Metabolic Syndrome In Young Adults Research Articles

2453-PUB: Changes in Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes Risk: A Nationwide Longitudinal Cohort Study

Background: Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. We aimed to examine whether changes in metabolic syndrome over a two-year span were associated with the development of type 2 diabetes. Methods: This prospective cohort study included 10,806,716 adults aged >20 years without a history of type 2 diabetes, using the South Korean National Health Insurance Service database. Metabolic syndrome components were measured at baseline and two years later. Diabetes risk over a four-year period was estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Results: During a mean follow-up of 4.08 years, 848,859 individuals were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for developing diabetes were 1.501 in individuals with metabolic syndrome at baseline and without it two years later, 1.768 in those without metabolic syndrome at baseline and with it two years later, and 2.327 with metabolic syndrome both at baseline and two years later compared with those without metabolic syndrome at either time point. The HRs for diabetes were increased with the number of metabolic syndrome components at baseline and two years later, and decreased significantly with a decrease in the number of components (p for trend < 0.0001). The risk of diabetes was more strongly associated with changes in metabolic syndrome in individuals aged between 20 and 39 years. Conclusions: Changes in metabolic syndrome could predict the development of type 2 diabetes. In addition, the risk of type 2 diabetes showed a stronger association with metabolic syndrome in young adults. These observations suggest that improving metabolic syndrome is important to prevent type 2 diabetes, particularly for young adults. Disclosure M. Lee: None. H. Kwon: None. K. Song: None. J. Lee: None. Funding Korean National Research Foundation (2018R1D1A1B07049079)

Parent's Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Body Mass, and Chronic Disease Status Is Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Young Adults: A Preliminary Study.

We sought to determine if there was an intergenerational association between parental weight, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and disease status, with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) in their young adult offspring. Young adults (n = 270, 21 ± 1 years, 53.3% female) were assessed for MetSyn and self-reported parent’s CRF, body mass status, and disease status. MetSyn was present in 11.9% of participants, 27.4% had one or two components, and 58.5% had no components. A significantly higher percentage (93.9%) of young adults with MetSyn identified at least one parent as being overweight or obese, 84.8% reported low parental CRF and 87.9% reported a parent with disease (all p < 0.017). MetSyn in offspring is more likely when parents are perceived to have low CRF, increased body mass, and a diagnosis of disease. Evaluating the offspring of people with low CRF, elevated body mass, or who have a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) or diabetes should be considered to promote early identification and treatment of young adults to reduce future premature CVD in these at-risk individuals.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components among Saudi Young Adults 18 - 30 Years of Age

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of established cardiovascular risk factors that collectively increase predisposition to major chronic diseases, including heart diseases and diabetes mellitus. Young adults can be affected by MS or any of its components which predispose them to its complications later in their life. Hence early detection of MS and its components can be of help in preventing or controlling its adverse consequences among young adults. Materials and Methods: A total of 1354 Saudis aged 18 - 30 was randomly selected from 20 regions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Anthropometrics were collected, and fasting blood samples were collected to ascertain fasting blood glucose and lipid profile. Components of full MS and its components according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) were used in this study. Results: Metabolic syndrome prevalence was 12% and was significantly higher among males, advancing age and government employees and unemployed subjects but not according to income or education levels MS was significantly higher among current smokers, subjects with low physical activity level, but not significant according to dietary habits in terms of combined fruits and vegetables consumption. Low levels of High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) were the most frequent component in both males and females. Both waist circumference (WC) and low levels of HDL were much higher among females. Significant predictors included male gender, advancing age, lower level of physical activity and current smoking. Conclusion: The prevalence of MS is 12% in young adults. Low HDL is the most prevalent component of MS in young adults and thus may also be the first detectable component of MS in many young adults. Early identification of MS components could lead to targeted interventions to prevent the development of the syndrome, and thus reduce cardiovascular disease risk in later life.

Metabolic syndrome: what changed during last 30 years?

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of cardiometabolic factors that are strongly associated with the risk of serious chronic diseases. The prevalence of MS continues to grow, including among children, adolescents and people of active reproductive age. For the sphere of reproductive medicine, the problem of MS is of particular importance not only because of its negative impact on fertility, the frequency of complications of pregnancy and childbirth, but also because of its transgenerative effect on the health of offspring: it is proved that each of the components of the metabolic syndrome is a powerful epigenetic factor. Recent studies have revealed many new facets of the pathogenesis of MS and expanded the range of its etiologic factors beyond the alimentary factors, which determines the possibility of finding new approaches to prevention and treatment of this pathology. The review presents: evolution of diagnostic criteria for MS and reflection of this process in epidemiology and clinical approaches to the disease; epidemiological data on the prevalence of MS in young adults. A brief overview of a large array of scientific research of the last decade on etiology and pathogenesis of MS, in particular the role of adipose tissue dysfunction of visceral, ileofemoral and ectopic depots, causes of the tendency to prevail in one or another adipose tissue depot, new obesity classification, as well as the role of perinatal and epigenetic, ecological (environmental obesogenes, artificial light contamination), composition of intestinal microbiota, state of the sympathetic nervous system, nutritional deficiencies in the development of obesity and MS is provided. The gender differences of pathogenesis and clinical features of MS, as well as the association of MS with dyshormonal and other pathologies (PCOS, hyperprolactinemia, uterine myoma, endometriosis) of female reproductive health are considered.

The dietary inflammatory index and insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome in young adults.

The aim of this study was to assess the association between the inflammatory potential of diet, as measured by the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and insulin resistance (IR) or metabolic syndrome (MetS). A cross-sectional study (nested within a cohort) was conducted on 2017 adults 23 to 25 y of age in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. Food consumption was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. DII scores were calculated from 35 available food parameters. IR was determined from the classification of homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) values (≥2.7 uU mL-1). MetS was diagnosed based on the Joint Interim Statement (JIS) criterion. The association of DII score with IR or MetS was determined by Poisson regression analysis. The variables included in the multivariable model were selected from directed acyclic graphs. The diet of the young adults studied showed a high inflammatory potential, with a mean DII score of +1.10 (range: -4.69 to +5.28). The prevalence of MetS was 12.2% and IR 12.3%; both were higher in men than in women. The correlation between DII and HOMA-IR values was -0.038 (P = 0.09). The DII was not associated with IR or MetS in either sex. Although the association between DII and the outcomes was not detected in this sample, the study demonstrated that the diets of these young adult Brazilians had a high inflammatory potential when compared with other studies. Future studies, preferably using longitudinal designs, are recommended.

Peripheral Lymphocytes, Obesity, and Metabolic Syndrome in Young Adults: An Immunometabolism Study.

Obesity is characterized by a low-intensity chronic inflammatory process in which immune system cells interact in a complex network, which affects systemic metabolic processes. This raises interest in analyzing possible changes in the proportions of immune system cells in individuals with obesity with and without metabolic syndrome (MS), in relation to their body composition. Circulating cells were analyzed with flow cytometry in young adults: monocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes (T, B, and natural killer [NK]), TCD4+CD62-, TCD8+CD28-, and naive and memory cells of TCD3+ and TCD4+. Body composition was obtained by bioelectrical impedance analysis and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and metabolic parameters. A total of 169 persons were evaluated: 20% presented normal body mass index (BMI); 49% was overweight, and 31% had obesity; 28% had MS. It was observed that with an increase in BMI and visceral adipose tissue increase (VATI), body composition and biochemical variables were negatively altered. With regard to cell subpopulations, total lymphocytes increased and granulocytes and NK lymphocytes decreased in patients with MS and VATI. Memory cells increased with BMI and VATI. In individuals with MS, monocytes, and NK lymphocytes comprised a negative association with VAT, fat mass, and skeletal muscle mass (SMM). In individuals with MS and VATI, a negative correlation was observed between monocytes and SMM. Significant changes were detected in the subpopulations of lymphocytes, suggesting that weight gain, SMM, and VAT accumulation gave rise to immunological changes at the peripheral level, and the presence of increased memory cells could be related to low-intensity chronic inflammation.

Probability and Body Composition of Metabolic Syndrome in Young Adults: Use of the Bayes Theorem as Diagnostic Evidence of the Waist-to-Height Ratio

Metabolic syndrome (MS) directly increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Childhood and adulthood have been the most studied in MS, leaving aside the young adult population. This study aimed to compare the epidemiological probabilities between MS and different anthropometric parameters of body composition. Using a cross-sectional study with the sample of 1351 young adults, different body composition parameters were obtained such as Waist Circumference (WC), Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Fat% (BF%), Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR), and Waist-Hip Ratio. The Bayes Theorem was applied to estimate the conditional probability that any subject developed MS with an altered anthropometric parameter of body composition. Areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) and adjusted odds ratios of the five parameters were analyzed in their optimal cutoffs. The conditional probability of developing MS with an altered anthropometric parameter was 17% in WHtR, WC, and Waist-hip R. Furthermore, body composition parameters were adjusted by age, BMI, and gender. Only WHtR (OR = 9.43, CI = 3.4–26.13, p &lt; 0.0001), and BF% (OR = 3.18, CI = 1.42–7.13, p = 0.005) were significant, and the sensitivity (84%) and the AUCs (86%) was higher in WHtR than other parameters. In young adults, the WHtR was the best predictor of metabolic syndrome.

Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Metabolic Syndrome in Young Adults.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is widespread among middle age people and presents an acute issue in preventive cardiology. A list of conditions associated with MS is quite long and it is constantly growing. Despite the data, described in scientific literature, on general pathogenetic mechanisms, the conditions associated with androgynous status, are not included into the register of MS associated nosologies. Such association is identified in men older than 60 years old and is explained by age related hypoandrogenaemia. However, the issue of occurrence rate of lower urinary tract syndromes (LUTS) in young men with MS and their association of androgen levels remains open. 62 European men aged from 25 to 40 (30 patients with MS and 32 conditionally healthy persons) were examined. Apart from generally accepted methods of physical and instrumental examination, evaluation of hormonal status (insulin, testosterone, dehydrotestosteron), IPSS-QOI testing and transrectal USI of prostate and bladder were performed. Revealed a high frequency of increasing the size and volume of the prostate gland, the number of points on the IPSS questionnaire, corresponding to the initial manifestation of hyperplastic prostate diseases on the background of insulin resistance and normal androgen levels raises questions about the search for new pathogenetic links of the metabolic syndrome with the processes of induction of prostate growth. Modern standards of examination of patients with MS do not include routine methods for the detection of prostate diseases. The above data raise questions about the need for further study in young patients with verified MS, including IPSS-QOI questionnaire surveying and TRUS.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in young adults in Russia

Aim: To study the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the young population in Russian Federation (Novosibirsk).

Sex differences in the association of phospholipids with components of the metabolic syndrome in young adults

BackgroundThere are differences in the prevalence and severity of diseases between males, females not taking hormonal contraceptives (non-HC females) and females taking hormonal contraceptives (HC females). The aim of this study was to identify sex-specific differences in the metabolome and its relation to components of the metabolic syndrome in a young adult population.MethodsThe subjects analysed are from the 20-year follow-up of the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. Two hundred fifteen plasma metabolites were analysed in 1021 fasted plasma samples by a targeted liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) metabolomics approach. Principal component analysis between males (n = 550), non-HC females (n = 199) and HC females (n = 269) was applied. Regression analysis with a sex × metabolite concentration interaction was performed on components of the MetS, namely waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, and plasma HDL-C, triglycerides and glucose concentration, as outcome to select the significant metabolites of the interaction. Those selected metabolites were used as predictors in a sex group stratified analysis to compare the different β coefficients and therefore the sex group-dependent associations.ResultsPrincipal component analysis between males, non-HC females, and HC females showed a general discriminating trend between males and HC females. One hundred twenty-seven metabolites were significantly different between males and non-HC females, whereas 97 differed between non-HC females and HC females. Males and non-HC females mainly differed in sphingomyelin, lyso-phosphatidylcholine, acyl-carnitine and amino acid species, whilst non-HC females and HC females mainly differed in phosphatidylcholine, lyso-phosphatidylcholine and acyl-carnitine concentrations. Forty-one metabolites (phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelines, lyso-phosphatidylcholine) were significantly differently associated with the MetS factors in the different groups.ConclusionsWe have shown clear differences between plasma metabolite concentrations in males, and HC or non-HC females, especially in lyso-phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine, which have been shown to associate with obesity in other studies. The association of these metabolites differed between sexes with components of the metabolic syndrome, which means that development of diseases like obesity and diabetes may differ between the sexes. Our findings highlight the importance of considering sex differences when conducting a metabolomics study and the need to account for the effect of HC usage in females in future studies.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in young adults: a study from North India

Background: Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors for CVD and is on rise globally as well as in india.Methods: This was a population based study conducted on 356 individuals of the age of 16-45 years, attending Medicine OPD for routine check-up at Sri guru ram das institute of medical sciences and research. Participants were subjected for anthropometric measurements, complete physical examination and evaluation of biochemical parameters in context of metabolic syndrome.Results: On applying, NCEP-ATPIII criteria, the prevalence of MS was found to be 22.47%. The prevalence of MS was comparable in both genders, though MS was significantly higher in females of 36-45 years age group (25.64%). About 82% of the participants were either overweight or obese.Conclusions: Since obesity was the most common entity prevalent and a major risk factor for MS and CVD, early detection and lifestyle modifications to prevent obesity and dyslipidemia should be promoted at all levels in community.

Metabolic syndrome in young adults with epilepsy

Metabolic syndrome in young adults with epilepsy

Metabolic syndrome in young adults with epilepsy

PurposePersons with epilepsy have higher cardiovascular mortality and morbidity compared to general population and alteration of their biochemical milieu is one of the proposed mechanisms. We aimed to study the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors in young adults with epilepsy and the association with antiepileptic drug use. MethodAn observational study was conducted in persons with epilepsy aged 20–49 years using antiepileptic drugs regularly for the previous three years. The subjects were examined and their blood samples were collected for fasting blood glucose and lipid profile. ResultsOver 18 months, 183 patients (120 males; 63 females) were recruited (mean age 32.5±8.9 years). Metabolic syndrome (MetS) by ATP III criteria was present in 54 (29.5%) subjects. People with MetS in our group had higher frequency of abdominal obesity (50.0%) and hypertriglyceridemia (55.5%) than diabetes/impaired fasting glucose (27.8%). Older age (p=0.005) and use of valproate (p=0.012) were associated with significant risk of MetS. ConclusionClinicians need to be vigilant regarding the risk of MetS while initiating treatment and following up persons with epilepsy.

The Components of Metabolic Syndrome in Young Adults

The Components of Metabolic Syndrome in Young Adults

Physical activity, body composition and metabolic syndrome in young adults.

ObjectiveLow physical activity (PA) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic disorders in all age groups. We measured intensity and volume of PA and examined the associations between PA and the metabolic syndrome (MS), its components and body composition among young Finnish adults.Research Design and MethodsThe study comprises 991 men and women born 1985-86, who participated in a clinical study during the years 2009-11 which included assessments of metabolism, body composition and PA. Objectively measured (SenseWear Armband) five-day PA data was available from 737 participants and was expressed in metabolic equivalents of task (MET).ResultsThe prevalence of MS ranged between 8-10%. Higher total mean volume (MET-hours) or intensity (MET) were negatively associated with the risk of MS and separate components of MS, while the time spent at sedentary level of PA was positively associated with MS.ConclusionsMS was prevalent in approximately every tenth of the young adults at the age of 24 years. Higher total mean intensity and volume rates as well as longer duration spent at moderate and vigorous PA level had a beneficial impact on the risk of MS. Longer time spent at the sedentary level of PA increased the risk of MS.

Obesity and Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Egyptian University Students: Magnitude of the Problem

Background: Cardiovascular risk factors can lead to excessive morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular events. Metabolic syndrome in young adults is considered a predictor of increased cardiovascular risk in adulthood. Obesity in specific is rising among adolescents and young adults worldwide including populations living in developing countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors in a group of university students representing large sector of young adults in Egypt. Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational study on 2895 students from 10 public universities in 10 Egyptian governorates that represent different geographic areas in Egypt. Students were recruited for selfadministered questionnaire, anthropometric and blood pressure measurements as well as laboratory analyses for random blood sugar and total cholesterol level. Results: The majority of students were non-smokers, and the minority performed regular physical exercise.Obesity was encountered in 10.7% of participants, while abdominal obesity was shown in 43.4%. Abdominal obesity was more prevalent in South Upper Egypt female students. 2% of students were shown to be hypertensive and 15% were pre-hypertensive. Conclusion: Pre-hypertension and Obesity, particularly the abdominal type was prevalent in Egyptian adolescents and young adults.

Applicability of the visceral adiposity index (VAI) in predicting components of metabolic syndrome in young adults.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and identifying its components in young adults may constitute an important prevention tool. Analyzing applicability of the Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) for predicting components of MS in young adults. Cross-sectional survey with 444 individuals, mean age 25.6±6.5, 77.7% females. We obtained data on weight, height, waist circumference (WC), body fat percentage (BF%), fasting glycemia, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol (HDL-c), LDL cholesterol (LDL-c), and blood pressure (BP), as well as information on their lifestyles. Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHR) and VAI were calculated. Adiposity measurements were compared to the MS components, and for VAI, we determined the predictive capacity of MS components occurrence and the area below the ROC curve. VAI correlated to glucose (r=0.136), HDL-c (r=-436), and TG (r=0.825) in females, and amongst men, it correlated to glucose (r=0.258), HDL-c (r=-0.550), TG (r=0.897), and DBP (r=0.290). An increased VAI was associated to an increased risk of abdominal obesity (OR=1.86), hypertriglyceridemia (OR=30.74), and low HDL-c (OR=3.95). Among obesity indicators, VAI presented a larger area below the curve for increased TG and low HDL-c. VAI presented an association to MS components in males and females with an increased risk of abdominal obesity, hipertriglyceridemia, and low HDL-c, proving to be a good MS components predictor even among healthy young adults.

Use of CHAID decision trees to formulate pathways for the early detection of metabolic syndrome in young adults.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) in young adults (age 20–39) is often undiagnosed. A simple screening tool using a surrogate measure might be invaluable in the early detection of MetS. Methods. A chi-squared automatic interaction detection (CHAID) decision tree analysis with waist circumference user-specified as the first level was used to detect MetS in young adults using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009-2010 Cohort as a representative sample of the United States population (n = 745). Results. Twenty percent of the sample met the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP) classification criteria for MetS. The user-specified CHAID model was compared to both CHAID model with no user-specified first level and logistic regression based model. This analysis identified waist circumference as a strong predictor in the MetS diagnosis. The accuracy of the final model with waist circumference user-specified as the first level was 92.3% with its ability to detect MetS at 71.8% which outperformed comparison models. Conclusions. Preliminary findings suggest that young adults at risk for MetS could be identified for further followup based on their waist circumference. Decision tree methods show promise for the development of a preliminary detection algorithm for MetS.

Risks of metabolic syndrome in students of the faculty of health sciences.

Metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in the adult population worldwide. Education may play an important role in preventing metabolic syndrome in young adults, especially those who are attending university. Such adults are at a critical point in their lives and make their own lifestyle choices that can affect their future health. The aims of this study were to determine the metabolic syndrome risk levels of students from the Faculty of Health Sciences. Survey design study. In a questionnaire developed by the researchers to collect data in accordance with the relevant literature, the scale of the risk of metabolic syndrome was assessed. A stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the risks. Important risk factors for metabolic syndrome were found to be gender, weight gain, "stress eating" excessive amounts of food, sleeping for more than 8 hours a day, feeling tired after sleep, belonging to a divided family, and eating whilst working on the computer. The students from the Faculty of Health Sciences, particularly because they are trained in the health sector, are expected to have more information about the risk factors of metabolic syndrome, and take necessary precautions to prevent it.

Physical Activity, Fitness, and Metabolic Syndrome in Young Adults

Our objective was to analyze the association between different intensities of physical activity (PA), physical fitness, and metabolic syndrome (MS) in young adults. Cross-sectional study including 275 university students, 18-30 years old, from Cuenca, Spain. We evaluated (a) physical activity using accelerometry, (b) aerobic capacity (VO2max), and (c) muscle strength, by a muscle strength index calculated as the sum of the standardized z score of handgrip dynamometry/weight and standing broad jump. An MS index was estimated by summing standardized z scores of waist circumference, ratio of triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein, mean arterial blood pressure, and HOMA-IR. The mean scores of MS index and HOMAIR were significantly higher and the VO2max significantly lower for individuals who did not perform 20 min or more per week of vigorous physical activity. However, those who performed 250 min/week of moderate physical activity showed no significant differences in either VO2max or the MS index when compared with individuals who did not perform this level of activity. The MS index was lower in those with medium-high levels of aerobic capacity. In addition, individuals with medium-high levels of muscular fitness showed lower waist circumference and a lower MS index. VO2max and muscle strength are negatively associated with metabolic risk. 20-min/week of vigorous physical activity was associated with lower cardiometabolic risk in young adults; moderate physical activity did not show association with lower cardiometabolic risk.