Metabolic Weight Research Articles

Avaliação de suplemento energético em níveis crescentes no concentrado para ovinos – consumo e bioquímica sanguínea

The objective was to estimate the different levels of inclusion of an energetic supplement in the concentrate in relation to consumption and blood biochemistry. The experiment was carried out with lambs with about eight months of age and an average weight of 40Kg. They were distributed in 5x5 Latin square digestibility study cages with five different treatments: 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% inclusion in the concentrate. The ewes obtained the different levels of energetic supplement in the concentrate with a ten-day adaptation diet and another five days of collection for each animal receiving each treatment on a diet with a roughage concentrate ratio of 50:50. The animals received an average of 3.5% of the live weight of feed. Feces, leftovers of the offered, leftovers of water were collected and the volume and density of urine were measured during the five days of collections for each animal in each phase. Blood was collected three times during the collection days, alternating days, with the first blood collection, on the first day of data collection for each phase, to determine the concentrations of urea, uric acid, creatinine, albumin, total proteins, cholesterol, glucose and triglycerides. The different levels of inclusion of the product in the concentrate did not influence statistically in relation to consumption, there was a statistical difference in relation to the consumption of dry matter in relation to the live weight (DMF) and in relation to the consumption of dry matter in relation to the metabolic weight (DMF), with variation of polynomial regression. It is observed that as the product is included in the concentrate, the faeces tend to soften and, consequently, the amount of water in the faeces increases. Of the blood parameters, no statistical variation was found.

Maternal Weight Gain during Pregnancy and the Developing Autonomic Nervous System—Possible Impact of GDM

The intrauterine environment is known to affect the offspring's long-term risk for obesity and diabetes. Previous data show that maternal metabolism and gestational weight gain (GWG) are associated with fetal autonomic nervous system (ANS) function, which can be assessed with heart rate variability (HRV). We investigated whether this association is also present in 2-year-old children and addressed the impact of gestational diabetes (GDM). We examined the 2-year-old offspring of mothers who had undergone a 5-point, 75 g oral glucose tolerance test during pregnancy. To assess HRV, a 10-minute ECG was recorded, and time domain and frequency domain parameters were analyzed. Body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance testing. We examined 67 children (33 girls, 34 boys), 30 of whom were born to mothers with treated GDM and normoglycemic pregnancies (NGT), respectively. No differences were found between the groups with regard to birth weight, weight at the age of 2 years, and body fat content. We observed that GWG was associated with heart rate and HRV, indicating that children of mothers with low GWG had a lower parasympathetic tone. This association was detected in NGT-exposed-but not in GDM-exposed-children. HR and HRV correlated with body fat and fat-free mass in children from normoglycemic pregnancies only. We found that the impact of maternal GWG on offspring ANS function was missing in the presence of treated GDM. The balance of the ANS was related to offspring body composition in children from NGT pregnancies only. Our results suggest that maternal weight gain during pregnancy has a critical impact on the developing ANS, which might be disturbed in the presence of GDM.

The Effect of Lifestyle Correction Based on Body Composition Intervention on Clinical Efficacy: a Prospective Comparative Randomized Study of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients

AIM. To study the clinical effect of body composition-based lifestyle intervention in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). MATERIAL AND METHODS. In the period of November, 2020 – July, 2021, 91 patients diagnosed with PCOS in the First People's Hospital of Urumqi were prospectively selected and divided into a control group (46 cases) and an experimental group (45 cases) according to random number method. The patients in the control group were treated with Drospirenone and Ethinylestradiol tablets (II), while the patients in the experimental group were treated with Drospirenone and Ethinylestradiol tablets (II) and lifestyle adjustment based on body composition. The changes of the indices before and after 3 months of treatment were compared between the two groups. RESULTS. The indices of PCOS patients in the two groups after treatment (except 1 basal metabolic rate and muscle weight, 2. FSH and 3. HDL) were decreased, and the decrease in the experimental group was more significant (P < 0.05). Patients in the experimental group had significantly increased spontaneous ovulation and pregnancy rate / Conducive to ovulation and pregnancy. CONCLUSION. In PCOS patients, the combination of Drospirenone and Ethinylestradiol tablets (II) and lifestyle intervention based on human body components can improve reproductive hormone, glucose metabolism and insulin resistance more effectively, which is beneficial to spontaneous ovulation and pregnancy, and reduce the weight of patients.

Gut Microbiota Profile in Adults Undergoing Bariatric Surgery: A Systematic Review.

Gut microbiota (GM) after bariatric surgery (BS) has been considered as a factor associated with metabolic improvements and weight loss. In this systematic review, we evaluate changes in the GM, characterized by 16S rRNA and metagenomics techniques, in obese adults who received BS. The PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and LILACS databases were searched. Two independent reviewers analyzed articles published in the last ten years, using Rayyan QCRI. The initial search resulted in 1275 documents, and 18 clinical trials were included after the exclusion criteria were applied. The predominance of intestinal bacteria phyla varied among studies; however, most of them reported a greater amount of Bacteroidetes (B), Proteobacteria (P), and diversity (D) after BS. Firmicutes (F), B, and the (F/B) ratio was inconsistent, increasing or decreasing after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) were conducted, compared to before surgery. There was a reduction in the relative proportion of F. Moreover, a higher proportion of Actinobacteria (A) was observed after RYGB was conducted. However, the same was not identified when SG procedures were applied. Genera abundance and bacteria predominance varied according to the surgical procedure, with limited data regarding the impact on phyla. The present study was approved by PROSPERO, under registration number CRD42020209509.

Effects of Feeding and Drinking Behavior on Performance and Carcass Traits in Beef Cattle.

Feed and water efficiency are important traits to improve beef cattle production’s economic and environmental sustainability. This study evaluated residual feed intake (RFI) and residual water intake (RWI) and their relationship with performance, ingestive behavior, and carcass traits in Caracu beef cattle. The data were analyzed using a generalized linear model with least squares means. The ingestive behavior, performance, and carcass traits were influenced by sex (p < 0.05). Males showed higher dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), mid-test metabolic weight (BW0.75), rib eye area, and rump fat thickness than females, besides spending more time drinking and eating. Low RFI animals exhibited higher DMI than high RFI animals. Low RWI animals ingested 3.89 L/d of water further than high RWI animals. The interaction between sex and RWI influenced the DMI, BW0.75, and backfat thickness. The ingestive behavior of low and high RFI animals was similar, although high RWI animals visited a smaller number of drinkers than low RWI animals. Water intake positively affects productive efficiency, and the combined use of RWI and RFI may help improve the selection of more efficient animals contributing to reducing the costs of beef cattle production and improving environmental sustainability.

Circulating Adipokines and Hepatokines Serve as Diagnostic Markers during Obesity Therapy.

Allocation of morbidly obese patients to either conservative therapy options-such as lifestyle intervention and/or low-calorie diet (LCD)-or to bariatric surgery-preferably sleeve gastrectomy or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB)-represents a crucial decision in order to obtain sustainable metabolic improvement and weight loss. The present study encompasses 160 severely obese patients, 81 of whom participated in an LCD program, whereas 79 underwent RYGB surgery. The post-interventional dynamics of physiologically relevant adipokines and hepatokines (ANGPTL4, CCL5, GDF15, GPNMB, IGFBP6), as well as their correlation with fat mass reduction and improvement of liver fibrosis, were analyzed. Systemic GDF15 was characterized as an excellent predictive marker for hepatic fibrosis as well as type 2 diabetes mellitus. Of note, baseline GDF15 serum concentrations were positively correlated with NFS and HbA1c levels after correction for BMI, suggesting GDF15 as a BMI-independent marker of hepatic fibrosis and T2D in obese individuals. Specific GDF15 cut-off values for both diseases were calculated. Overall, the present data demonstrate that circulating levels of specific adipokines and hepatokines are regulated with therapy-induced fat loss and metabolic improvement and might, therefore, serve as biomarkers for the success of obesity therapy strategies.

Metabolic effects of the dual SGLT 1/2 inhibitor sotagliflozin on blood pressure and body weight reduction in people with diabetes: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

AimTo update the meta-analysis of the metabolic effects of a dual sodium-glucose co-transpoter-1/2 inhibitor, sotagliflozin, on blood pressure (BP) and body weight in people with diabetes. MethodsAn electronic search up to March 8, 2022, were conducted to determine eligible randomized-controlled trials of sotagliflozin-reporting BP and weight change outcomes in adults with diabetes. Results16 trials were included, with a combined cohort of 19,140 patients. Compared with placebo, sotagliflozin had a mean systolic blood pressure reduction (weighted mean differences (WMDs) −2.60 mmHg, 95 % CI: −2.90 to −2.30), mean diastolic blood pressure reduction (WMD -0.96 mmHg, 95 % CI: −1.17 to −0.75), and mean weight loss (WMD −1.88 kg, 95 % CI: −2.16 to −1.59). Metabolic effects on BP-lowering and weight loss were observed across diabetes status, duration of follow-up, and chronic kidney disease comorbidity. Meanwhile sotagliflozin presented significant effects on people with type 1 diabetes and showed a dose-response relationship for BP-lowering and weight loss. ConclusionThis meta-analysis enriches the evidence on the metabolic benefits, including BP-lowering and weight loss, of sotagliflozin, and provide a reasonable therapeutic option for managing diabetes with metabolic syndrome. Further studies will be required to elucidate its long-term effects and role in metabolic syndrome management.PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42022323945.

Maintenance Energy Requirement of Broilers and the Impact of Ambient Temperatures

Eight broiler weight groups, housed in metabolic chambers, were exposed to 3-5 ambient temperatures (AT) such that AT exposure fell below, near and above the projected thermoneutral (TN) zone. Birds were fed 0, 5, and 10% of body weight (W), or allowed to consume food ad libitum, to vary energy consumption. Energy needs for body weight homeostasis, efficiency of metabolizable energy (ME) use for maintenance and the exponent needed to convert live body weight to metabolic weight was estimated. Energy (Kcal W-1 d-1) and oxygen (l W-1 d-1) needs for body weight homeostasis declined curvilinearly as body weight increased from 0.042 kg to 2.44 kg. Such needs were impacted by AT. The efficiency of ME use to support maintenance energy need varied in a cubic fashion with bird mass. The estimated zone of thermoneutrality, at body weight homeostasis, was inversely related to W (kg), expressed as: TN (&amp;ordm;C) = 31.896 &amp;ndash; 0.4625∙W (R2 = 0.99). Under metabolic basal rate (MBR) conditions, the TN zone was curvilinearly related to weight as: TNMBR = 32.6466 &amp;minus; (94.4603∙W) &amp;minus; (0.7660∙W2) (R2 = 0.99). The exponent, to linearize live body weight with heat production (HP) of birds fed to W homeostasis, was determined to be 0.758 with all birds strictly housed at TN. Further, the exponent to linearize HP of birds under MBR (fasted) conditions was estimated to be 0.679. Equations relating chick energy and oxygen consumption need with body weight and AT, metabolizable energy for gain homeostasis (MEmg), metabolizable energy for retained energy homeostasis (MEmr), metabolizable energy for protein homeostasis (MEmp), and metabolizable energy for fat homeostasis (MEmf) are presented.

Melatonin protects against body weight gain induced by sleep deprivation in mice

Sleep deprivation is an epidemic phenomenon in modern society. Lack of sleep has been shown to result in metabolic and endocrine disorders that predispose to obesity and other chronic metabolic diseases. Melatonin is a sleep-related neurohormone and affected by the circadian rhythm and light/dark cycles. Melatonin has recently been used to ameliorate diet-induced or night light-induced energy metabolic imbalance. However, the effect of melatonin on sleep deprivation-induced obesity has been poorly characterized. This study focuses on the protective effects of melatonin on lipid metabolism and body weight homeostasis in sleep-deprived mice. Mice subjected to sleep deprivation had significantly decreased plasma melatonin content and increased food intake and body weight gain compared to that of control. Meanwhile, the transcription factor PPARγ protein in liver increased, but there were no significant changes in hepatic circadian proteins BMAL1 and REV-ERBα after 10 consecutive days of sleep deprivation. Moreover, melatonin supplementation increased liver AMPKα/PPARα signaling pathway activity, which leads to lipid catabolism and reduced fat accumulation. These findings suggested that melatonin may be a potential agent for protecting against sleep deprivation-induced obesity.

PSXVI-3 Individual Water Use Efficiency in Beef Cattle

Abstract Public opinion has focused on animal agriculture being in competition with growing urban populations for land and water resources. With much of the US in drought conditions, improving water use efficiency is critical for the sustainability of animal agriculture. To date, little has been done to assess water efficiency in cattle. There is evidence for a positive relationship between water intake and DMI, but relationships between water and feed use efficiencies are likely more complex. Our objectives were to understand the magnitude of variation in water use efficiency and make comparisons with feed efficiency, as measured by residual feed intake (RFI). Our study utilized yearling bulls, steers, and heifers (n=745) between the summer of 2019 and the summer of 2021. Individual feed and water intakes were determined using a real-time feed intake system and an In Pen Weighing system (IPW). Water use efficiency, residual water intake (RWI), was calculated similarly to RFI where an expected water intake was determined for the group by regressing average daily water intake on metabolic mid-body test weight and either ADG or DMI. RWI was then calculated as actual daily water intake minus expected daily water intake. The estimation of expected water intake using DMI had a greater R2 than when ADG was used (.36-.51 vs .31-.35). The range in off-test RFI was about one order of magnitude smaller than the range of RWI (e.g., RFI -0.90 to 0.73 kg vs RWI -7.34 to 8.49 L), indicating greater variability in water intake compared with feed intake and a relationship among DMI, ADG, and RWI that needs to be further explored. As animal agriculture strives to be more sustainable, water use efficiency needs to become a common measure and genetic progress needs to be made. There appears to be sufficient variation in the trait to make this feasible.

PSIII-13 Performance and Resiliency of Lactating Does and Their Kids in Woodlands with Supplemental Feedstuffs or Grazing

Abstract Previous woodland-grazing studies reported poor performance of young, growing goats and recommended for supplemental feed. However, not much is known about strategies to supplement lactating animals stocked in woodlands. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and resiliency against gastrointestinal (GI) parasites of lactating does and their kids stocked in woodlands with supplemental grazing or feedstuffs. The study was conducted in six woodland plots and adjacent silvopasture plots were used for supplemental grazing. Seventeen lactating Kiko does with their kids (33) were divided into two groups. Each group was assigned to separate sets of woodland plots and rotated among those plots throughout the study period. One group (Group 1) was allowed to supplemental grazing in adjacent silvopasture plots for 3-4 hours daily and another group (Group 2) was supplemented with ad libitum hay and corn (0.5% of metabolic weight). Animal performance data (live weight, FAMACHA score, and body condition score (BCS)) were collected at the beginning after a 5-day-adjustment period, fortnightly during the study, and at the end. Vegetation samples from woodland and silvopasture plots were collected and analyzed for biomass and quality (CP, ADF, NDF, TDN). Fecal samples were collected and analyzed for GI parasites from animals having FAMACHA score 3 and higher. Animal performance and forage quality data were analyzed using GLM procedure, forage biomass data using Mixed model, and fecal egg-count data using the non-parametric (NPAR1WAY) procedure in SAS 9.4. Silvopasture produced greater biomass (60%) with higher quality (p&amp;lt; 0.0001) vs. woodland. Group-1 does showed better FAMACHA score and less prevalence of GI-parasite infestation vs. Group-2 does (p&amp;lt; 0.05). Group-1 kids had lower coccidia count vs. Group-2 kids (p&amp;lt; 0.05). In conclusion, supplemental grazing was better for resiliency against GI parasites in lactating does and young kids than supplemental feeding.

Exposure to mixtures of phenols, phthalate metabolites, parabens, and pesticide and BMI and lipid profiles in adolescents age 12-18

Background and aim Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) interfere endocrine system and lead to the imbalance in the regulation of lipid metabolism and body weight. Some recent studies suggest that EDCs may increase the risk for obesity or dyslipidemia, but most previous studies have evaluated the health effects of individual EDCs in isolation. We evaluated the association of combined exposure of EDCs with body mass index (BMI) and lipid profiles in a representative sample of a general population from Korea. Methods Urinary concentrations of exposures including three phenols (bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol S), eight phthalate metabolites (mono- (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate, mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate, mono-n-butyl phthalate, monobenzyl phthalate, mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentayl) phthalate, mono-(carboxyoctyl) phthalate, mono-(carboxynonyl) phthalate, mono(3-carboxylpropyl) phthalate), three parabens (methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben), and pyrethroid pesticides metabolite (3-phenoxybenzoic acid) and outcomes of interest including BMI, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) were measured in 891 adolescents. Age, sex, monthly household income, mother’s education level, frequency of fast-food, physical activity, smoking status, and alcohol consumption were adjusted. The association was examined using Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR), and the analyses were stratified by sex to assess the potential effect modification. Results BMI, TG to HDL-c ratio (TG/HDL), and total cholesterol to HDL ratio (TC/HDL) showed significant increasing trends when all the chemicals were at different levels from 25th percentile to 75th percentile, although the confidence intervals were wide. And the overall effects were more significant among males compared to female. For BMI, parabens showed the highest group posterior inclusion probability (PIP). On the other hand, for TG/HDL and TC/HDL, phthalate metabolites showed the highest group PIP. Conclusions Our findings suggest that higher exposure to EDCs mixture is associated with higher BMI, TG/HDL, TC/HDL, particularly in male adolescents. Key workds endocrine disrupting chemicals, mixture, BKMR, BMI, TG, HDL, total cholesterol, adolescents

Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire Predicts Moderate-to-Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children and Adolescents with Obesity.

Pediatric obesity is associated with an increased risk of morbidity during childhood. Alongside the well-known metabolic syndrome, during the last decades scientific research has deeply investigated the risk of sleep breathing disorders. Among them, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) commonly affects children with obesity. The presence of OSA heightens the risk of metabolic impairment and weight gain. Therefore, it deserves specific treatment. However, polysomnography (PSG) is not always available in clinical settings, and alternative diagnostic tools are needed. This study aimed to investigate the predictivity of the pediatric sleep questionnaire (PSQ) for moderate-to-severe OSA diagnosis. Children and adolescents with obesity and suspected OSA with available full-night cardiorespiratory PSG were retrospectively enrolled. Receiver operating curve analysis was performed to test the ability of PSQ in predicting moderate-to-severe OSA (AHI > 5 episode/h). The final sample included 60 children and adolescents. The PSQ showed a good area under the curve (AUC) of 0.88 (95% CI 0.78–0.98, p < 0.0001). Moreover, a value above or equal to 0.65 showed an 80% sensitivity and 100% specificity for moderate and severe OSA. These findings suggest that PSQ might be used in clinical settings with limited access to PSG for stratifying disease severity and for selecting children with urgent need of sleep study.

Shortening the Biliopancreatic Limb Length of One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass Maintains Glucose Homeostasis Improvement with Limited Weight Loss.

One anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) is associated with similar metabolic improvements and weight loss as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). However, this bariatric procedure is still controversial as it is suspected to result in undernutrition. Reducing the size of the biliopancreatic limb of OAGB could be essential to maintain positive outcomes while preventing side effects. The objective of this study was to compare and contrast outcomes of OAGB with two different biliopancreatic limb lengths to RYGB and Sham surgery in obese and non-obese rats. Lean and diet-induced obese Wistar rats were operated on RYGB, OAGB with a short (15 cm OAGB-15) or a long (35 cm OAGB-35) biliopancreatic limb or Sham surgery. Body weight and food intake were monitored over 30 weeks, and rats underwent oral glucose and insulin tolerance tests with a pancreatic and gut hormone secretion assay. Macronutrient absorption was determined by fecal analyses. Statistical analyses used non-parametric one-way or two-way ANOVA tests. Compared to Sham rats, RYGB, OAGB-15 and OAGB-35 rats displayed a significant reduced weight. Weight loss was greater after OAGB-35 than after OAGB-15 or Sham surgery because of transient malabsorption. All OAGB- and RYGB-operated rats displayed an improved pancreatic and gut hormone secretion in response to a meal compared to Sham rats, these effects were independent of limb length, rat weight, and maintained overtime. In conclusion, glucose homeostasis was similarly improved in obese and non-obese OAGB-15 and OAGB-35 rats suggesting that shortening the biliopancreatic limb can improve the metabolic parameters without a major influence on weight.

Evaluation of feed efficiency traits in different Hereford populations and their effect on variance component estimation

Context Residual feed intake is a relevant trait for beef cattle, given the positive impact on reducing feeding costs and greenhouse gas emissions. The lack of large databases is a restriction when estimating accurate genetic parameters for dry matter intake (DMI) and residual feed intake (RFI), and combining different data sets could be an alternative to increase the amount of data and achieve better estimations. Aim The main objective was to compare Uruguayan data (URY; 780 bulls) and Canadian data (CAN; 1597 bulls), and to assess the adequacy of pooling both data sets (ALL) for the estimation of genetic parameters for DMI and RFI. Methods Feed intake and growth traits phenotypes in both data sets were measured following the same protocols established by the Beef Improvement Federation. Pedigree connections among data sets existed, but were weak. Performance data were analysed for each data set, and individual partial regression coefficients for each energy sink on DMI were obtained and compared. Univariate and multivariate variance components were estimated by the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) for DMI, RFI and their energy sinks traits (average daily gain, metabolic mid weight and back fat thickness). Key results There were some differences in phenotypic performance among data (P &lt; 0.01); however, no differences (P &gt; 0.1) were observed for phenotypic values of RFI between sets. Heritability estimates for DMI were 0.42 (URY), 0.41 (CAN) and 0.45 for ALL data, whereas heritability estimates for RFI were 0.34 (URY), 0.20 (CAN) and 0.25 for ALL data. The results obtained indicate selection on reducing RFI could lead to a decrease in DMI, without compromising other performance traits, as genetic correlations between RFI, growth and liveweight were low or close to 0 (−0.12–0.07). Conclusions As genetic parameters were similar between national data sets (URY, CAN), pooling data (ALL) provided more accurate parameter estimations, as they presented smaller standard deviations, especially in multivariate analysis. Implications Parameters estimated here may be used in international or national genetic evaluation programs.

Feed Intake and Apparent Nutrient Digestibility of Growing Rabbits Fed Asystasia gangetica with Different Levels of Corn

This study investigated the effect of different corn levels on intake and digestibility in rabbits. The rabbits were divided into four groups and given Asystasia gangetica ad libitum as a basal diet and supplemented with either 80 g (T1), 60 g (T2), 40 g (T3), or 0 g (T4) corn/head/day. Rabbits fed with the T4 diet demonstrated a higher intake/kg metabolic weight than the other treatments. Nevertheless, rabbits fed with T4 and T1 diets depicted the lowest and highest digestibility, respectively. In conclusion, apparent nutrient digestibility was significantly improved in growing rabbits following supplemental feeding with a diet containing 60-80 g of corn.

A235 Emerging Trends in Robotic and Laparoscopic Metabolic Weight Loss Surgery: An Analysis of the MBSAQIP Database

A235 Emerging Trends in Robotic and Laparoscopic Metabolic Weight Loss Surgery: An Analysis of the MBSAQIP Database

Characterization and mitigation option of greenhouse gas emissions from lactating Holstein dairy cows in East China

BackgroundThis study investigated greenhouse gas (GHG) emission characteristics of lactating Holstein dairy cows in East China and provided a basis for formulating GHG emission reduction measures. GreenFeed system was used to measure the amount of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by the cows through respiration. Data from a commercial cow farm were used to observe the effects of parity, body weight, milk yield, and milk component yield on CH4 and CO2 emissions.ResultsMean herd responses throughout the study were as follows: 111 cows completed all experimental processes, while 42 cows were rejected because they were sick or had not visited the GreenFeed system 20 times. On average, lactating days of cows was 138 ± 19.04 d, metabolic weight was 136.5 ± 9.5 kg, parity was 2.8 ± 1.0, dry matter intake (DMI) was 23.1 ± 2.6 kg/d, and milk yield was 38.1 ± 6.9 kg/d. The GreenFeed system revealed that CH4 production (expressed in CO2 equivalent, CO2-eq) was found to be 8304 g/d, {mathrm{CH}}_{4left({mathrm{CO}}_2-mathrm{eq}right)} /DMI was 359 g/kg, {mathrm{CH}}_{4left({mathrm{CO}}_2-mathrm{eq}right)} /energy-corrected milk (ECM) was 229.5 g/kg, total CO2 production (CH4 production plus CO2 production) was 19,201 g/d, total CO2/DMI was 831 g/kg, and total CO2/ECM was 531 g/kg. The parity and metabolic weight of cows had no significant effect on total CO2 emissions (P > 0.05). Cows with high milk yield, milk fat yield, milk protein yield, and total milk solids yield produced more total CO2 (P < 0.05), but their total CO2 production per kg of ECM was low (P < 0.05). The total CO2/ECM of the medium and high milk yield groups was 17% and 27% lower than that of the low milk yield group, respectively.ConclusionsThe parity and body condition had no effect on total CO2 emissions, while the total CO2/ECM was negatively correlated with milk yield, milk fat yield, milk protein yield, and total milk solids yield in lactating Holstein dairy cows. Measurement of total CO2 emissions of dairy cows in the Chinese production system will help establish regional or national GHG inventories and develop mitigation approaches to dairy production regimes.

Modulating the Excitability of Olfactory Output Neurons Affects Whole-Body Metabolism.

Metabolic state can alter olfactory sensitivity, but it is unknown whether the activity of the olfactory bulb (OB) may fine tune metabolic homeostasis. Our objective was to use CRISPR gene editing in male and female mice to enhance the excitability of mitral/tufted projection neurons (M/TCs) of the OB to test for improved metabolic health. Ex vivo slice recordings of MCs in CRISPR mice confirmed increased excitability due the targeted loss of Kv1.3 channels, which resulted in a less negative resting membrane potential (RMP), enhanced action potential (AP) firing, and insensitivity to the selective channel blocker margatoxin (MgTx). CRISPR mice exhibited enhanced odor discrimination using a habituation/dishabituation paradigm. CRISPR mice were challenged for 25 weeks with a moderately high-fat (MHF) diet, and compared with littermate controls, male mice were resistance to diet-induced obesity (DIO). Female mice did not exhibit DIO. CRISPR male mice gained less body weight, accumulated less white adipose tissue, cleared a glucose challenge more quickly, and had less serum leptin and liver triglycerides. CRISPR male mice consumed equivalent calories as control littermates, and had unaltered energy expenditure (EE) and locomotor activity, but used more fats for metabolic substrate over that of carbohydrates. Counter to CRISPR-engineered mice, by using chemogenetics to decrease M/TC excitability in male mice, activation of inhibitory designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) caused a decrease in odor discrimination, and resulted in a metabolic profile that was obesogenic, mice had reduced EE and oxygen consumption (VO2). We conclude that the activity of M/TC projection neurons canonically carries olfactory information and simultaneously can regulate whole-body metabolism.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The olfactory system drives food choice, and olfactory sensitivity is strongly correlated to hunger and fullness. Olfactory function thereby influences nutritional balance and obesity outcomes. Obesity has become a health and financial crisis in America, shortening life expectancy and increasing the severity of associated illnesses. It is expected that 51% of Americans will be obese by the year 2030. Using CRISPR gene editing and chemogenetic approaches, we discovered that changing the excitability of output neurons in the olfactory bulb (OB) affects metabolism and body weight stabilization in mice. Our results suggest that long-term therapeutic targeting of OB activity to higher processing centers may be a future clinical treatment of obesity or type II Diabetes.

Health benefits of resistant starch: A review of the literature

• The consumption of resistant starch has positive effects on human health. • Resistant starch may improve carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and body weight. • Resistant starch as a prebiotic improves intestinal function. Starch is an essential source of energy for the human diet. Resistant starch is the portion of starch that is not digested in the small intestine and is fermented in the colon by microorganisms, resulting in the formation of short-chain fatty acids, which may be associated with some metabolic effects. In this regard, this review aims to present relevant research on the health benefits of consuming resistant starch and its effects on physiological properties such as intestinal health, glycemic balance, lipid metabolism, and body weight to be evaluated. However, the effect of resistant starch in reducing the risk of diet-dependent disorders such as diabetes, obesity, lipid disorders, and intestinal health is promising but still inconclusive.