Metabolic Syndrome In Obese Children Research Articles

Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Children and Adolescents

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome is one of the complications of obesity with a significant impact on health. This MS is diagnosed according to the International Diabetes Federation 2007 in children aged 10 to 16 years with waist circumference > 90th percentile according to the curves of McCarthy and two of the following metabolic characteristics: HDL C < 40 mg/dL, TG≥150 mg/dL, blood glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL and blood pressure≥130/85mmHg. Goals: We performed a retrospective and prospective study at the pediatric obesity consultation. The main objective is to assess the metabolic syndrome in a population of obese children and dolescents. The secondary objectives are the evaluation of the various criteria of the metabolic syndrome, and the impact of the degree of obesity, the search for comorbidities and their repercussions, and finally the evaluation of the care.

The comprehensive assessment of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents

childhood obesity is recognized as a significant health concern by the WHO, but not all
 obese individuals face the same risk of cardiometabolic disorders. This study aims to diagnose meta-bolic syndrome (MetS) in obese children according to various known definitions and to determine the
 influence of all five definitions of MetS on insulin resistance using logistic regression models. The obser-vational cross-sectional study on 82 children aged 12 to 17 with obesity was conducted at the Children’s
 Clinical Hospital No.6 in Kyiv. MetS was established according to five main definitions. All biochemicalanalyses were performed using the enzymatic colorimetric method by Cobas 6000, Roche Diagnostics(Switzerland). The prevalence of MetS among children with obesity was higher using the de Ferranti etal. (76.8%) definition and the lower using Viner et al. definition (29.3%), p=0.023. The construction of
 a logistic regression model showed that having all the components of MetS according to different defini-tions, children and adolescents are likely to have a HOMA-2 above 2.26 (AUC more significant than 0.5,
 p<0.05). Different prevalence of MetS was found, depending on the different approaches to diagnosis.The construction of a logistic regression model showed that the parameters of the metabolic syndromeinfluence the risk of high HOMA-2 IR using four of five definitions.

Serum Chemerin as a Marker for Early Detection of Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Children

Serum Chemerin as a Marker for Early Detection of Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Children

Body Mass and Biochemical Indexes in Obese Children: Changes in Metabolic Syndrome Development

Biochemical indices in obese children for early metabolic syndrome (MS) diagnostics were analyzed. Prospective study enrolled control (n=32, -1.0≤BMI SD score ≤+1.0) and obese (n=40, BMI SD score>+2.0) groups of children (12 yr mean age). Obese children demonstrated enhanced total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, ALT, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR and elevated atherogenic index (AI). In most obese children, cardiovascular (40%) and hepatic (85%) disturbances were observed. Association of obesity with hepatic pathology was reflected in all examinees by correlations between BMI and ALT (r=0.511, p=0.001) and between BMI and ALT/AST ratio (r=0.638, p=0.001). AI increased in parallel with ALT/AST ratio elevation (r=0.436, р=0.006). Value of ALT/AST ratio in obese children group with signs of MS was 1.0 (0.5-1.6), exceeding value in control group (0.6; 0.3-1.1). To clarify ALT/AST ratio reference values as a manifestation of MS in obese children, an analysis of data from a larger number of patients is required. Control group demonstrated correlations between plasma coenzyme Q10 and total cholesterol (r=0.474, p=0.009) as well as between coenzyme Q10 and ALT (r=0.412, p=0.023) attesting to adequate lipoprotein antioxidant function and normal action of liver. In obese children, these relationships were distorted indicating advisability to prevent MS with membrane-stabilizing and/or antioxidant agents.

Metabolic syndrome in children: algorithms of diagnostic and therapeutic and preventive measures

There is an increase in the incidence of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MS) among children and adolescents. The purpose of the study: to improve the algorithms of diagnostic and therapeutic and preventive measures for MS in obese children. Materials and methods. A comprehensive examination of 483 children with exogenous constitutional obesity aged 6-17 years (285 boys and 198 girls) (SDS BMI ≥ 2.0) was conducted. Results. MS (IDF, 2007) was diagnosed in 49% of the examined children. Adolescents aged 12-17 prevailed (77%). Boys 61%, girls 39% (p<0.05). 61% of adolescents were obese for 5 years or more. 54% of children had a combination of abdominal obesity with two additional components (an incomplete version of MS), 33% - with three, 13% of adolescents had complete MS (a combination of all five components). The analysis of hereditary burden has established a high incidence of obesity, type 2 diabetes, diseases of the cardiovascular system in the mother and maternal grandmother. An increase in blood pressure was detected in 79% of children with MS, arterial hypertension of the I degree - in 34%, hypertension of the II degree - in 22%. Pronounced disorders of glucose metabolism were revealed in the form of a high frequency of IR (81%) and compensatory hyperinsulinemia (55%). Changes in the lipid profile were recorded in 77% of children with MS. An increase in the level of TG and a decrease in HDL cholesterol, which are components of MS, were in 48% and 55% of children, respectively, and their combination was in 27%. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was diagnosed in 70% of children with MS, signs of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis - in 13%. In 29%, cholesterosis of the gallbladder was detected, in 34% - biliary sludge, in 7% - gallstones. Conclusion. Based on a comprehensive examination, a diagnostic algorithm and a three-level MS prevention program have been developed, as well as a mathematical model for predicting MS based on the assessment of indicators such as the size of the pancreatic head, thyroid volume, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level, fasting serum glucose level, increased liver echogenicity, according to which it is possible to predict the development of MS in children at the outpatient level at the early stages metabolic disorders.

Hyperhomocysteinemia and Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Children

Background and Aims: Hyperhomocysteinemia is one of the factors of risk implied in the development of cardiovascular Heart diseases (CHD). Obesity is associated with metabolic anomalies and insulin resistance constituting metabolic syndrome, the aggregate of factors risk of diabetes type 2 and cardiovascular complications. Objectives: The purpose of this work is to determine the levels of serum homocystein in obese children and adolescents and to establish the correlations between homocysteinemia and the components of metabolic syndrome. Patients and methods: The study was carried out on 67 children including 35 obese children (23 Boys, 12 Girls) old of 1 year 8 months at 16 years 4 months (average ± DS: 10.35 ± 3.5 years), with IMC means: 26.5 ± 3.8 kg/m2 and 32 no obese children (12 Boys, 20 Girls) who have an average age of 10 ± 4.6 years, them IMC means is: 16.47 ± 3.28 kg/m2 . The serum lipids are assessed by the enzymatic method, the levels of serum homocystein is determined by HPLC, the insulinemia is determined by technique ELISA. Index of insulin resistance HOMA and the cell ß function (Fc.ß) were calculated according to a formula using the glycemia and the insulinemia. Results: The homocysteinemia high in the obese children is significantly compared with that found in no obese children of the same age (10.6 ± 2.9 vs 7.2 ± 1.3 ?mol/l, p12 ?mol/l. In our present study, we noticed significantly higher, serum levels average of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides (P<0,001) in obese children compared to found in no obese or healthy children. There is a significant increase in the rate of uric acid, insulinemia index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (P<0,001) and Fc.ß (P<0,001), reflection of the hepatic insulin resistance. The serum homocystein levels correlate with body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure and in particular with uric acid levels. Conclusion: Hyperhomocysteinemia can be associated with metabolic syndrome and varies independently of the components of metabolic syndrome and other factors of risk early stage of the arterial attack. Thus, hyperhomocysteinemia is a predictive marker the development cardiovascular heart disease in obese youths.

1278-P: The Tale of Caveolin 1 rs1997623 Variant in Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome

We Have previously established that caveolin-1 (CAV1) rs1997623 C/A variant is associated with metabolic syndrome in obese children (PMID: 30622557) and adults (ADA 82) . Here, we evaluated the functional role of the identified variant in association with obesity. Sequence analysis revealed that the variant is located at CAV1 regulatory region and creates a site for EBF Transcription Factor 1 (EBF1) . DNA fragment (240pb) flanking the variant was cloned upstream luciferase reporter gene. Wildtype, CAV1-C-Luc, and the generated mutant, CAV1-A-Luc, were individually transfected into pre-adipocytes. CAV1-A-luc significantly upregulated Luciferase activity indicating a prospective functional role of CAV1-A allele in CAV1 regulation. The reporter gene activity was differential regulated in lean versus obese pre-adipocytes. Co-transfections with EBF1 construct resulted in a significant upregulation in CAV1-A Luc activity, particularly in pre-adipocytes from obese individuals. The role of EBF1 was further evaluated in vivo using ChIP assays. PCR analysis using specific primers flanking the CAV1 variant and anti-bodies against EBF1 showed a significant elevated enrichment of chromatins from obese individuals, which was also associated with an enrichment for H3K27ac at the same locus, indicating active transcription. Moreover, CAV1 expression was differentially regulated in response to EBF1 siRNA/overexpression in pre-adipocytes harboring CAV1 A/A or A/C alleles relative to that with C/C allele. Furthermore, a significant reduction of DNA methylation at the variant locus was observed particularly in preadipocytes with A/A alleles. Finally, RNA isolated from adipose tissue of lean and obese individuals showed a significant correlation between CAV1 and cytokines transcripts in healthy obese individuals, at least in part, is due to CAV1 rs1997623 variant as verified by sequence analysis. Taken together, our study delineates the role of CAV1 rs1997623 variant in the context of obesity and MetS. Disclosure A.Al madhoun: None. D.Haddad: None. S.P.Kochumon: None. R.Nizam: None. S.Jacob: None. S.T.Sindhu: None. R.Ahmad: None. F.Almulla: None. Funding Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS) and Dasman Diabetes Institute, Project RA CB-2021-007

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents

Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Children-Clinical Prevalence and Risk Factors.

The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing worldwide. Some obese children can go on to develop metabolic syndrome (MetS), but exactly who among them remains to be determined. The aim of this study was to indicate predisposing factors for metabolic syndrome, especially those that can be modified. The study comprised 591 obese children aged 10–12 years. They were all Caucasian residents of Gdańsk, Poland, with similar demographic backgrounds. Clinical examination, anthropometry, biometric impedance analysis, blood tests (including oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) and insulinemia), and dietary and physical activity evaluation were conducted. The results of our study show that the risk factors for MetS or any of its components include male sex, parental (especially paternal) obesity, low body mass at birth, as well as omitting breakfast or dinner. There are few risk factors for metabolic syndrome both in obese adults and children. Some of these predictors can be modified, especially those in relation to lifestyle. Identifying and then influencing these factors may help to reduce the development of metabolic syndrome and consequently improve health and quality of life.

Development of a mobile-based self-management health alarm program for obese children in South Korea and a test of its feasibility for metabolic outcomes: A study based on the information-motivation-behavioral skills model.

PurposeThis study aimed to develop a mobile-based self-management health alarm (MSHA) program for modifying obese children's lifestyle based on the information-motivation-behavioral skills (IMB) model and to test its feasibility.MethodsA methodological study for the development of the MSHA program and pilot study with a one-group pretest-posttest design for feasibility testing was conducted. The MSHA program was designed to provide obesity-related information (I), monitor daily diet and exercise, provide motivational text messages (M), and enhance healthy diet and exercise skills (B) via a mobile-based web platform. In the feasibility test, six obese children participated in the 4-week program, and the number of days per week that they achieved their goals and differences in metabolic components were assessed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.ResultsParticipants successfully achieved their diet and exercise goals ≥ 5 days per week. Body mass index (z=−1.99, p=.046), waist circumference (z=−2.20, p=.028), and triglyceride levels (z=−2.21, p=.027) significantly decreased.ConclusionThe MSHA program showed positive effects on health behaviors and metabolic syndrome risk. The program may be effective in improving metabolic syndrome in obese children by promoting self-health management behaviors.

Dysregulation of Circulating miR-24-3p in Children with Obesity and Its Predictive Value for Metabolic Syndrome

Introduction: Obesity is a major risk factor for metabolic disorders in children. Therefore, it is particularly important to study the abnormal regulation of circulating miR-24-3p in obese children and its predictive value for metabolic syndrome. Methods: Serum samples were obtained from children with obesity (n = 45), obese children with metabolic syndrome (n = 52), and healthy controls (n = 50). The expression levels of miR-24-3p were detected by reverse transcription quantitative PCR. The ROC curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of miR-24-3p. Pearson’s correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between serum miR-24-3p and different clinical parameters. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between miR-24-3p and obesity with metabolic syndrome in children. Results: The expression of miR-24-3p was the highest in obese children with metabolic syndrome. ROC results showed that miR-24-3p had the ability to distinguish healthy individuals from obese children (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.951) and can predict the occurrence of metabolic syndrome for obese children (AUC = 0.890). The expression level of miR-24-3p was positively correlated with body mass index (r = 0.817, p < 0.001), fasting blood glucose (r = 0.798, p < 0.001), triglycerides (r = 0.773, p < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (r = 0.746, p < 0.001), and diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.623, p < 0.001), respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that miR-24-3p was an independent influence factor for the occurrence of metabolic syndrome in obese children. Discussion/Conclusion: MiR-24-3p is a potential noninvasive marker for children with obesity and has predictive value for the occurrence of metabolic syndrome.

Effector Memory CD8+ and CD4+ T Cell Immunity Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Children.

PurposeWe investigated the association of effector memory (EM) CD8+ T cell and CD4+ T cell immunity with metabolic syndrome (MS).MethodsSurface and intracellular staining of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was performed. Anti-interleukin-7 receptor-alpha (IL-7Rα) and CX3CR1 antibodies were used to stain the subsets of EM CD8+ T cells, while anti-interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-17 (IL-17), and forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) antibodies were used for CD4+ T cell subsets.ResultsOf the 47 obese children, 11 were female. Children with MS had significantly higher levels of serum insulin (34.8±13.8 vs. 16.4±6.3 μU/mL, p<0.001) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (8.9±4.1 vs. 3.9±1.5, p<0.001) than children without MS. Children with MS revealed significantly higher frequencies of IL-7Rαlow CD8+ T cells (60.1 ±19.1% vs. 48.4±11.5%, p=0.047) and IL-7RαlowCX3CR1+ CD8+ T cells (53.8±20.1% vs. 41.5 ±11.9%, p=0.036) than children without MS. As the serum triglyceride levels increased, the frequency of IL-7RαlowCX3CR1+ and IL-7RαhighCX3CR1– CD8+ T cells increased and decreased, respectively (r=0.335, p=0.014 and r=−0.350, p=0.010, respectively), in 47 children. However, no CD4+ T cell subset parameters were significantly different between children with and without MS.ConclusionIn obese children with MS, the changes in immunity due to changes in EM CD8+ T cells might be related to the morbidity of obesity.

Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Children over Five Years Old

Background: Obesity is an important pediatric public health problem associated with increased risk of many complications in childhood and increased morbidity and mortality throughout adult life. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in obese children and the relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and Body mass index (BMI), sex, age and family risk factors like obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Materials and Methods: An analytic cross-sectional study was conducted in 178 overweight and obese children and adolescents aged 5-16 years old seen at the General Pediatric Clinic of the Tishreen University Hospital between March 2020 and February 2021. Weight, high, waist Circumference and blood pressure were measured. Blood samples were taken after 12 hours fasting and fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (T Cho), high- density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and low- density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) were measured. The Metabolic Syndrome MS was diagnosed based on pediatric and adolescent criteria adapted from the National Cholesterol Education Program Third Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATP III) definition. Results: A total of 178 children, 82 males (46.1%) and 96 females (53.9%) with mean age 9.9±2.5 SD were in our study. Out of the 178 children, 62 (34.8%) were overweight, 101 (56.7%) obese and 15 (8.4%) were severe obese. According to the NCEP ATP III, (32.6%) out of (178) children were diagnosed with MS. Among children with MS, most components of MS were increased waist circumference WC (93.1%), increased TG (86.2%), reduced HDL (51.7%), increased BP (50%) and increased FBS (25.9%). MS prevalence was 12.9%, 36.6%, 86.7% in overweight, obese and severe obese children respectively

Study of prevalence of metabolic syndrome in obese children in Konaseema region of India

Background: The rising prevalence of overweight and obesity is associated with development of growing number of early complications in children and adolescents among that type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome (MS) is common. Present study has been designed to identify the prevalence of MS in children with overweight risk, overweight or obesity and to compare anthropometric and biochemical parameters in patients with metabolic syndrome and without MS.Methods: This is a cross sectional descriptive study conducted in the department of paediatrics where 120 patients with obesity were enrolled for this study and various metabolic parameters were compared.Results: In our study the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 30% among obese and overweight children. Fasting insulin (18.65±13.64 mg/dl versus 16.48±10.32 mg/dl) was significantly higher in patients with MS than without MS (p is less than 0.05). Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was 5.84±1.43 in MS group and 4.54±1.34 in without MS group. The p value was 0.00. The glycocylated haemoglobin was significantly higher in MS group than without MS group (5.84±0.78 versus 4.54±0.34).Conclusions: From our study we can conclude that metabolic syndrome is a common problem in children with overweight and obesity in our region. Insulin resistance and metabolic abnormality were more common in children with MS.

Relationship of acanthosis nigricans with metabolic syndrome in obese children.

Acanthosis nigricans is a skin symptom in obesity that helps to identify patients at high risk for dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, and diabetes. It is the most important complication of obesity in metabolic syndrome. Studies investigating the relationship between acanthosis nigricans and metabolic syndrome in obese children are insufficient. In our study, the relationship of acanthosis nigricans and metabolic syndrome was evaluated in children. Obese children aged between 6 and 18 years old, who were examined in the pediatric endocrinology outpatient clinic, were included. The patients' anthropometric measurements and laboratory results were recorded. Modified IDF (International Diabetes Federation) criteria for children were used in metabolic syndrome classification. A hundred and forty-eight obese children were evaluated. The mean age of the cases was 11.91±2.94 years old. Of the cases, 56.1% were female (n=83) 43.9% (n=65) were male. In 39.9% (n=59) of cases, acanthosis nigricans was determined. Acanthosis nigricans was mostly located in the axillary area (27.1%) and the neck (16.9%). In 55.9% of the cases, it was located in more than one area. The relation of regionally detected acanthosis nigricans and metabolic syndrome was not significant (p=0.291). Metabolic syndrome was detected in 14% of 136 patients according to IDF criteria. Acanthosis nigricans and metabolic syndrome combination was present in 27.7%; however, 6.7% of the metabolic syndrome patients did not have acanthosis nigricans. There was a strong relation between metabolic syndrome and the presence of acanthosis nigricans (p=0.003). In our study, a correlation between acanthosis nigricans and metabolic syndrome was detected. Acanthosis nigricans is a skin sign that can be easily detected by clinician. It is an important and easy-to-detect dermatosis that helps determine patients at risk of metabolic syndrome in obese children.

Can we use copeptin as a biomarker for masked hypertension or metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents?

Copeptin, the C-terminal part of arginine-vasopressin, is increased in hypertensive adolescents and closely associated with metabolic syndrome (MS). We aimed to investigate whether serum copeptin can be used to differentiate masked hypertension (MHT) and MS, and the role of sodium intake, natriuretic peptide response and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in MHT and MS in obese youth. Obese children aged 10-18 years with normal office blood pressure measurements were included. Patients with MHT and normotension and those with MS and non-MS were evaluated separately. Biochemical parameters, copeptin, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), aldosterone, renin, urine sodium, and protein were evaluated. Echocardiography, fundoscopic examination, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were performed. There were 80 (M/F=39/41) obese patients with a mean age of 13.78±1.93 years. The cases with MHT, MS, and concomitant MHT and MS were 53,24, and 13%, respectively. Copeptin levels were similar among patients with and without MHT or MS (p>0.05). However, multivariate analysis revealed that copeptin significantly increased the probability of MHT (OR 1.01, 95% CI=1.001-1.018, p=0.033). Copeptin was positively correlated with daytime systolic and diastolic load, aldosterone, BNP, and urine microalbumin/creatinine levels (p<0.05). Linear regression analyses revealed that copeptin was significantly correlated with BNP regardless of having MHT or MS in obese youth. In the MHT group, 24-h sodium excretion was not significantly correlated with BNP. Copeptin may be a beneficial biomarker to discriminate MHT, but not MS in obese children and adolescents. An insufficient BNP response to sodium intake might be one of the underlying causes of MHT in obese cases.

Novel markers in predicting non-alcoholic liver fatty and metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents: Atherogenic index of plasma and monocyte / high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio

Amac: Bu calismada obezitesi olan cocuk ve adolesan hastalarda plazma aterojenik indeks (PAI) ve monosit / HDL orani (MHO) ile metabolik sendrom (MS), insulin direnci (ID), bel cevresi (BC) ve non-alkolik karaciger yaglanmasi (NAKY) arasindaki iliskinin arastirilmasi amaclanmistir. Yontemler: Calisma kesitsel olup, 172 obez cocuk hasta ile 63 saglikli kontrol hastasi icermekteydi. Antropometrik ve biyokimyasal parametreler [agirlik, boy, beden kitle indeksi (BKI) standart deviasyon skoru (SDS), BC, hemogram, aspartat transaminaz (AST), alanin transaminaz (ALT), insulin, glukoz, total kolesterol (TC), yuksek-dansiteli lipoprotein kolesterol (HDL-C), trigliserid (TG), dusuk-dansiteli lipoprotein kolesterol (LDL-C), HOMA-IR, PAI ve MHO ] degerlendirildi. Plazma aterojenik indeks; dusuk ( 0,21) risk diye uc gruba ayrildi. Metabolik sendrom tanimi Uluslararasi Diyabet Fedarasyonuna gore yapildi. Bulgular: Obez hasta grubunda BKI SDS, BC, HOMA-IR, TC, TG, LDL-C, AST, ALT, PAI degeri ve MHO anlamli olcude yuksek saptandi (her biri icin P<0,05). On yas uzeri 146 hastada MS arastirildi ve 49 hastada (%33,6) pozitif saptandi. Ortalama PAI ve ortanca MHO degeri obez ve MS’u olanlarda, obez ve MS’u olmayanlara gore anlamli olcude yuksek saptandi (p degeri sirasiyla; <0,001, 0,017 ). Plazma aterojenik index ile BC, HOMA-IR, TG, ALT, MHO ve karacigerin yaglanma derecesi arasinda anlamli pozitif korelasyon saptandi (r=0,34, P<0,001, r=0,289, P<0,001, r=0,863, P<0,001, r=0,292, P<0,001, r=0,447, P<0,001, r=0,298, P<0,001 sirasiyla). Sonuc: Hem PAI hem de MHO basit, ucuz ve kolay hesaplanabilen parametrelerdir. Obez cocuklarda PAI degerinin, abdominal obezite, NAKY, ID ve MS’u ongormede bir belirtec olarak kullanilabilir. Ayrica obez cocuklarda yuksek MHO’nin artmis kardiyovaskuler hastalik riski ve MS ile iliskili oldugu dusunulebilir.

Adropin and apelin‐12 efficiently predict metabolic syndrome in obese children

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is the most common condition associated with childhood and adolescent obesity and is a challenging public health issue. Very few studies have described the specificity and sensitivity of serum levels of adropin and apelin-12 as predictors of MetS. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between serum levels of adropin and apelin-12 and MetS, and their sensitivity as predictors of MetS in obese children. This study involved 138 children. The study group included obese subjects with MetS, and the two control groups included obese subjects without MetS and normal weight subjects. Anthropometric parameters and clinical data were collected. Plasma levels of apelin-12, adropin, leptin, adiponectin, and TNF-α were also measured. Obese children with MetS had significantly higher levels of apelin-12 and significantly lower levels of adropin when compared with those in children without MetS. In logistic regressions, we identified that apelin-12 was a risk factor for metabolic syndrome, and adropin was a protecting factor of having MetS after adjusting for age, sex, and puberty. Furthermore, ROC analysis revealed that adropin and apelin-12 are more sensitive predictors of metabolic syndrome than leptin and adiponectin. Serum adropin and apelin-12 levels can be useful biomarkers for predicting MetS in obese children. Our findings could provide a novel approach for the treatment and prevention of MetS.

Pattern and prevalence of metabolic syndrome in obese adolescents aged 10-18 years: a community based study

Background: The prevalence and magnitude of childhood obesity is increasing in pediatric age group. Incidence of metabolic syndrome is high among obese children and adolescents leading to increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity in long term. For this reason, recognition of metabolic syndrome in obese children is of great importance.Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study carried out among children aged 10-18 years from both urban and rural schools in Coimbatore. Children were screened, sample for metabolic studies collected after consent and analyzed.Results: Total 1582 children in the age group of 10-18 years were screened. 300 children were recruited. Among the studied group, 19.3% were overweight, 30.7% were obese. Metabolic syndrome was present in 55.1% of obese and overweight children. Hyperinsulinemia was present in 30% of obese children.Conclusions: This study done in adolescent school children showed a strong association between obesity and early onset of metabolic syndrome. Early intervention with lifestyle modifications is strongly recommended to prevent long term cardiovascular morbidity.

Assessment of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in obese Egyptian children

BackgroundPlasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is mainly produced in the liver and in the adipose tissue. Normal fibrin clearance mechanisms were found to be affected by high plasma PAI-1 levels and thus increases risk of thrombosis. The aim of the current study was to expound the childhood obesity effect on circulating PAI-1 and interpret the relation of PAI-1 to metabolic syndrome. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 43 obese children following in the Children Hospital and compared to 44 healthy sex- and age-matched controls. All recruited cohort are subjected to anthropometric measurements: weight, height, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, and skin fold thickness (biceps, triceps, and subscapular), and laboratory investigations in the form of lipid profile, fasting blood sugar, fasting insulin, insulin resistance estimated by HOMA-IR, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.ResultsThe level of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in the obese group was significantly higher than that in the control group (47.98 ± 17.42 vs. 28.00 ± 11.35 respectively). PAI-1 showed positive significant correlation to anthropometric measurements: BMI (p = 0.000), weight (p = 0.000), biceps skin fold thickness (p = 0.04), triceps skin fold thickness (p = 0.4), and subscapular skin fold thickness (p = 0.04). Also, a significant positive correlation was found between PAI-1 and systolic (p = 0.000) and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.04). Positive correlations were found between PAI-1 and cholesterol (p = 0.000), triglycerides (p = 0.02), LDL-c (p = 0.000), insulin (p = 0.000), and HOMA-IR (r = 0.5, p = 0.02).ConclusionFat mass accumulation is related to high PAI-1 levels, which might in turn contribute to cardiovascular risk. Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 is a good predictive test for metabolic syndrome in obese children.