Energy Metabolism Research Articles

Glycolytic activity following anti-CD19 CAR-T cell infusion in non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Energy metabolism of chimeric antigen receptor-T cells (CAR-T) activation in humans remains unexplored. As a glycolytic activity surrogate, we investigated the dynamics of peripheral blood (PB) lactate in the first weeks post-CAR-T infusion. In 17 patients treated with CD28 harbording anti-CD19 CAR-T for relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin lymphomas, PB lactate levels increased following CAR-T infusion. Elevated lactate levels correlated with longer CAR-T persistence and higher CD8+/CD4+ ratio. Peripheral blood lactate kinetics may reflect immune cells activation and be useful for bedside monitoring.

Combined transcriptome and proteome profiling reveal cell-type-specific functions of Drosophila garland and pericardial nephrocytes

Drosophila nephrocytes are specialised cells that share critical functional, morphological, and molecular features with mammalian podocytes. Accordingly, nephrocytes represent a preferred invertebrate model for human glomerular disease. Here, we established a method for cell-specific isolation of the two types of Drosophila nephrocytes, garland and pericardial cells, from animals of different developmental stages and ages. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics and RNA-Seq-based transcriptomics were applied to characterise the proteome and transcriptome of the respective cells in an integrated and complementary manner. We observed characteristic changes in the proteome and transcriptome due to cellular ageing. Furthermore, functional enrichment analyses suggested that larval and adult nephrocytes, as well as garland and pericardial nephrocytes, fulfil distinct physiological functions. In addition, the pericardial nephrocytes were characterised by transcriptomic and proteomic profiles suggesting an atypical energy metabolism with very low oxidative phosphorylation rates. Moreover, the nephrocytes displayed typical signatures of extensive immune signalling and showed an active antimicrobial response to an infection. Factor-specific comparisons identified novel candidate proteins either expressed and secreted by the nephrocytes or sequestered by them. The data generated in this study represent a valuable basis for a more specific application of the Drosophila model in analysing renal cell function in health and disease.

Wen-Shen-Tong-Luo-Zhi-Tong-Decoction inhibits bone loss in senile osteoporosis model mice by promoting testosterone production

Ethnopharmacological relevanceWen-Shen-Tong-Luo-Zhi-Tong-Decoction (WSTLZTD) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula, and its effectiveness in the treatment of senile osteoporosis(SOP) has been confirmed by clinical studies. However, the underlying mechanism of WSTLZTD in SOP is unclear. Aim of the studyThis study aimed to clarify the unique effects of Wen-Shen-Tong-Luo-Zhi-Tong-Decoction(WSTLZTD) on senile osteoporosis(SOP) and its underlying mechanisms. Materials and methodsSAMP6 mice were treated with varying doses of WSTLZTD as the SOP model. Bone loss was evaluated by micro-CT, HE, OCN immunohistochemistry staining, and serum Trap level. Metabolomics studies serum metabolites. ELISA, qPCR, and immunofluorescence were utilized to measure testosterone levels in mouse testis. The effect of testosterone on the mitochondrial energy metabolism of BMSCs was investigated using ROS generation, NAD+/NADH ratio, and WB. Cell senescence was examined by β-galactosidase staining and WB. The effect of TM3 cell conditioned media (CM) on mitochondrial energy metabolism and BMSCs osteogenesis were studied using ALP, ARS, ROS staining, the NAD+/NADH, and WB. ResultsWSTLZTD effectively reversed bone loss in SOP model mice, resulting in better bone microstructure, increased BMD, BV/TV, Tb.n, Tb.Th and, and decreased Tb.Sp. WSTLZTD can increase OCN expression and decrease Trap levels. Network pharmacology data suggest that WSTLZTD regulates steroid hormone production, cellular senescence, inflammation. Metabolomic data indicate that WSTLZTD increases testosterone production or metabolism-related metabolites. WSTLZTD enhanced testosterone production and the mRNA expression of genes involved in testosterone synthesis. Testosterone inhibited the decline in osteogenic differentiation and mitochondrial energy metabolism of senescent BMSCs. The decreased testosterone production in senescent TM3 is reversed by WSTLZTD. CM derived from WSTLZTD-treated TM3 cells promoted osteogenic differentiation and mitochondrial energy metabolism of BMSCs. ConclusionsBy increasing testosterone production, WSTLZTD may promote mitochondrial energy metabolism and osteogenic differentiation of senescent BMSCs, thereby exerting its anti-SOP effect.

Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals osmoregulatory mechanisms of juvenile Lateolabrax maculatus responses to long term hypotonic and hypertonic acclimation

Salinity limits the abundance and distribution of some fishes in a particular ecological niche. The spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus), an euryhaline species, exhibits remarkable adaptability to various salinity levels. To elucidate the osmoregulation mechanisms of this species, the growth performance, serum biochemical parameters and gill transcriptomic profiles of the juvenile spotted sea bass subjected to long term hypotonic (0 ppt) and hypertonic environment (30 and 45 ppt), with the isotonic environment (12 ppt) as the control, were investigated. During the 30 days' salinity acclimation, the growth performance of the juvenile sea bass was inhibited significantly (P < 0.05) at hypertonic condition of 45 ppt, while no significant differences were observed among those at 0, 12, and 30 ppt. The serum biochemical indicators of plasma osmolality, concentration of Na+, Cl−, glucose, urea, total protein, and ALT and AST activities significantly increased during the hypertonic acclimation. Transcriptome analysis identified 1179, 103, and 443 differentially expressed genes in the 0, 30, and 45 ppt salinity groups, respectively, compared to the isotonic (12 ppt) group. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that signal transduction pathways were promoted during hypotonic acclimation, while energy metabolism pathways were activated during hypertonic acclimation. Protein-protein interaction and WGCNA analysis identified hub genes that may play important functions during acclimation. Among them, protein synthesis related-genes including Rps15, Rps16, Rps9, Rpl4, Rpl15, Rpl30, Rpl31, Rpl13a and Eef2 were down-regulated under hypotonic acclimation, metabolic related-genes including Cs, Idh2, Idh3, Mdh2, Pck1, Pck2, Pdha1 and Ldhb were up-regulated under the hypertonic condition. Rac1 were up-regulated in both conditions. This study provides new insights into the osmoregulatory mechanisms of spotted sea bass in response to long-term hypotonic and hypertonic acclimation.

Low dose exposure to dioxins alters hepatic energy metabolism and steatotic liver disease development in a sex-specific manner

Low dose exposure to dioxins alters hepatic energy metabolism and steatotic liver disease development in a sex-specific manner

Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Environmental Toxicology: Mechanisms, Impacts, and Health Implications.

Mitochondria, pivotal to cellular metabolism, serve as the primary sources of biological energy and are key regulators of intracellular calcium ion storage, crucial for maintaining cellular calcium homeostasis. Dysfunction in these organelles impairs ATP synthesis, diminishing cellular functionality. Emerging evidence implicates mitochondrial dysfunction in the etiology and progression of diverse diseases. Environmental factors that induce mitochondrial dysregulation raise significant public health concerns, necessitating a nuanced comprehension and classification of mitochondrial-related hazards. This review systematically adopts a toxicological perspective to illuminate the biological functions of mitochondria, offering a comprehensive exploration of how toxicants instigate mitochondrial dysfunction. It delves into the disruption of energy metabolism, the initiation of mitochondrial fragility and autophagy, and the induction of mutations in mitochondrial DNA by mutagens. The overarching objective is to enhance our understanding of the repercussions of mitochondrial damage on human health.

SYNLAC prime probiotics enhances growth performance, and resistance of white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei to Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei and Vibrio alginollyticus: insights into immune and metabolic pathway modulations

This study explores the impact of SYNLAC Prime probiotics on the growth performance, health status, and metabolic profile of white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. Shrimp fed with the experimental diets, including the control diet without probiotic supplementation, and the diets supplemented with SYNLAC Prime probiotics at concentrations of 105 CFU (g diet)-1 (P5) and 106 CFU (g diet)-1 (P6) for 56 days. Results indicated a significant enhancement in growth performance in probiotic-treated shrimp relative to the control group, attributed to structural improvements in the digestive tract, particularly the increased abundances of B cells in the hepatopancreas. The administration of dietary probiotics markedly reduced the severity of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) infection and decreased cumulative mortalities following Vibrio alginolyticus challenge. Shrimp in the P6 group exhibited significant elevations in phenoloxidase activity, respiratory burst, lysozyme activity and phagocytic activity compared to control group. Furthermore, there was an upregulation of several immune-related genes in hepatopancreas, including serine protease (SP), prophenoloxidase (proPO) I, proPO II, and penaeidin 3a. Additionally, the expression of β-1, 3-glucan binding protein and SP mRNA was significantly increased in hemocytes. Untargeted metabolomics analysis using LC-MS/MS revealed significant changes in the hepatopancreas metabolic profile, highlighting alterations in energy metabolisms pathways, such as citrate cycle and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, as well as amino acid metabolisms pathways including arginine and proline metabolism, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, and histidine metabolism. These findings underscore the potential of SYNLAC Prime probiotics in enhancing shrimp growth, immune function, and metabolic pathways, offering valuable insights for advancing health management strategies in shrimp aquaculture.

Study Of Calcium Magnesium And Phosphorus In Hypothyroidism - A Case Control Study

Background: Thyroid disorders are the most common endocrine abnormality in the world secondary to diabetes mellitus. Thyroid hormones are essential for growth, neuronal development, reproduction and regulation of energy metabolism. It influences the metabolism of all substrates including minerals. Many studies have shown that mineral metabolism is frequently disturbed in thyroid disorders. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on sixty newly confirmed hypothyroid cases based on the thyroid profile and sixty euthyroid cases were recruited as controls. Blood samples were collected from all the patients for the estimation of serum T3, T4, FT3, FT4, TSH, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium by auto analyzer method. Modified spectrophotometric micro-method was used to measure Serum copper using Bathocuprine Disulphonate Disodium Salt (BCDS) and Guanidine hydrochloride salt. The Statistical software namely SPSS 18.0, and R environment ver.3.2.2 were used for the analysis of the data. Results: It was found that the levels of serum sodium, potassium and calcium were significantly decreased in cases than the controls. Serum magnesium and phosphorus were significantly elevated in cases than controls. Conclusion: Serum calcium, magnesium and phosphorous levels are significantly altered in patients having hypothyroidism. Thyroid diseases have wide spread systemic manifestations including their effects on bone and mineral metabolism. Also thyroid hormone affects the glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, tubular reabsorption and excretion of minerals which have direct effect on Calcium, Magnesium and phosphorous level. Thus monitoring of these minerals in hypothyroid patient will be of great benefit in improving clinical manifestation and can be treated appropriately

Efficacy and Safety of Yangxinshi versus Trimetazidine on Exercise Tolerance in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Multicenter, Double-Blind Clinical Trial

BackgroundOptimizing medication to improve exercise tolerance in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is limited. Yangxinshi tablets, an herbal-based oral medicine, relieve symptoms of angina might be that they can improve energy metabolism of the ischemic myocardium. We conducted a randomized trial to assess the efficacy and safety of Yangxinshi vs. trimetazidine in improving exercise tolerance in patients with CHD after PCI. MethodsThis prospective, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, multicenter, non-inferiority study enrolled patients aged 18–75 years with CHD who underwent their first PCI within 2 months of diagnosis. Patients were randomized to Yangxinshi plus trimetazidine-placebo or trimetazidine plus Yangxinshi-placebo for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was the change in metabolic equivalents (METs) assessed by cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) between 0 and 24 weeks. Secondary endpoints were comprehensive variables of the CPET, health status and adverse events. This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials. gov (NCT03809273). ResultsBetween August 1, 2019, and March 31, 2022, a total of 681 patients were randomized to Yangxinshi (n=341) or trimetazidine (n=340). After 24 weeks, the exercise tolerance of patients increased by 0.77±1.25 METs in the Yangxinshi group and 0.76±1.00 METs in the trimetazidine group (difference, 0.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.17 to 0.19), meeting the predefined non-inferiority threshold. Better outcomes were observed in the Yangxinshi group compared with the trimetazidine group for patient-reported depression (PHQ-9; −1.88±3.32 vs. −0.93±3.68; P < 0.001) and anxiety (GAD-7; −1.70±3.26 vs. −0.39±3.29; P < 0.001). Adverse events were similar in both groups. ConclusionsIn patients with CHD after PCI, Yangxinshi was non-inferior to trimetazidine in improving exercise tolerance during the 24-week treatment period. Notably, patients in the Yangxinshi group showed a better mental health profile compared with trimetazidine recipients.

Dracocephalum Moldavica L.-Derived carbon dots for effective periodontitis treatment via reprogramming energy metabolism in Macrophages

Dracocephalum Moldavica L. (DML), a Chinese traditional medicine rich in flavone compounds (e.g., tilianin), has shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential for alleviating inflammatory disorders. However, the extraction of active ingredients of DML is complex, and these extracts usually act synergistically to treat inflammatory diseases. In this study, the carbon dots derived from DML (T-CDs) were rapidly prepared via the one-pot method and showed good performance in biocompatibility and free radical scavenging capacity. Then, the T-CDs were loaded into the hydrogel and applied to treat periodontitis. The in vivo experiments demonstrated that T-CDs could promote the inflammation resolution of and the alveolar bone reparation in the periodontitis model after periodontal injection. With further investigation, it could be found that T-CDs involved the alternative polarization of macrophage by rebalancing glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration. Overall, it was the first time DML had been used to prepare carbon dots with anti-inflammation. This study provided an effective drug candidate for the treatment of periodontitis and offered an in-depth understanding of the therapeutic mechanism of T-CDs in periodontitis through macrophage immunomodulation.

The Effect of Rhizobium Inoculation on the Nutritional Value of Crops in the Legume–Cereal Intercropping System in Northern Kazakhstan

In this study, the changes in yield, nutrient content, and amino acid levels in legume–cereal grass mixtures were qualitatively evaluated depending on the legume–cereal combination and inoculation with preparations based on Rhizobium. This study, taking into account the biological characteristics of legume forage crops, used inoculations with strains of nodule bacteria and associative nitrogen fixers to enhance the process of the nitrogen fixation of mixed crops of legumes and cereal. The aim of this study was to compare the yields and nutritional values of monocultures and mixed crops, as well as to determine the effects of preparations based on strains of nodule bacteria and the associated nitrogen fixer on the photosynthetic activity and yield of combined annual legume–grain crops. A comparative study of forage crop biomass was conducted to analyze crude protein, fiber, carotene, and amino acid content in monocultures and legume–cereal mixtures, with and without the use of nodule-bacteria-based preparations (Rhizotorphin, Mizorine, Flavobactrin, and Azolene). The combined effect of crop mixtures and biological products led to increased green mass yield, protein content, and feed productivity. Notably, two-component mixtures with Rhizotorphin inoculation increased green mass yield by 8.79%, while three-component mixtures saw a 16.49% increase. The oat–pea mixture showed the most significant amino acid improvements, with lysine increasing by 6.26% and tyrosine by 3.24%. The general conclusion reached by the two-year experiment of 2022–2023 in the hill–plain zone of northern Kazakhstan is that double grass mixtures treated with nodule bacteria are more productive than monoculture crops in this area. These results suggest that inoculation with bacterial strains can effectively enhance the productivity of forage crops in northern Kazakhstan, providing a basis for future recommendations on optimizing herbaceous crop combinations. It is recommended to grow annual forage crops in mixtures with legumes to produce highly nutritious feeds with high metabolic energy in terms of biochemical composition.

Microplastics from face masks: Unraveling combined toxicity with environmental hazards and their impacts on food safety.

Microplastics (MPs) refer to tiny plastic particles, typically smaller than 5mm in size. Due to increased mask usage during COVID-19, improper disposal has led to masks entering the environment and releasing MPs into the surroundings. MPs can absorb environmental hazards and transfer them to humans and animals via the food chain, yet their impacts on food safety and human health are largely neglected. This review summarizes the release process of MPs from face masks, influencing factors, and impacts on food safety. Highlights are given to the prevalence of MPs and their combined toxicities with other environmental hazards. Control strategies are also explored. The release of MPs from face masks is affected by environmental factors like pH, UV light, temperature, ionic strength, and weathering. Due to the chemical active surface and large surface area, MPs can act as vectors for heavy metals, toxins, pesticides, antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes, and foodborne pathogens through different mechanisms, such as electrostatic interaction, precipitation, and bioaccumulation. After being adsorbed by MPs, the toxicity of these environmental hazards, such as oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, and disruption of metabolic energy levels, can be magnified. However, there is a lack of comprehensive research on both the combined toxicities of MPs and environmental hazards, as well as their corresponding control strategies. Future research should prioritize understanding the interaction of MPs with other hazards in the food chain, their combined toxicity, and integrating MPs detection and degradation methods with other hazards.

Effects of single or combined exposure to tralopyril and ocean acidification on energy metabolism response and sex development in Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas)

The combined effects of the novel antifouling biocide tralopyril (TP) nitrile and ocean acidification (OA) on marine organisms are still not well understood, despite the increasing attention given to the toxic effects of emerging pollutants and OA on marine organisms in recent years. In this study, Crassostrea gigas (C. gigas) was exposed to TP, OA, and a combination of TP and OA for 21 days with a 14-day depuration. This study investigated the inter-tissue variability in energy metabolism responses and the impacts on gonadal development in C. gigas under both single and combined exposures to TP and OA. The results indicate that TP exposure and OA resulted in up-regulation of energy metabolism genes in the C. gigas, with tissues exhibiting enhanced aerobic metabolism. Furthermore, OA influences the sex determination of C. gigas, promoting the development of female individuals. Moreover, following depuration, C. gigas is able to restore normal energy metabolism and sexual development through the accumulation of suitable energy reserves. This study provides a valuable reference for the environmental and ecological risk assessment of TP, addressing the research gap in understanding the combined toxicity of TP and OA on aquatic organisms.

Neurocognitive correlates of cerebral mitochondrial function and energy metabolism using phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy in older adults.

The goal of the current study was to learn about the role of cerebral mitochondrial function on cognition. Based on established cognitive neuroscience, clinical neuropsychology, and cognitive aging literature, we hypothesized mitochondrial function within a focal brain region would map onto cognitive behaviors linked to that brain region. To test this hypothesis, we used phosphorous (31P) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to derive indirect markers of mitochondrial function and energy metabolism across two regions of the brain (bifrontal, left temporal). We administered cognitive tasks sensitive to frontal-executive or temporal-hippocampal systems to a sample of 70 cognitively unimpaired older adults with subjective memory complaints and a first-degree family history of Alzheimer's disease and predicted better executive function and recent memory performance would be related to greater frontal and temporal 31P MRS indirect markers, respectively. Results of separate hierarchical linear regressions indicated better recent memory scores were related to 31P MRS indirect markers of lower static energy and higher energy reserve within the left temporal voxel; these findings were associated with moderate effect sizes. Contrary to predictions, executive function performance was unrelated to 31P MRS indirect markers within the bilateral frontal voxel, which may reflect a combination of theoretical and/or methodological issues. Findings represent a snapshot of the relationship between cognition and 31P MRS indirect markers of mitochondrial function, providing potential avenues for future work investigating mitochondrial underpinnings of cognition. 31P MRS may provide a sensitive neuroimaging marker for differences in aspects of memory among persons at-risk for mild cognitive impairment or dementia.

External damp environment aggravates diarrhea in spleen deficiency and dampness syndrome in mice: involvement of small intestinal contents microbiota, energy metabolism, gastrointestinal and fluid functions.

Recent studies have increasingly demonstrated that a multiplatform water environment combined with lard gavage is an effective method for establishing a mouse model of diarrhea. However, the interactions between intestinal microorganisms and diarrhea, as well as the relationships among energy metabolism, fluid balance, and gastrointestinal function in this model, remain poorly understood. Building on previous research, this study aimed to optimiz and replicate a multiplatform water environment combined with a lard gavage model. Male Kunming mice, free of specific pathogens, were randomly divided into four groups: a normal control group (ZC), a standing group (ZL), a standing combined with lard group (ZLZ), and a standing combined with internal and external wet conditions group (ZLZS). The mice in the ZL, ZLZ, and ZLZS groups were subjected to 4 hours of daily standing in a custom-designed multiplatform water environment. Starting on day 8, mice in the ZLZ and ZLZS groups were gavaged with lard (0.4 mL per session, twice daily) for 7 consecutive days, while those in the ZLZS group were additionally exposed to a wet litter environment (50 g/100 mL). The ZC and ZL groups received equal volumes of sterile water via gavage. The microbiota in the small intestine, as well as serum levels of cAMP, cGMP, VIP, Gas, and D-xylose, were analyzed. Compared with the ZLZ group, the ZLZS group showed significantly lower serum levels of cAMP/cGMP (p<0.01) and Gas (p<0.01). D-xylose levels were lower in the ZL, ZLZ, and ZLZS groups compared to the ZC group, while VIP levels were significantly higher in the ZL and ZLZS groups (p<0.01). Moverover, Corynebacterium, Empedobacter, and Pseudochrobactrum were identified as characteristic bacterial genera in the ZLZS group. The mechanism by which the small intestinal microbiota induces diarrhea was linked to the biosynthesis of secondary bile acids. A multiplatform water environment combined with lard gavage can effectively induce diarrhea, and the addition of an external wet environment exacerbates this condition by affecting small intestinal contents microbiota and other functions.

Effects of the Aerobic Exercise Types of the Same Amount of Exercise on the Energy Metabolism During Exercise and Recovery Phase

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise types on energy metabolism during and after exercise under the same exercise volume conditions.METHODS Ten healthy men were randomly assigned to interval(IV), intermittent(IM), and continuous(CO) exercise, and the experiment was conducted at intervals of one week and consumed 300 kcal. The data were verified by repeated measurement one-way ANOVA, and contrast was conducted. The statistical significance level was set at α=0.05.RESULTS As a result of the study, first, among the energy metabolism variables during exercise, oxygen intake(VO2) was statistically significantly higher in the IM and CO exercise than in the IV exercise(p&lt;0.001). The respiratory exchange rate(RER, p&lt;0.001), energy consumption per minute(ECM, p&lt;0.001), and carbohydrate consumption amount(CCA, p=0.013) were significantly higher in the IM exercise, but there was no statistically significant difference in the fat oxidation rate(FOR), fat consumption amount(FCA), and carbohydrate consumption rate(CCR). Second, there were statistically significant differences in EPOC(p&lt;0.001), RER(p&lt;0.001), and ECM(p&lt;0.001) in the post-exercise recovery phase, among them, the highest in the IM exercise. In terms of FOR(p=0.002) and FCA(p=0.007), IV and CO exercise were significantly higher than IM exercise, and on the contrary, in terms of CCR(p=0.002) and CCA(p&lt;0.001), IM exercise was higher than IV and CC exercise.CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, considering not only during exercise but also the recovery period after exercise, the intermittent exercise seems to have an advantage in increasing energy consumption while having a shorter exercise time than the other two under the condition of the same exercise amount.

Effect of dietary β-mannanase supplementation on growth performance and nutrient retention in broiler chickens fed corn-soybean meal-based diets with low energy and amino acid density

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of two different β-mannanases on growth performance and nutrient retention of broiler chickens fed a diet with low energy and amino acid density. A total of 312 one-day-old male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were placed in floor pens and fed a standard starter diet for 16 days. They were then randomly moved to stainless steel cages and distributed into three groups, with 13 replicates of 8 chickens each. The control group received a corn-soybean meal-based grower diet with reduced metabolizable energy by ∼100 kcal/kg and a 10-12% reduction of digestible amino acids (lysine, methionine, and threonine). Titanium oxide was added at 0.5% of diet as an indigestible marker. The other groups were fed the same diet supplemented with either β-mannanase A derived from Thermothelomyces thermophilus (100 g β-mannanase/MT grower diet) or β-mannanase B derived from Paenibacillus lentus (350 g β-mannanase/MT grower diet). The trial lasted for 7 days from d 17 to d 23, comprising 4 days of acclimatization followed by 3 days of sample collection. Final body weight (d 23), body weight gain (d 17-23), and feed intake (d 17-23) of broiler chickens did not differ among the groups. However, both β-mannanases significantly improved the feed conversion ratio during d 17-23 (P = 0.039) and nitrogen retention (P = 0.028) in broiler chickens compared to the control group. Moreover, dietary supplementation with β-mannanase A significantly increased dry matter retention (P = 0.050), organic matter retention (P = 0.028), and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn; P = 0.033) compared to the control group. In conclusion, supplemental β-mannanase, regardless of the product, improved the growth performance of broiler chickens by improving nutrient retention and dietary AMEn.

Integration across biophysical scales identifies molecular and cellular correlates of person-to-person variability in human brain connectivity

Brain connectivity arises from interactions across biophysical scales, ranging from molecular to cellular to anatomical to network level. To date, there has been little progress toward integrated analysis across these scales. To bridge this gap, from a unique cohort of 98 individuals, we collected antemortem neuroimaging and genetic data, as well as postmortem dendritic spine morphometric, proteomic and gene expression data from the superior frontal and inferior temporal gyri. Through the integration of the molecular and dendritic spine morphology data, we identified hundreds of proteins that explain interindividual differences in functional connectivity and structural covariation. These proteins are enriched for synaptic structures and functions, energy metabolism and RNA processing. By integrating data at the genetic, molecular, subcellular and tissue levels, we link specific biochemical changes at synapses to connectivity between brain regions. These results demonstrate the feasibility of integrating data from vastly different biophysical scales to provide a more comprehensive understanding of brain connectivity.

Effects of equipment use and exercise speed during Pilates on energy consumption, heart rate, and energy metabolism in women aged 20-30s

Effects of equipment use and exercise speed during Pilates on energy consumption, heart rate, and energy metabolism in women aged 20-30s

GC-MS-based metabonomic analysis of silkworm haemolymph reveals four-stage metabolic responses to nucleopolyhedrovirus infection.

Silkworm, Bombyx mori, an economically significant insect, plays a crucial role in silk production. However, silkworm breeding is highly susceptible to various pathogens, particularly the Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV), which poses a serious threat. Recent metabonomic studies have provided insights into the metabolic changes associated with BmNPV infection. BmNPV infection has obvious temporal characteristics. However, few studies have investigated the silkworms infected in different periods. This study employed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to perform a comprehensive analysis of haemolymph metabolites in silkworms at 48, 72, 96 and 120 h post-infection (h.p.i.). Through the integration of time-course analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment, the study revealed distinct four-stage metabolic characteristics in the silkworm's response to BmNPV infection. At Stage 1 (48 h.p.i.), silkworms activate antioxidant defence mechanisms, with significant enrichment in metabolic pathways involving key antioxidants such as glutathione, to mitigate oxidative stress induced by viral invasion. By Stage 2 (72 h.p.i.), pathways related to amino acid metabolism and protein synthesis become active, indicating an increase in protein synthesis. In Stage 3 (96 h.p.i.), energy metabolism and substance transport pathways are significantly upregulated to support the rapid viral replication and the enhanced locomotor behaviour of silkworm. Finally, at Stage 4 (120 h.p.i.), there is a further enhancement of pathways related to energy metabolism, nucleic acid synthesis, and substance transport, which align with peak viral assembly and release. These findings contribute to an in-depth understanding of the biochemical basis of silkworm resistance to NPV.