAMs and DEGs, we screened out important metabolites and 11 candidate genes. This study preliminarily elucidated the molecular mechanism of jujube alkaloid synthesis. The candidate genes regulated the synthesis of key alkaloid metabolites, but the specific regulation mechanism is unclear. Taken together, our results provide insights into the metabolic networks of alkaloid synthesis in Chinese jujube and sour jujube fruits at different harvest stages, thereby providing a theoretical reference for further research on the regulatory mechanism of jujube alkaloids and their development and utilization.

Structures and Biological Activities of Secondary Metabolites from the Trichoderma genus (Covering 2018-2022).

Trichoderma, a genus with more than 400 species, has a long history of use as an industrial bioreactor, biofertilizer, and biocontrol agent. It is considered a significant source of secondary metabolites (SMs) that possess unique structural features and a wide range of bioactivities. In recent years, numerous secondary metabolites of Trichoderma, including terpenoids, polyketides, peptides, alkaloids, and steroids, have been identified. Most of these SMs displayed antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and antifungal effects. This review focuses on the structural diversity, biological activities, and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of the SMs isolated from Trichoderma covered from 2018 to 2022. This study provides insights into the exploration and utilization of bioactive compounds from Trichoderma species in the agriculture or pharmaceutical industry.

Effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and kinetin on callus induction and growth of Physalis angulata L. leaf explants

Physalis angulata L. is an annual herbaceous plant used as traditional medicine. The roots, stems and leaves are used to treat diabetes, hypertension, fever and headaches. The fruit contains lots of provitamin A and has antitumor, antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and immunomodulatory activities. P. angulata leaves also contain secondary metabolites of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins, physalin A, physalin B, glycosides and stearic acid. The use of plants as a source of medicine is not only very dangerous for the survival of plants, but also not standardized. Secondary metabolites can be produced in callus by in vitro culture induced with appropriate growth regulators. Through callus culture, secondary metabolites or chemical substances from plants can be produced. This study aims to determine the effect of growth regulators 2,4-D and kinetin on callus induction time, the percentage of explants forming callus, fresh weight, dry weight, and callus morphology. This study was a laboratory experimental with a completely randomized design and 5 treatments (0.0 mg/L 2,4-D + 2.0 mg/L kinetin; 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D + 1.5 mg/L kinetin; 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D + 1.0 mg/L kinetin; 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.5 mg/L kinetin; 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.0 mg/L kinetin), each treatment consisted of five replications. The data obtained has been analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative data were obtained from callus morphological (color and texture) descriptions. Quantitative data obtained from callus induction time, the percentage of explants forming callus, fresh weight and dry weight of callus were analyzed using SPSS 24 with a significance value of 0,05. Data analysis on the effect of 2,4-D and kinetin concentrations used the ANOVA test. Difference between treatments were tested using the Duncan´s multiple range test. The results showed that the suitable growth regulator for inducing callus growth in leaf explants of P. angulata L was 2.0 mg/L 2.4D + 0.0 mg/L kinetin. Growth regulator 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.0 mg/L kinetin induced callus in a short time i. e. 10.60 days after culture, resulting in the highest fresh and dry weight of callus i.e., 0.35 g and 0.03 g, as well as the percentage of explants forming callus 100%. Callus has a compact texture with a variety of colours.

Sophora genomes provide insight into the evolution of alkaloid metabolites along with small-scale gene duplication

The genus Sophora (Fabaceae) includes medicinal plants that have been used in East Asian countries since antiquity. Sophora flavescens is a perennial herb indigenous to China, India, Japan, Korea, and Russia. Its dried roots have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, apoptosis-modulating, and antitumor efficacy. The congeneric S. koreensis is endemic to Korea and its genome is less than half the size of that of S. flavescens. Nevertheless, this discrepancy can be used to assemble and validate the S. flavescens genome. A comparative genomic study of the two genomes can disclose the recent evolutionary divergence of the polymorphic phenotypic profiles of these species. Here, we used the PacBio sequencing platform to sequence and assemble the S. koreensis and S. flavescens genomes. We inferred that it was mainly small-scale duplication that occurred in S. flavescens. A KEGG analysis revealed pathways that might regulate the pharmacologically important secondary metabolites in S. flavescens and S. koreensis. The genome assemblies of Sophora spp. could be used in comparative genomics and data mining for various plant natural products.

Effectiveness Of Cassia alata L Leaf Extract Decrease Blood Glucose Level On Streptozotocin-Induced Male White Rats

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a condition in which the body either fails to produce enough insulin at the right time or fails to use it properly. Aims: The goal of this study is to show how Cassia alata L. leaf extract affects blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Cassia alata L. leaves therapy is an alternative treatment for DM. In this investigation, laboratory techniques were employed. Streptozotocin was administered intraperitoneally to mice at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight initially. Except that they produce normal controls. Six groups of 30 rats each received treatment with Cassia alata L. leaf extract at doses of 500 mg/kg body weight, 600 mg/kg body weight, and 700 mg/kg body weight in addition to the usual control group. Trial outcome data were first examined using one-way ANOVA to confirm differences between treatments and then put through the DUNCAN trial. Result: As a result, it was discovered that secondary metabolites of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins were present in the ethanol extract of Cassia alata L. leaves. A dose of 700 mg/kg body weight is an effective blood sugar-lowering dose, with an average reduction of 121 mg/dl. Conclusion: Ethanol extract from Cassia alata L. leaves has this effect.

Effectiveness Test of Mangrove Leaf (Rhizophora Apiculata) on Decreasing Blood Glucose Levels and Pancreas Histopatology Streptozotocin Induced Male White Rats

Hyperglycemia, a symptom of diabetes mellitus, can lead to oxidative stress, which is indicated by elevated malondialdehyde levels. Mangrove (Rhizophora apiculata) contains secondary metabolites of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tanins, this can lessen how much oxidative stress there is in DM. This study intends to demonstrate the efficacy of mangrove extracts in lowering blood glucose levels and detecting pancreatic damage. The study used 30 male Wistar rats which were divided into 6 groups (group I: normal control, group II: negative and group III: positive control given glibenclamide 0.45 mg) and the test group (trial group). group IV: level 25 mg/kg BW, group V: level 50 mg/kg BW and VI: level 75 mg/kg BW) The DM model was made by streptozotocin induction. Pancreatic damage seen at 700 magnification saw pancreatic β cells as well as the islets of Langerhans' endocrine cells. The results of research on ethanol from mangrove leaves at levels of 75 mg/kg BW are substances that are effective at lowering blood sugar levels, which on average were 105 mg/dL with a hazard value of 1.2. When compared with glibenclamide mangrove extract is not equivalent to glibenclamide but has lowered glucose levels.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK ETANOL 50% BIJI PINANG (Areca catechu) DENGAN METODE DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl)

Areca nut is a plant that contains secondary chemical metabolites of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, and steroids. Where content has activity as an antioxidant. The aim of this study were to determine the antioxidant activity of 50% ethanol extract of areca nut against DPPH free redicals based on the IC50 value. Extraction method using 50% ethanol with maceration method. The antioxidant activity test was made with 5 concentration series, namely 10 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 150 ppm, and 200 ppm. The extract was tested for free radical scavenging against DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) with a wavelength of 517 nm using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The comparator used is Vitamin C. The results showed that the 50% ethanol extract of areca nut has a very strong category of antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 27,565 ppm, while a positive control of Vitamin C has an IC50 value of 28,546 ppm. The conclusion obtained from the above results is that 50% ethanol extract has very strong antioxidant activity.

Metabolomics reveals the molecular mechanism of sewage sludge-derived nutrients and biostimulants stimulating resistance enhancement and the redistribution of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in pakchoi cabbage

Alkaline thermal hydrolysis of sewage sludge to produce high-quality liquid fertilizer that contains protein, amino acid, organic acid and biostimulants is receiving wide attention, however, the impact on plants and environmental risks must be evaluated for sustainable use. In this study, the interactions between sewage sludge-derived nutrients, biostimulants (SS-NB), and pakchoi cabbage were investigated by a combination of phenotypic and metabolic approaches. Compared with SS-NB0 (single chemical fertilizer), SS-NB100, SS-NB50, and SS-NB25 had no effect on crop yield, but the net photosynthetic rate increased from 1.13 % to 9.82 %. In addition, the antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD) increased from 29.60 % to 71.42 %, with decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 levels by 84.62–92.93 % and 8.62–18.97 %, respectively, indicating positive effects on photosynthetic and antioxidant capacities. Leaf metabolomics revealed that SS-NB100, SS-NB50, and SS-NB25 resulted in up-regulation of amino acid and alkaloid metabolites, down-regulation of carbohydrate metabolites, and up-regulation and down-regulation of organic acid metabolites, which were involved in carbon and nitrogen redistribution. Galactose metabolism was inactivated by SS-NB100, SS-NB50, and SS-NB25, indicating the protective role of SS-NB in oxidative damage in cells. Furthermore, the application of SS-NB also resulted in a significant reduction in heavy metal contents (Cr, Ni, and Pb) and the target hazard quotient (THQ). The THQ values of Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb were <1.0 in SS-NB50, and may be considered as an optimal fertilization strategy. The result provided better understanding of the phenotypic and metabolic changes imposed by SS-NB-replaced chemical fertilizer nitrogen in pakchoi cabbage leaves.

Teh herbal terstandar simplisia bunga gemitir (Tagetes erecta Linn.) sebagai kandidat antioksidan baru

Empirically, gemitir flower (Tagetes erecta Linn.) has been used for generations as an alternative to treat whooping cough and eye pain medication. Gemitir flower is potential as an antioxidant because it contains secondary metabolites of phenolic groups, flavonoids, and alkaloids that have been shown to have antioxidant activity. As a pharmaceutical products, medicinal plants must be guaranteed quality and safety. This study aims to determine the suitability of the simplicia quality of gemitir flowers by standardization based on Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia and Indonesian Materia Medica, and also to determine the antioxidant potential of standardized herbal teas of gemitir flowers. This first step of this research were standardization of gemitir flower simplicia based on specific and non-specific parameters, followed by making standardized herbal tea of gemitir flower. Antioxidant activity test was carried out on tea preparations using the DPPH method. The results showed that the simplicia of gemitir flower met all the standard parameters of specific and non-specific standardization with an ash content value of 3,47%, acid insoluble ash content of 0,11%, water soluble extract content of 24,86%, ethanol soluble extract content of 21,67%, drying shrinkage content of 9,33%, moisture content of 9,23% and foreign organic matter of 0,3%. Standardized herbal tea simplicia gemitir flower was able to inhibit 50% of DPPH free radicals at a volume of 33,87 µL. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the empirical use of gemitir flower tea potential as a natural antioxidant.

Identifikasi Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Pada Rumput Laut Coklat (Sargassum plagyophyllum) Dengan Metode Fraksinasi

Seaweed has potential as a source of bioactive compounds, food and medicine. One of the seaweeds that has the potential to be used for its bioactive compounds is the brown seaweed Sargassum plagyophyllum. Fractionation is a technique of separating and grouping the chemical content of extracts based on their polarity. This study aims to determine the bioactive components (secondary metabolites) of flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids/terpenoids, saponins and phenols qualitatively and quantitatively from the extract of S. plagyophyllum by fractionation method. The research method used was experimental. S. palgyiophyllum was extracted using the fractionation method. The treatment given by different polarity solvents consisted of methanol, was done fractionation with using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol. Extraction of samples the first used methanol, after that methanol extract was diffracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol. Parameter analysis was consisted of phytochemical test (qualitative analysis) and quantitative analysis of total phenol, flavonoid, and saponin content. The results showed that qualitative testing of the secondary metabolites of S. plagyophyllum contained in the methanol extract were steroids/terpenoids, saponins and phenols, the positive hexane fraction contained steroids/terpenoids, saponins, the ethyl acetate fraction positively contained alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids/terpenoids, and saponins. and phenol while the butanol fraction contains steroids/terpenoids, saponins. While quantitative secondary metabolites were tested on the hexane fraction (0.18% saponins), then the ethyl acetate fraction (0.14% flavonoids, 0.11% saponins, 0.12% total phenol) and butanol fraction (0.05% saponins).

CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND COFFEE QUALITY ON VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE AND ROASTING TIME FOR ROBUSTA COFFEE (Coffea Canephora PIERRE EX A.FROEHNER) GREEN BEAN

Robusta coffee beans dominate coffee plantations in Indonesia because they have superior properties and are fast-growing. Bogor Regency is one of the largest coffee producers in West Java and was selected to supply robusta coffee for this study. However, the quality of coffee beans still needs to improve. The quality of the coffee beans can be enhanced if the roasting process is carried out at the right temperature and roasting time. This study aims to determine the temperature and duration of roasting the optimum robusta coffee and roasted coffee grounds compared to the quality of branded coffee on the market. Robusta coffee beans roast using a stainless steel skillet with an iron thermometer. The temperature and roasting duration is 170° C, 180° C, and 190° C for 10 and 15 minutes. The robusta ground coffee from Cipanas was analyzed and compared with the branded coffee. Phytochemical tests showed robusta ground coffee samples containing secondary metabolites of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The temperature and roasting time of Bogor robusta coffee at 190 °C for 10 minutes gave the best results for several test parameters (moisture content, caffeine levels, pH, coffee content, ash content, and microbial contamination). The quality results obtained are to the requirements set by SNI 01-3542-2004. The quality of roasted ground coffee is the same as branded ground coffee. It is recommended that coffee producers use optimal roasting temperature and duration to improve the quality of their coffee products

An integrated analytical strategy to decipher the metabolic profile of alkaloids in Compound Kushen injection based on UHPLC-ESI-QTOF/MSE

Compound Kushen injection (CKI) is a kind of sterilised water-soluble traditional Chinese medicine preparation that has been used for the clinical treatment of a variety of cancers (hepatocellular carcinoma, lung cancer, etc.) for 19 years. However, to date, the metabolism-related study on CKI in vivo has not been conducted. An integrated analytical strategy was established to investigate the metabolic profile of alkaloids of CKI in rat plasma, urine, and faeces based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry in MSE mode (UHPLC-ESI-QTOF/MSE). Nineteen prototype alkaloids (including 12 matrine-type alkaloids, 2 cytisine-type alkaloids, 3 lupinine-type alkaloids, and 2 aloperine-type alkaloids) of CKI were identified in vivo. Furthermore, 71 metabolites of alkaloids (including 11 of lupanine-related metabolites, 14 of sophoridine-related metabolites, 14 of lamprolobine-related metabolites, and 32 of baptifoline-related metabolites) were tentatively characterised. Metabolic pathways involved in the metabolism of phase I (include oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and desaturation), phase II (mainly include glucuronidation, acetylcysteine or cysteine conjugation, methylation, acetylation, and sulphation), and associated combination reactions. The integrated analytical strategy was successfully used to characterise the prototype alkaloids and their metabolites of CKI in vivo, and the results laying a foundation for further study its pharmacodynamic substances.

In-silico prediction of highly promising natural fungicides against the destructive blast fungus Magnaportheoryzae

Magnaporthe oryzae causes destructive blast disease in more than 50 species of the major cereal crops rice, wheat and maize and destroys food of millions of people worldwide. Application of synthetic chemical fungicides are environmentally hazardous and unreliable in controlling M. oryzae. Conversely, naturally occurring biofungicides with multiple modes of actions are needed to be discovered for combatting the blast fungus. To find the effective biofungicides, we performed molecular docking study of some potential antifungal natural compounds targeting two proteins including a single-stranded DNA binding protein MoSub1 (4AGH), and an effector protein AVR-Pik (5E9G) of M. oryzae that regulates transcription in fungus and/or suppresses the host cell immunity. The thirty-nine natural compounds previously shown to inhibit M. oryzae growth and reproduction were put under molecular docking against these two proteins followed by simulation, free energy, and interaction analysis of protein-ligand complexes. The virtual screening revealed that two alkaloidal metabolites, camptothecin and GKK1032A2 showed excellent binding energy with any of these target proteins compared to reference commercial fungicides, azoxystrobin and strobilurin. Of the detected compounds, GKK1032A2 bound to both target proteins of M. oryzae. Both compounds showed excellent bioactivity scores as compared to the reference fungicides. Results of our computational biological study suggest that both camptothecin and GKK1032A2 are potential fungicides that could also be considered as lead compounds to design novel fungicides against the blast fungus. Furthermore, the GKK1032A2 acted as a multi-site mode of action fungicide against M. oryzae.

Studi Literatur Uji Aktivitas Ekstrak Daun Kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata) Sebagai Alternatif Pengobatan Myiasis yang Disebabkan oleh Chrysomya bezziana

Myiasis is a disease in livestock caused by the larvae of the fly Chrysomya bezziana . Myiasis causes economic losses due to decreased productivity and tissue damage in livestock. Treatment of myiasis is by using synthetic insecticides, but the use of synthetic insecticides has a negative impact on animals, humans, and the environment. The use of synthetic insecticides can be replaced with botanical insecticides, one of the plants that can be used as antimyiasis is kirinyuh . Kirinyuh is a plant from the Asteraceae family which has been used as a botanical insecticide. This literature study aims to determine the potential of kirinyuh leaves as antimyiasis, the compounds contained in kirinyuh leaves and the mechanism of antimyiasis. This literature study uses 30 literature collected by browsing the Google Scholar database. Five literature states that kirinyuh leaves contain secondary metabolites of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. Meanwhile, 12 literatures describe the antimyiasis activity of these secondary metabolites. Flavonoids inhibit the nervous system and interfere with energy metabolism in the insect body, alkaloids interfere with the nervous system and reduce insect appetite, saponins as antifeedants and insect growth inhibitors, tannins interfere with insect digestion and growth, and terpenoids as inhibitors of nerve transmission in insects.

Mitigation mechanism of zinc oxide nanoparticles on cadmium toxicity in tomato.

Cadmium (Cd) pollution seriously reduces the yield and quality of vegetables. Reducing Cd accumulation in vegetables is of great significance for improving food safety and sustainable agricultural development. Here, using tomato as the material, we analyzed the effect of foliar spraying with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on Cd accumulation and tolerance in tomato seedlings. Foliar spraying with ZnO NPs improved Cd tolerance by increasing photosynthesis efficiency and antioxidative capacity, while it reduced Cd accumulation by 40.2% in roots and 34.5% in leaves but increased Zn content by 33.9% in roots and 78.6% in leaves. Foliar spraying with ZnO NPs also increased the contents of copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) in the leaves of Cd-treated tomato seedlings. Subsequent metabonomic analysis showed that ZnO NPs exposure alleviated the fluctuation of metabolic profiling in response to Cd toxicity, and it had a more prominent effect in leaves than in roots. Correlation analysis revealed that several differentially accumulated metabolites were positively or negatively correlated with the growth parameters and physiol-biochemical indexes. We also found that flavonoids and alkaloid metabolites may play an important role in ZnO NP-alleviated Cd toxicity in tomato seedlings. Taken together, the results of this study indicated that foliar spraying with ZnO NPs effectively reduced Cd accumulation in tomato seedlings; moreover, it also reduced oxidative damage, improved the absorption of trace elements, and reduced the metabolic fluctuation caused by Cd toxicity, thus alleviating Cd-induced growth inhibition in tomato seedlings. This study will enable us to better understand how ZnO NPs regulate plant growth and development and provide new insights into the use of ZnO NPs for improving growth and reducing Cd accumulation in vegetables.

Dayak Onion Tuber (Eleutherine Bulbosa (Mill) (Urb) Extract Ethanol Test on The Histopatological Description of Pancreas Wistar Rat Inducted Streptozotocin

This study aimed to determine the effect of Dayak Union tuber (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill) Urb) ethanol extract on the regeneration of pancreatic β cells of Wistar rats induced streptozotocin. This research is laboratory experimental study by using 30 rats, they are divided into 5 groups, each group consisting of 6 rats, they are group 1 (normal control), group 2 (sick control) was given Na CMC 1 % b/v, Group 3 (positive control) was given glibenclamide at a dose of 0.25 mg / KgBW, Group 4,5 and 6 were given (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill) Urb) extract at a dose of 125 mg / KgBB, 250 mg / KgBB and 500 mg / kgBW orally for 15 consecutive days. The histopathological damage level of the pancreas was observed with HE staining using a 400x magnification Olympus Cx-21 microscope. The result of the study showed that there were secondary metabolites of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and tannins in the ethanol extract of Eleutherine palmifolia (Mill) Urb); The histopathological description showed that the damage to the structure of Langerhans islands and only a dose of 500 mg / KgBB the ethanol extract of Eleutherine palmifolia (Mill) Urb) showed improvement.&#x0D; Keywords: Dayak Onion Tuber; histopathological; extract ethanol

Antimicrobial Activity Test of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia L.) Plant Extract Against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli Bacteria and Candida albicans

Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) contains secondary metabolites of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and steroids that act as antimicrobials. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) plant extract in N-hexane and ethanol solvents against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. This research is an experimental laboratory study, namely the antimicrobial activity test of bitter melon plant extract on the growth of test bacteria using the agar diffusion method. The study's experimental design used a Completely Randomized Design with three repetitions at three concentration variations, namely 30%, 45%, and 60%. Then phytochemical screening was carried out to determine the active compounds in the bitter melon plant extract. Data on the inhibitory power of bitter melon plant extract were analyzed qualitatively, and the differences between concentrations were seen using the ANOVA (Analysis of variance) test. The results showed that bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) plant extract in ethanol solvent showed activity against the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli bacteria with a concentration of 60%, producing a powerful inhibition zone.

Determination of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity of Robusta Coffee Bean Ethanol Extract by UV - Vis Spectrophotometry

Robusta coffee beans (Coffea canephora Pierre ex.A.Froehner) have antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive effects and can prevent coronary heart disease. This study aims to determine the compound content and total levels of secondary metabolites and to determine the antioxidant activity of robusta coffee bean extract. UV - Vis spectrophotometer was used to determine the total levels of secondary metabolites and antioxidant assay using DPPH reagent. The results obtained for the positive qualitative test contain secondary metabolites of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins and do not contain steroid compounds while for the quantitative test, the total alkaloid content is 0.1973%w/w (caffeine equivalent), flavonoids are 1.2106 % w / w (equivalent to quercetin), saponins 0.536 % w / w (equivalent to sapogenins), tannins at 9.7103 % w / w (equivalent to tannic acid). The IC50 result for the antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of robusta coffee beans is 55.16 µg/ml which is included in the category of strong antioxidants.

Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses provide new insights into the appropriate harvest period in regenerated bulbs of Fritillaria hupehensis.

The bulb of Fritillaria hupehensis, a traditional cough and expectorant medicine, is usually harvested from June to September according to traditional cultivation experience, without practical scientific guidance. Although steroidal alkaloid metabolites have been identified in F. hupehensis, the dynamic changes in their levels during bulb development and their molecular regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, integrative analyses of the bulbus phenotype, bioactive chemical investigations, and metabolome and transcriptome profiles were performed to systematically explore the variations in steroidal alkaloid metabolite levels and identify the genes modulating their accumulation and the corresponding regulatory mechanisms. The results showed that weight, size, and total alkaloid content of the regenerated bulbs reached a maximum at IM03 (post-withering stage, early July), whereas peiminine content reached a maximum at IM02 (withering stage, early June). There were no significant differences between IM02 and IM03, indicating that regenerated bulbs could be harvested appropriately in early June or July. Peiminine, peimine, tortifoline, hupehenine, korseveramine, delafrine, hericenone N-oxide, korseveridine, puqiedinone, pingbeinone, puqienine B, puqienine E, pingbeimine A, jervine, and ussuriedine levels were upregulated in IM02 and IM03, compared with IM01 (vigorous growth stage, early April). The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis indicated that the accumulation of steroidal alkaloid metabolites mainly occurred prior to IM02. HMGR1, DXR, CAS1, CYP 90A1, and DET2 may play a positive role in peiminine, peimine, hupehenine, korseveramine, korseveridine, hericenone N-oxide, puqiedinone, delafrine, tortifoline, pingbeinone, puqienine B, puqienine E, pingbeimine A, jervine, and ussuriedine biosynthesis, whereas the downregulation of FPS1, SQE and 17-DHCR may lead to a reduction in peimisine levels. Weighted gene correlation network analysis showed that CYP 74A2-1, CYP 74A2-2, CYP 71A26-1, CYP 71A26-2, and CYP74A were negatively correlated with peiminine and pingbeimine A, whereas CYP R and CYP707A1 were positively correlated. . CYP 74A2-1 and CYP 74A2-2 may play a negative role in peimine and korseveridine biosynthesis, whereas CYP R plays a positive role. In addition, the highly expressed C2H2, HSF, AP2/ERF, HB, GRAS, C3H, NAC, MYB-related transcription factors (TFs), GARP-G2-like TFs, and WRKY may play positive roles in the accumulation of peiminine, peimine, korseveridine, and pingbeimine A. These results provide new insights into scientific harvesting of F. hupehensis.

Short Communication: Analysis of rhizome color and phytochemical content of 10 accessions of Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb. in Jambi, Indonesia

Abstract. Minarni M, Asyhar R, Juliana D, Yudha YS, Nurcholis W. 2023. Short Communication: Analysis of rhizome color and phytochemical content of 10 accessions of Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb. in Jambi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 149-155. Plants are a source of secondary metabolites that have various biological functions and are beneficial for humans, particularly in the health sector. One such beneficial herbal plant, temulawak (Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb.), a member of the genus Curcuma L. in the Zingiberaceae family, is widely known as Javanese turmeric. C. zanthorrhiza is a potential source of drugs in the field of pharmacology. One part of temulawak that has an important role is the rhizome, commonly used in the formulation of traditional herbal medicines. There are many pharmacologically active components contained in the C. zanthorrhiza rhizome. Thus, this plant, found in many parts of Indonesia, such as Jambi and Sumatra, is worthy of detailed pharmacological investigation. The study reported in this paper aimed to determine the potential content of secondary metabolites of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins/phenolics, and triterpenoids/steroids in 10 accessions of temulawak rhizomes in Jambi. The phytochemical content analysis in temulawak was carried out by qualitative phytochemical screening using dye reagents. Multivariate cluster analysis was carried out to determine the relationships between the 10 accessions based on similarities in the color and phytochemical content of their rhizomes. Generally, the screening results showed that the rhizomes of the 10 C. zanthorrhiza accessions contained the same intensities of alkaloids (dragendof, mayer and wagner), flavonoids, tannins/phenolics (+++) and steroid compounds (++). On the other hand, saponin and triterpenoid were not detected in the tests of rhizomes of the 10 accessions (-). The clustering analysis of the results divided the 10 local temulawak accessions into three clusters. Cluster-1 consisted of two accessions (JM and JBB), cluster-2 consisted of three accessions (JT, JPB, and JBS), and cluster-3 consisted of five accessions (JSS, JJ, JB, JBE, and JG).