Metabolic Syndrome In Postmenopausal Women Research Articles

Fresh Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in the Diet Improves the Features of the Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Study in Postmenopausal Women.

(1) Background: According to the 2005~2008 Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (NAHSIT), more than half of Taiwanese women (57.3%) had metabolic syndrome during menopause. Metabolic syndrome is a set of risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and mortality. Epidemiological studies suggest that the consumption of tomato-based foods might reduce the risk factors for CVD. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of tomato consumption on lowering the metabolic syndrome risk factors among overweight postmenopausal women. (2) Methods: We conducted a randomized controlled trial using 8-week open-label dietary intervention. Overweight postmenopausal women aged 45-70 years old were recruited from Taipei Medical University in October 2013. They were randomly assigned into two groups (a control diet vs. a tomato diet). Blood samples were collected at the baseline and at the 4th and 8th weeks. The lipid profile, blood sugar, and antioxidant biomarkers, i.e., the ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and serum carotenoids, were analyzed. Blood pressure, body weight, and body fat were also measured every week. (3) Results: After the 8-week dietary intervention, body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and hip circumference were significantly lower in both groups (p < 0.05). Body fat mass, body fat percentage, waist circumference, and hip circumference were significantly lower in the tomato diet group than in the control diet group. The tomato diet group had significantly lower serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, systolic blood pressure and blood sugar, and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol than the control diet group. The antioxidant biomarkers, FRAP, beta-carotenoids, and lycopene were significantly higher in the tomato diet group than in the control diet group. (4) Conclusions: Fresh tomato consumption can increase antioxidant biomarkers to reduce risks of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women.

The therapeutic potential of irisin to mitigate the risk of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women.

Oestradiol withdrawal at menopause predisposes women to metabolic syndrome, a cluster of interrelated conditions including obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and hypertension that together confer an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Hormone replacement therapies are commonly used to treat acute symptoms of the perimenopausal period, and whilst they have been associated with metabolic improvements in many studies, long-term use is considered unviable. Novel approaches are required to mitigate the risk of postmenopausal metabolic syndrome. In 2012, the exercise-inducible myokine irisin was isolated from the skeletal muscle of mice and identified to have anti-obesity and antidiabetic effects in vivo. Irisin is now recognised to exert pleiotropic action on cognitive, bone and metabolic health. There is accumulating evidence from in vitro and in vivo rodent studies that irisin can mitigate each component condition of metabolic syndrome. In postmenopausal women, independent associations have been observed between (a) exercise and plasma irisin concentration and (b) plasma irisin concentration and reduced incidence of metabolic syndrome. To date, however, no study has considered the mechanistic basis by which irisin, whether exercise-induced or exogenously administered, could reduce the incidence or severity of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. This review aims to analyse the literature concerning the metabolic actions of irisin, with a focus on its therapeutic potential for metabolic syndrome driven by a state of oestradiol depletion. It evaluates the practicality of exercise as a therapy and discusses other irisin-based therapeutic strategies that may alleviate postmenopausal metabolic syndrome. Finally, it highlights areas where future research is required to advance knowledge of irisin's biological action such that it could be considered a viable candidate for clinical application.

Metabolic Syndrome in Postmenopausal Women and Its Early Detection

Menopause is the end of the menstrual cycle in a woman’s life. At menopause, a series of physiological changes occur in women’s bodies and hormonal changes are the main cause of these changes. Several metabolic changes occur in the body at that particular period, and the constellation of these changes is referred to as metabolic syndrome. Postmenopausal women have higher chances of developing these metabolic syndromes such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), hypertension, diabetes, and changes in the lipid profile mostly due to changes in the level of estrogen. Thus, having an overview of common metabolic disorders, their detection, and their management can improve the overall quality of life and decrease the mortality rate in the postmenopausal group. This review has discussed the commonly occurring metabolic disorders at menopause and how these disorders can be managed and treated.

Accumulative prediction values of serum thyroid stimulating hormone and visceral adipose tissue for metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women: A 10-year follow-up study of Chinese population.

We aim to explore the cumulative predictive value of elevated serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and visceral fat area (VFA) for metabolic syndrome (MS) development in postmenopausal women. A total of 1006 postmenopausal females were enrolled in a 10-year prospective longitudinal study from 2011 to 2021 in the community of Banknote Printing Company of Chengdu. The sociodemographic information collection and anthropometric measurements were made by a professional nurse. Fasting blood samples were drawn for chemical analysis of fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and TSH. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed to measure VFA. All the participants were categorized into four groups according to median VFA and serum level of TSH. A total of 793 postmenopausal females without MS underwent a 10-year follow-up study grouping by TSH and VFA: Group 1 (TSH level <4.2 μIU/mL, and VFA < 70 cm2 ), Group 2 (TSH level ≥4.2 μIU/mL, and VFA < 70 cm2 ), Group 3 (TSH level <4.2 μIU/mL, and VFA ≥70 cm2 ) and Group 4 (TSH level ≥4.2 μIU/mL, and VFA ≥70 cm2 ). During the 10-year follow-up, MS was newly developed in 326 (41.1%) subjects. The incidence of MS was 29.8% (n = 53), 35.2% (n = 63), 41% (n = 87), and 55% (n = 123) from Group 1 to Group 4 (Group 4 vs other groups, p < .001). Cox regression analysis for MS prediction demonstrated that both TSH (Model 3, hazard ratio [HR] = 1.07 [95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.09]) and VFA (Model 4, HR = 1.02 [95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.08]) were not only independent predictors of MS but also involved some interaction between each other (p for interaction = .021). Our findings suggested that mutual interaction between higher TSH and VFA contributed to the development of MS. Further studies are needed to clarify these contributions.

Metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women with type 2 Diabetes

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)

Hypovitaminosis D and Metabolic Syndrome in Postmenopausal Women.

Metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) is a precursor for several cardiometabolic diseases. The prevalence of MetSyn is higher in postmenopausal women compared to premenopausal women. The role of vitamin D in postmenopausal women is not clearly understood. Hypovitaminosis D is more prevalent in postmenopausal women compared to premenopausal women. For this review, Pubmed, Cochrane, SCOPUS, Embase, and Google Scholar databases were searched up to August 2022. Findings from one randomized controlled trial (RCT) and ten cross-sectional studies were included in this review. Several cross-sectional studies (8 out of 10 reviewed) unequivocally demonstrated an inverse association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and MetSyn. However, RCTs are severely lacking in the effect of vitamin D intake on the biomarkers of MetSyn and the prevalence of MetSyn. Therefore, caution should be used in recommending mega doses of vitamin D supplements for postmenopausal women because of the potential adverse effects associated with this vitamer.

Frequency of Metabolic Syndrome and Study of Anthropometric, Clinical and Biological Characteristics in Peri- and Postmenopausal Women in the City of Ksar El Kebir (Northern Morocco).

This study aimed to determine the frequency of metabolic syndrome and to identify its predictive factors in peri- and post-menopausal women in the city of Ksar El Kebir, in northern Morocco. A total of 373 peri- and post-menopausal women between 45 and 64 years old participated in the study. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) definition. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated to assess the degree of obesity in women; anthropometric, clinical and biological parameters were collected during interviews. The mean ages of peri- and postmenopausal women were 48.84 ± 2.4 years and 56.65 ± 4.29 years, respectively. Postmenopausal women had higher means of anthropometric and biological parameters than peri-menopausal women. We also noted a predominance of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women (n = 158) compared to peri-menopausal women (n = 81). Waist circumference was the predominant marker in the subjects studied, whereas triglycerides were the lower marker. In the overall population, the incidence of metabolic syndrome and its associated factors were higher in postmenopausal women than in peri-menopausal women, from which it can be concluded that post menopause may be a predictor of metabolic syndrome.

Association of Metabolic Syndrome with the Number of Breastfed Children in Postmenopausal Korean Women.

Metabolic syndrome is closely related to cardiovascular disease, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women is increasing rapidly. The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between the number of breastfed children and the risk factors for metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women and to evaluate the association between metabolic syndrome and bone mineral density and body composition variables in postmenopausal women depending on the number of breastfed children Methods: Data from KNHANES V-1 and 2 (2010-2011) were used, and a total of 939 postmenopausal women with 1 to 6 breastfed children aged 65-80 years participated in this study. We divided these women into three groups (group1 with 1-2, group2 with 3-4, group3 with 5-6) depending on the number of breastfed children Results: In the analysis of the associations between metabolic syndrome and its risk factors, highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol was the most negatively strongly associated with group1 (OR=0.103 [0.047-0.225]), triglyceride showed the highest association with group2 (OR=7.760 [3.770-15.97]) and group3 (OR=7.668 [4.102-14.33]). The risk factors of metabolic syndrome except for highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride was not associated with group1. In contrast, all risk factors of metabolic syndrome displayed a high association with group2 and group3. The findings of the present study suggest that the number of breastfed children is significantly associated with a more significant number of risk factors of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women, and the association between metabolic syndrome and body composition variables may differ depending on the number of breastfed children.

Relationship of Inflammatory Markers and Metabolic Syndrome in Postmenopausal Women.

The increased deposition of visceral fat in the postmenopause period increases the production of inflammatory cytokines and the release of tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and decrease in IL-10. This study investigated the relationship between inflammatory biomarkers and metabolic syndrome (MS) in postmenopausal women considering different diagnostic criteria. We conducted a cross-sectional observational study based on STROBE. Data were collected regarding the diagnostic criteria for MS (International Diabetes Federation; NCEP (International Diabetes Federation (IDF), National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP-III), and Harmonized criteria), body composition, comorbidities, time without menstruation, values of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α. ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis, Levene tests, ROC, and odds ratio were performed to analyze the data. The results showed no significant difference between the methods and no interaction between the method and the presence of MS. However, for the values of WC, body fat percentage, TNF-α, and IL-10/TNF-α ratio, a significant effect of MS was observed. In subjects with MS, lower values of body fat percentage and TNF-α and higher values of the IL-10/TNF-α ratio were also observed. The higher IL-10/TNF-α ratio in the MS group is related to the greater anti-inflationary action of IL-10. The IL-10/TNF-α ratio showed significant accuracy to discriminate patients with MS according to the NCEP-ATP III criteria.

Metabolic Syndrome in postmenopausal women: prevalence, sensibility, and specificity of adiposity indices

•Metabolic Syndrome has a high proportion among Brazilian postmenopausal women.•Visceral Adiposity Index showed to be the highest predictor index from all adiposity indices assessed.•WC, WHtR, and VAI showed a positive correlation with the Metabolic Syndrome criteria. Background and AimsTo evaluate the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and the sensibility and specificity of adiposity indices in relation to MetS diagnosis in postmenopausal Brazilian women.MethodsCross-sectional study nested a cohort with 152 postmenopausal women. Body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) method and biochemical markers of lipid and glucose profile were evaluated. We used the diagnostic criteria for MetS established by the International Diabetes Federation. To analyze the correlation of Waist Circumference (WC), Conicity Index (C-index), Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR), Body Mass Index (BMI), Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI), and percentage of DXA Fat (% F.DXA) with the MetS criteria it was used the Spearman's test. The cut-off points, area under the curve (AUC), sensibility and specificity of adiposity indices were determined using Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC).ResultsThe prevalence of MetS was 65.13%. The adiposity indices, mainly VAI, showed a significant correlation with the majority of MetS criteria. Through ROC curves, WC, WHtR, and VAI presented higher AUC being the cut-off points followed: 81.10cm, 0.56, 24.24kg/m2, 40.15%, 1.50, 1.56 for WC, WHtR, BMI, %F.DXA, C-index, and VAI, respectively.ConclusionThis study has shown that postmenopausal women had a high prevalence of MetS and VAI was the highest predictor index assessed. To evaluate the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and the sensibility and specificity of adiposity indices in relation to MetS diagnosis in postmenopausal Brazilian women. Cross-sectional study nested a cohort with 152 postmenopausal women. Body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) method and biochemical markers of lipid and glucose profile were evaluated. We used the diagnostic criteria for MetS established by the International Diabetes Federation. To analyze the correlation of Waist Circumference (WC), Conicity Index (C-index), Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR), Body Mass Index (BMI), Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI), and percentage of DXA Fat (% F.DXA) with the MetS criteria it was used the Spearman's test. The cut-off points, area under the curve (AUC), sensibility and specificity of adiposity indices were determined using Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC). The prevalence of MetS was 65.13%. The adiposity indices, mainly VAI, showed a significant correlation with the majority of MetS criteria. Through ROC curves, WC, WHtR, and VAI presented higher AUC being the cut-off points followed: 81.10cm, 0.56, 24.24kg/m2, 40.15%, 1.50, 1.56 for WC, WHtR, BMI, %F.DXA, C-index, and VAI, respectively. This study has shown that postmenopausal women had a high prevalence of MetS and VAI was the highest predictor index assessed.

Association between Osteoporosis and Metabolic Syndrome in Postmenopausal Women

The risk of osteoporosis is higher in elderly and postmenopausal women. Several studies in different populations investigated the association between osteoporosis and metabolic syndrome (MS); however, the results are conflicting. In our population, no study has yet been conducted to evaluate this relationship in postmenopausal women. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between osteoporosis and metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. In this study, a total of 131 postmenopausal women were included. Clinical history and anthropometric data were recorded and subjected to blood collection and scan for bone mineral density (BMD) and T-score at the lumbar spine and femoral neck and by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Osteoporosis and osteopenia were defined from T-score. The lipid profile was estimated by standard spectrophotometric methods. The mean±SD of age (years) of the postmenopausal women was 57.0±8.4. Bone mineral densities (g/cm2) were 0.78±0.17, 0.75±0.16, 0.72±0.16 and T-scores were -2.32±1.54, -1.52±1.29, -1.53±1.39 respectively in lumbar spine, right femoral neck and left femoral neck. Osteoporosis and osteopenia were found in 58 (44.3%) and 45 (34.4%) study subjects, respectively. Eighty-three (63.4%) of the study subjects have metabolic syndrome (MS). On multiple regression analysis, considering BMD at lumbar spine, right femoral neck or left femoral neck as dependent variable and age, body mass index (BMI), and MS as independent variables, β values for MS with BMD were -0.041 (p = 0.184), 0.002 (p = 0.938), 0.011 (p = 0.688) and with T-score were -0.330 (p = 0.241), -0.005 (p = 0.984), 0.151 (p = 0.599) at lumbar spine and right femoral neck and left femoral neck respectively. The coefficient of osteoporosis with MS in multiple logistic regression analysis was β = 1.311, (p = 0.003). In conclusion, osteoporosis is found to be positively associated with metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women.

A research to spot the association between menopausal symptoms and metabolic syndrome in post-menopausal women in a tertiary care hospital

Aim: The current research aims to document the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and investigate the association between menopausal symptoms and MetS in post-menopausal women. Materials and Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study was performed over a period of 6 months in various departments of a tertiary care hospital. One hundred and two post-menopausal women were enrolled in the study randomly. Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) and National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Criteria were used to assess menopausal symptoms and MetS, respectively. Data analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20. Results: Majority of the post-menopausal women had MetS with a prevalence of 72.54%. Somatic symptoms were the mostly commonly encountered symptoms in the subjects (71.56%) and had association with MetS (P = 0.004). Elevated fasting blood sugar was associated with components of MRS (P = 0.019). Among the somatic symptoms, hot flushes (P = 0.002), sleep problems (P = 0.037) and joint and muscular discomfort (P = 0.004) had significant association with MetS. Psychological symptoms and urogenital sexual problems were not associated with MetS. Conclusion: Prevalence of MetS in post-menopausal women was high. Somatic symptoms such as hot flushes, sleep problem and muscle and joint discomfort were associated with MetS. Menopausal symptoms might be due to the oestrogen deficiency. However, a large study is required to investigate the association between MetS and menopausal symptoms in post-menopausal women.

Influence of sex and menopausal status on the relationship between metabolic syndrome and coronary artery calcification: a Chinese community-based cross-sectional study

To evaluate the association between metabolic syndrome and coronary artery calcification according to different sex and menopausal status. This cross-sectional study included 2,704 adults from the Jidong community (Tangshan, China) recruited from July 2013 to August 2014. Adults aged ≥40 years with no cardiovascular disease and with coronary artery calcification score data were included. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the 2005 International Diabetes Federation standard. Coronary artery calcification score was determined using the Agatston method. The associations between metabolic syndrome and coronary artery calcification prevalence were evaluated using logistic regression. In the multivariable regression analysis, metabolic syndrome was associated with coronary artery calcification (odds ratio: 1.34, 95% confidence interval: 1.04-1.71, P = 0.021). When stratified by sex, metabolic syndrome was positively associated with coronary artery calcification prevalence in female participants (odds ratio: 2.79, 95% confidence interval: 1.96-3.96, P < 0.001), whereas no association was observed in male participants. Furthermore, metabolic syndrome was associated with a higher prevalence of coronary artery calcification (P < 0.001) independent of adjustment for covariates in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women, and coronary artery calcification prevalence increased with an increase in conditions related to metabolic syndrome. Our findings indicate that metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women is associated with a higher prevalence of coronary artery disease than in premenopausal women and men.

Effects of the intake of dairy products naturally enriched with selenium and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in a sample of postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome: a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

Introduction: metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women can improve with a healthy diet. Objectives: to evaluate whether a dietary intervention with dairy products naturally enriched with selenium and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increases selenium plasma levels and improves cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome. Material and methods: a randomized, triple-blind, controlled clinical trial carried out in GP surgeries. Recruitment: April 2018, 46 postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome who were frequent dairy consumers. Randomization: 23 in control group and 23 in experimental group. Intervention: consumption of dairy products naturally enriched with selenium and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (milk, yogurt, fresh cheese) for three months. Controls took conventional dairy. Primary endpoint: plasma selenium levels; secondary endpoints: metabolic syndrome criteria. Registration number 2018/256, Galicia Ethics Committee. Results: in all, 23 women in the control group and 21 in the intervention group completed the trial. Selenium increased in the intervention group (7.2 µg/L, 95 % CI, 3.7/10.8) compared to the control group (-4.5 µg/L, 95 % CI, -8/-1) (p < 0.001) and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased (-2.3 mg/dL, 95 % CI, -5.6/1) compared to the control group (1.9 mg/dL, 95 % CI, -0.7/4.5) (p = 0.043). Waist circumference (p = 0.010), body mass index (p = 0.047) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < 0.001) in the experimental group improved in comparison to baseline measurements. Conclusions: an intervention with dairy products naturally enriched with selenium and omega-3 in a sample of postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome can improve plasma selenium levels and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Association between Thyroid Stimulating Hormone with Components of Metabolic Syndrome in Postmenopausal Women

Introduction: Metabolic Syndrome (MS) identifies a group of metabolic disorders that includes glucose intolerance, central obesity, hypertension and dyslipidaemia that place the affected individual at exaggerated risk for developing disorder, in addition as exaggerated mortality from all causes. Aim: To evaluate serum Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) levels and to determine the correlation between serum concentrations of TSH with components of MS among postmenopausal women with MS. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted for the period of four months on 100 postmenopausal women between 45-65 years who attended Outpatient Department (OPD) of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS), Mandya, Karnataka, India. A fasting blood sample was collected from all the subjects, serum was used for estimating Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG), Lipid profile, and Serum TSH. Results were presented on Mean±SD (Standard Deviation) (Min-Max) and in Number (%). For the comparison of means, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was used. Correlation was examined by determining Pearson correlation coefficient (r-value). A p-value &lt;0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results: Among the study population, the dysfunction in thyroid gland was found in 35 (35%). The major thyroid dysfunction was found to be hypothyroidism (32%) and only three had hyperthyroidism (3%). Waist Circumference (WC), Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) were 98.2±12 cm, 128.84±13.65 mmHg and 79.2±9.2 mmHg, respectively. Fasting Blood Glucose (FBS), Triglyceride (TAG), High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HDL-C) and TSH were 166.7±71 mg/dL, 125.94±90.67 mg/dL, 45.46±13.13 mg/dL and 3.35±2.01 mIU/L, respectively. Statistically significant positive correlation was observed between FPG (p=0.049) and both SBP (p=0.0008) and DBP (p=0.001) and negative correlation was observed between TAG, HDL and TSH but not statistically significant in women with hypothyroidism when compared to euthyroid. A statistically negative correlation was found with WC (p=0.001) and positive correlation was found with TAG (p=0.008) and TSH among women with euthyroid condition. Conclusion: Hypothyroidism alters lipid levels and increases blood pressure leading to increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Together hypothyroidism and metabolic syndrome could increase the risk for CVD in postmenopausal women. Thus, assessing thyroid function in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome may aid in early detection of CVD risk and better clinical management among these patients and reduces the already existing high incidence of CVDs.

Association between vitamin D status and risk of metabolic syndrome among postmenopausal women in Kerala population

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a group of metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Postmenopausal women may have an increased risk of MS and CVD. Vitamin-D (Vit-D) is believed to have an important role in the progression of CVD. Hence the study was conducted to assess the link between Vit-D and MS among postmenopausal Kerala population. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 298 postmenopausal women. Anthropometric measurements were measured using the standard procedure. Blood samples were collected and Vit-D levels of all participants were estimated. The study population was further grouped into three based on the Vit-D status as Vit-D deficient, Vit-D insufficient Vit-D normal group. Other parameters such as blood glucose, TC, TG, HDL, and LDL were measured and metabolic syndrome was identified. Result: There was a significant difference in the prevalence of MS between the groups. The one way ANOVA between the groups showed a significant difference (p?0.05) for the components of MS such as waist circumference, BP, FBS, HDL-C. The Triglycerides levels did not show a significant difference between the groups. The Person correlation test indicated a negative correlation between Vit-D and the components of MS except for HDL-C. Conclusion: Vitamin-D deficiency was highly prevalent in Kerala menopausal women and serum Vit- D levels were significantly correlated with the prevalence of MS in postmenopausal women; this finding indicates that Vit-D could be an important factor for the development of MS and further CVD in Kerala postmenopausal woman. Keywords: Metabolic syndrome, Vitamin D, menopause, Cardiovascular risk, Kerala population.

Dyslipidemia is the hallmark of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women

The incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) increases after menopause and may be due to changes in the plasma lipid-lipoprotein levels that occur following menopausal transition. Physiological estrogen withdrawal during menopause plays a major role in abnormal lipid metabolism such as elevated low-density lipoprotein concentration. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between dyslipidemia and the causative factors of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. In this cross-sectional study, 290 postmenopausal Sudanese women were included. Lipid profiles were measured by spectrophotometer, estrogen hormone determined by ELISA, insulin resistance determined by HOMA-2 calculator and lipid accumulation product was calculated by the following equation (waist circumference in cm X triglyceride concentration in mM). The results revealed that total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein levels and very low-density lipoprotein levels were significantly higher in the postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome (MS) in comparison to those without the MS. Elevated total cholesterol levels were seen in 51.7 %, elevated triglycerides were seen in 49.7% and elevated low-density lipoprotein levels were seen in 29.3% whereas reduced high density lipoprotein levels were seen in 16.89% of the postmenopausal women. Total cholesterol, triglycerides and very low-density lipoprotein values showed a significant positive correlation with insulin resistance and lipid accumulation and a significant negative correlation with the estrogen hormone level. In addition, high density lipoproteins showed a significant negative correlation with lipid accumulation levels.

Metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women is associated with lower erythrocyte PUFA/MUFA and n-3/n-6 ratio: A case-control study

The aim of this study was to compare fatty acid (FA) intake and status in postmenopausal women with or without metabolic syndrome (MetS). 131 women were recruited to a case-control study in 2016-2018 in Poznań, Poland. Dietary intake, anthropometric and biochemical measurements, FA level in red blood cells (RBCs), and FADS1 (rs174546) and FADS2 (rs3834458) genotypes were determined. Compared to women without MetS, those with MetS had lower levels of EPA, n-3, EPA/α-linolenic acid (ALA), EPA/AA, DHA/AA, EPA+DHA/AA, PUFA/saturated FA, PUFA/monounsaturated FA, and n-3/n-6 ratios in RBCs. Participants with at least one minor allele of each polymorphism had lower levels of EPA, and EPA/AA, and a higher level of DHA/EPA in RBCs than did women with major alleles. MetS is associated with lower levels FAs that have a protective effect on cardiometabolic health. FADS1 and FADS2 polymorphisms are associated with unfavorable FA and status EPA/AA in RBC contributes to MetS.

Association of Hypovitaminosis D with Metabolic Syndrome in Postmenopausal Women.

The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and metabolic syndrome is spreading like a pandemic globally; postmenopausal women are particularly vulnerable population. Hypovitaminosis D is reported to predispose to various components of metabolic syndrome like dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes and obesity. The purpose of this review is to highlight the recently published evidence, evaluating the association of vitamin D deficiency with metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Besides, it emphasizes the long-term risks involved with low vitamin D levels and importance of vitamin D supplementation. Data were obtained from PubMed, Google Scholar and individual searches.

Adiposity indices as predictors for metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women

Background: The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a clinical syndrome of metabolic abnormalities that have been associated with many cardiometabolic disorders that increase the rate of morbidity and mortality. Aims and Objectives: The objective of the present study was to examine the predictive power of many adiposity indices as an accurate predictor for MS in postmenopausal Sudanese women. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 290 postmenopausal women. Fasting blood glucose and lipid profile, blood pressures, and relevant anthropometric indices were determined using standard protocols. Results: Lipid accumulation product (LAP), visceral adiposity index (VAI), body adiposity index, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference, and body mass index were significantly higher in women with MS. The receiver operating characteristic curve results revealed that the threshold values of 56.2, 90.5, and 1.4 for LAP, WC, and VAI, respectively, provide sensitive and specific predictors for MS in postmenopausal women. Conclusion: LAP, WC, and VAI regarded as sensitive and specific predictors for MS in postmenopausal Sudanese women.