Meta-analytic Regression Research Articles

Distal versus proximal radial access in coronary angiography: a meta-analysis.

Distal radial access (DRA) represents a promising alternative to conventional proximal radial access (PRA) for coronary angiography. Substantial advantages regarding safety and efficacy have been suggested for DRA, but the ideal access route remains controversial. The aim of this study was to compare safety, efficacy and feasibility of DRA to PRA. National Library of Medicine PubMed, Web of Science, clinicaltrials.gov and Cochrane Library were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials and registry studies comparing DRA and PRA that were published between January 1, 2017 and April, 2024. Primary endpoint was the rate of radial artery occlusion (RAO). Secondary endpoints were access failure, access time, procedure time, arterial spasm, hematoma, and hemostasis time. Data extraction was performed by two independent investigators. Relative risks were aggregated using a random effects model. We applied meta-analytic regression to assess study characteristic variables as possible moderators of the study effects. 44 studies with a total of 21,081 patients were included. We found a significantly lower rate of RAO after DRA (DRA 1.28%, PRA 4.76%, p < .001) with a 2.92 times lower risk compared to the proximal approach (Log Risk Ratio = -1.07, p < .001). Conversely, the risk for access failure was 2.42 times higher for DRA compared to PRA (Log Risk Ratio = 0.88, p < .001). In this largest meta-analysis to date, we were able to show that rates of RAO are reduced with DRA compared to conventional PRA. This suggests DRA is a safe alternative to PRA.

A meta-analysis of international experience and performance: exploring the role of global mobility and national sentiments

PurposeInternational experience has long been recognized as a crucial determinant for firms’ knowledge management in the existing literature. However, within a global context, the relationship between international experience and the performance of multinational enterprises is intricate and remains ambiguous. While the impact of people mobility has been extensively studied, limited understanding exists regarding how global mobility of people and evolving external environments reshape the relationship. This study aims to integrate existing empirical evidence on this relationship and examines the contingencies posed by environmental factors.Design/methodology/approachThis study conducted a multilevel meta-analysis based on a sample of 231 effect sizes collected from 167 articles to systematically examine the international experience–performance relationship, considering the moderating effect of the global mobility of people and the rise of national sentiments (including authoritarianism and protectionism). A two-stage procedure comprising Hedges-Olkin-type meta-analysis and random-effects meta-analytic regression was adopted.FindingsThe findings demonstrate a predominantly positive international experience–performance relationship that varies across studies owing to differences in research design, variable measurements and firm characteristics. The relationship is positively moderated by the global mobility of people, yet the positive effect is contingent upon the level of national sentiments within home countries. The beneficial effect of inbound mobility on this relationship is attenuated by authoritarianism and protectionism, while the effect of outbound mobility is positively influenced by authoritarianism and less affected by protectionism.Originality/valueThis study offers novel theoretical insights into multinationals’ knowledge accumulation in the internationalization process. It contributes to the existing literature by presenting an integrated framework elucidating the international experience–performance relationship. Building upon the knowledge-based view, it integrates environmental dynamics and national sentiments to investigate the performance implications of multinationals’ international experience, thereby providing valuable practical insights for effective global knowledge management.

Peer connectedness and substance use in adolescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Adolescents' relationships with their peers play a pivotal role in their substance-use behaviors. As such, decades of research have examined how substance use relates to adolescents' overall levels of closeness to their peers, here termed peer connectedness, with mixed results. This report sought to determine how the operationalizations of peer connectedness and substance use affect the nature of the relationship between them. We used a systematic review strategy to find a comprehensive set of studies investigating the relationship between peer connectedness and substance use. Three-level meta-analytic regression was used to empirically test whether the operationalization of these variables moderates effect sizes across studies. We found 147 studies, of which 128 were analyzed using multilevel meta-analytic regression models. Operationalizations of peer connectedness varied widely, encompassing sociometric and self-report measures. Of these measures, sociometric indices specifically pertaining to popularity were most strongly predictive of substance use. Less consistent relationships were observed between substance use and sociometric measures of friendship, as well as with self-report measures. Being perceived as popular by one's peers is positively related to substance use among adolescents. This relationship is stronger and more consistent than those between substance use and other peer-connectedness variables, underscoring the necessity of operationalizing these constructs specifically and clearly. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Dynamic capabilities and international performance: meta-analytic regression analysis

Dynamic capabilities and international performance: meta-analytic regression analysis

Gender similarities and differences in early childhood development in low- and middle-income countries

Gender differences in early childhood development are under-researched in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where almost 90% of the world’s young children live. This study examines the direction, magnitude, and variation of gender similarities and differences in 3- and 4-year-olds’ early childhood development in 71 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Moreover, we explore whether country-level gender inequality correlates with gender differences in early development. We analyzed Early Childhood Development Index (ECDI) data from UNICEF’s Multiple Indicators Cluster Surveys and the Demographic and Health Surveys between 2010 and 2019 (n = 226,980). Using logistic regression, we estimated children’s odds of being developmentally on track in literacy-numeracy, approaches to learning, social-emotional, and physical domains. We also used meta-analytic regression to examine associations between early childhood development and country-level indicators of gender inequality. In approximately one-half of LMICs, odds of being developmentally on track did not significantly differ for girls and boys; in countries with significant differences, girls were more likely to be on track than boys (odds ratio [OR] = 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.18–1.24], p < .001). Differences favoring girls were largest in the social-emotional domain (OR = 1.27, 95% CI = [1.24–1.30], p < .001). Country-level gender development index explained a substantial amount of variation in gender differences across countries. Overall, findings suggest that when gender differences exist, girls are more likely than boys to be developmentally on track, particularly in the social-emotional domain and in countries with greater gender equality.

Catching up after COVID-19: do school programs for remediating pandemic-related learning loss work?

IntroductionCOVID-19 had a major impact on education, resulting in learning losses among students. The Dutch ministry set-up a subsidy for schools to implement catch-up programs in tackling learning losses. In this study, we examine (a) which students participated in the programs, and (b) effectiveness of these programs in remediating learning losses in secondary school students.MethodsSixteen program in eight secondary schools were analyzed using data of 16,675 students (9,784 individual students; 1,336 participating in a catch-up program). Schools implemented three program types: tutoring, homework support, and general skills. Per school, a difference-in-difference design was used, computing two effect sizes: comparing grades of participating and non-participating students; and grades in tutoring-specific subjects to non-tutored subject (specifically for tutoring programs). Effect sizes were combined using meta-analytic regressions in JASP.ResultsAt program onset, students selected for participation had significantly lower overall grades than non-participants, or – for subject-specific tutoring – lower grades specifically in the tutored subject. Tutoring programs significantly increased students’ grades: with higher grades for participants than non-participants, and – for students receiving subject-specific tutoring - higher grades in tutored subjects compared to those in non-tutored subjects. No significant effects were found for homework support and general study skill programs.ConclusionSchools selected students most in need for catch-up programs. Tutoring interventions seemed to remediate part of secondary school students’ learning losses, whereas general skills programs and homework support programs did not. Large between-school heterogeneity was found, implying that program implementation was at least as important as program type and content.

Effects of Mitigation and Control Policies in Realistic Epidemic Models Accounting for Household Transmission Dynamics.

Compartmental infectious disease (ID) models are often used to evaluate nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) and vaccines. Such models rarely separate within-household and community transmission, potentially introducing biases in situations in which multiple transmission routes exist. We formulated an approach that incorporates household structure into ID models, extending the work of House and Keeling. We developed a multicompartment susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered-susceptible-vaccinated (MC-SEIRSV) modeling framework, allowing nonexponentially distributed duration in exposed and infectious compartments, that tracks within-household and community transmission. We simulated epidemics that varied by community and household transmission rates, waning immunity rate, household size (3 or 5 members), and numbers of exposed and infectious compartments (1-3 each). We calibrated otherwise identical models without household structure to the early phase of each parameter combination's epidemic curve. We compared each model pair in terms of epidemic forecasts and predicted NPI and vaccine impacts on the timing and magnitude of the epidemic peak and its total size. Meta-analytic regressions characterized the relationship between household structure inclusion and the size and direction of biases. Otherwise similar models with and without household structure produced equivalent early epidemic curves. However, forecasts from models without household structure were biased. Without intervention, they were upward biased on peak size and total epidemic size, with biases also depending on the number of exposed and infectious compartments. Model-estimated NPI effects of a 60% reduction in community contacts on peak time and size were systematically overestimated without household structure. Biases were smaller with a 20% reduction NPI. Because vaccination affected both community and household transmission, their biases were smaller. ID models without household structure can produce biased outcomes in settings in which within-household and community transmission differ. Infectious disease models rarely separate household transmission from community transmission. The pace of household transmission may differ from community transmission, depends on household size, and can accelerate epidemic growth.Many infectious disease models assume exponential duration distributions for infected states. However, the duration of most infections is not exponentially distributed, and distributional choice alters modeled epidemic dynamics and intervention effectiveness.We propose a mathematical framework for household and community transmission that allows for nonexponential duration times and a suite of interventions and quantified the effect of accounting for household transmission by varying household size and duration distributions of infected states on modeled epidemic dynamics.Failure to include household structure induces biases in the modeled overall course of an epidemic and the effects of interventions delivered differentially in community settings. Epidemic dynamics are faster and more intense in populations with larger household sizes and for diseases with nonexponentially distributed infectious durations. Modelers should consider explicitly incorporating household structure to quantify the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions (e.g., shelter-in-place).

Feedback orientation: A meta-analysis

Feedback orientation reflects an individual difference in one's receptivity to feedback. We present the results of a meta-analysis of the feedback orientation literature. Based on k = 46 independent samples, representing n = 12,478 workers, meta-analytic results suggest that feedback orientation is positively related to learning goal orientation (rc = 0.39), job satisfaction (rc = 0.33), work performance (rc = 0.35), and feedback seeking (rc = 0.43). Meta-analytic regression and dominance analysis was used to tease apart how related informal feedback constructs (i.e., feedback seeking, feedback environment, & feedback orientation) aid in the prediction of outcomes, above and beyond two established predictors of job attitudes and work performance: role clarity and leader-member exchange. We also present an interactive exploratory data analysis tool to aid in developing future research questions regarding the connection between informal feedback constructs and work outcomes.

Type, Timing, Frequency, and Durability of Outcome of Physical Therapy for Parkinson Disease

Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative syndrome affecting approximately 1% of the population older than 60 years, and a major goal of treatment is preservation of physical function through physical therapy (PT). Although PT outcomes for PD are well documented, aggregate information on the parameters of PT are needed to guide implementation. To evaluate current evidence on the types, timing, frequency, duration, and outcomes of PT regimens applied for PD. PubMed, Embase, Medline, and the Web of Science Core Collection were searched for articles published from January 1, 2000, to August 10, 2022. Search terms included terms related to Parkinson disease, PT interventions, and PT-related outcomes. Included studies were peer-reviewed randomized clinical trials available in English of any PT intervention for patients with PD that included PT-related outcomes. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses reporting guideline was followed. Two reviewers extracted data and assessed quality using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Data were analyzed using a random-effects model. A meta-analysis compared outcomes of nonstandard PT vs standard PT and standard PT vs no intervention for Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) score and measures of gait and balance. A total of 46 trials with 3905 patients were included (range of mean ages, 61-77 years). Ten trials (22%) compared 2 types of nonstandard PT interventions; 26 (57%), nonstandard PT vs standard PT; and 10 (22%), PT vs no intervention. The most common nonconventional PT intervention was aquatic physiotherapy (5 trials [11%]). Durations of PT regimen ranged from 2 to 12 weeks in 39 trials (85%), and PT was most commonly performed with frequencies of either twice or 3 times weekly (27 [59%]). In most trials (39 [85%]), PT session length ranged from 30 to 60 minutes. Across trials, PT outcomes were reported for gait (14 trials [30%]), balance (10 [22%]), quality of life (3 [9%]), and cognition (1 [2%]). Approximately half of the trials (22 [48%]) documented durability of some level of benefit after completion of the prescribed regimen. Meta-analysis showed no significant difference for PT vs no intervention in UPDRS scores (standardized mean difference [SMD], -1.09; 95% CI, -2.50 to 0.33) or for nonstandard PT vs standard PT in measures of gait (SMD, 0.03; 95% CI, -0.53 to 0.59), balance (SMD, 0.54; 95% CI, -0.03 to 1.12), and UPDRS score (SMD, -0.49; 95% CI, -1.04 to 0.06). Meta-analytic regression of moderators revealed no significant differences in outcomes by frequency of PT per week (SMD, 0.17; 95% CI, -0.03 to 0.36). The findings suggest that although a wide range of types and regimens of PT for PD have been tested, comparative effectiveness of different models of care and implementation strategies as well as long-term durability of their outcomes remain undetermined.

How Culture Shapes the Influence of Work Design Characteristics: A Narrative and Meta-Analytic Review

This paper presents a comprehensive review and meta-analysis of the literature on the influence of cultural dimensions on work design characteristics. With our proposed work design universals typology as a framework, we provide a narrative review and analyze the influence of six cultural dimensions (power distance, individualism–collectivism, masculinity–femininity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation, and indulgence–restraint) on work design characteristics’ effects on job satisfaction and performance. In addition to running meta-analytic regressions examining the role of cultural characteristics as individual moderators of the relationship between work design characteristics’ and job satisfaction and performance, we further utilize qualitative comparative analysis to move beyond treating each cultural dimension as an independent predictor and, instead, investigate configurations of cultural dimensions as moderating variables of the relationships between work design characteristics and workplace outcomes. The present effort, therefore, serves as a test of a complex universal approach when examining the influence of culture on the relationship between work design characteristics and outcomes. Collectively, this study provides a systematic narrative and quantitative review of the work design literature to assess how cultural dimensions (both individually and through complex configurations) may affect the impact of work design characteristics on job satisfaction and performance. Based on our review, we offer recommendations for future research and continued calls for more systematic and integrative cross-cultural work design research.

State of the Art of BIM Integration with Sensing Technologies in Construction Progress Monitoring.

The necessity for automatic monitoring tools led to using 3D sensing technologies to collect accurate and precise data onsite to create an as-built model. This as-built model can be integrated with a BIM-based planned model to check the project’s status based on algorithms. This article investigates the construction progress monitoring (CPM) domain, including knowledge gaps and future research direction. Synthesis literature was conducted on 3D sensing technologies in CPM depending on crucial factors, including the scanning environment, assessment level, and object recognition indicators’ performance. The scanning environment is important to determine the volume of data acquired and the applications conducted in the environment. The level of assessment between as-planned and as-built models is another crucial factor that could precisely help define the knowledge gaps in this domain. The performance of object recognition indicators is an essential factor in determining the quality of studies. Qualitative and statistical analyses for the latest studies are then conducted. The qualitative analysis showed a shortage of articles performed on 5D assessment. Then, statistical analysis is conducted using a meta-analytic regression model to determine the development of the performance of object recognition indicators. The meta-analytic model presented a good sign that the performance of those indicators is effective where [p-value is = 0.0003 < 0.05]. The study is also envisaged to evaluate the collected studies in prioritizing future works from the limitations within these studies. Finally, this is the first study to address ranking studies of 3D sensing technologies in the CPM domain integrated with BIM.

Investigating weighted fishing hooks for seabird bycatch mitigation

Fisheries bycatch threatens the viability of some seabird populations and reduces fishing efficiency. Albatross bycatch in a US North Pacific tuna longline fishery has increased over the past decade and now exceeds 1000 annual captures. Seabirds interacting with this fishery reach hooks at depths up to 1 m. A branchline weight’s mass and distance from the hook affect seabird catch rates. We conducted experimental fishing to compare the commercial viability of a weighted hook relative to conventional gear with weights attached 0.75 m from the hook. We used a Bayesian random effects meta-analytic regression modelling approach to estimate pooled expected species-specific log relative risk of capture on conventional versus experimental gear. There was a significant 53% (95% HDI: − 75 to − 25%) decrease in retained species’ catch rates on experimental hooks, indicating an unacceptable economic cost, and no significant effect for discarded species. Using a Bayesian general linear mixed regression modelling approach, experimental hooks sank to 85 cm ca. 1.4 times (95% HDI: 1.37–1.48) faster than control hooks. Given their potential to reduce seabird catch rates, eliminate safety risks from bite-offs and facilitate robust compliance monitoring, it is a priority to find a weighted hook design with acceptable catch rates.

ARE WE HAPPY TOGETHER? A META-ANALYTIC REVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF OPEN INNOVATION ON FIRM PERFORMANCE

The study draws on dynamic capabilities theory and evidence-based research to provide the first meta-analysis on the open innovation (OI)–firm performance relationship from 2003 to 2020. Both subgroup and meta-analytic regression analyses were employed to analyse 106 independent peer-reviewed articles, encompassing 557,642 firms and 138 effects. Results showed a positive, significant relationship between OI and overall firm performance ([Formula: see text]= 0.20) while revealing numerous contingencies. Particularly, we found that the effect of OI on non-financial performance ([Formula: see text]= 0.20) is larger than that on financial performance ([Formula: see text]= 0.19), while the disaggregate results revealed that inbound OI has the strongest effect on firm performance ([Formula: see text]= 0.23), followed by outbound OI ([Formula: see text]= 0.19) and coupled OI ([Formula: see text]= 0.14). Furthermore, it was found that the mixed results are driven by both contextual factors (i.e., firm size, culture, study region, sector, and industry intensity) and measurement moderators (i.e., study measure and data type). Both the theoretical and managerial implications of these findings are elucidatedly discussed.

4.1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ADHD AND PTSD: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

PTSD is a disorder that occurs after a traumatic experience. Although exposure to trauma is common, few individuals exposed to trauma develop PTSD, suggesting that these individuals have predisposing risk factors. ADHD is one such possible risk factor. The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between ADHD and PTSD by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature on the association between ADHD and PTSD. We hypothesized that the literature would show a robust and bidirectional association between ADHD and PTSD. We reviewed literature through PubMed and PsycINFO in the year 2014 utilizing the search (posttraumatic stress disorder OR PTSD) AND (ADHD OR attention deficit hyperactivity disorder OR ADD OR attention deficit disorder OR hyperkinetic syndrome OR minimal brain dysfunction). We included original human research in English that operationalized diagnoses of ADHD and PTSD, evaluated the relationship between the disorders, and included controls. We extracted sample size, age, diagnostic methods, design, referral status, control type, and number of subjects with and without ADHD and PTSD alone and combined. We computed meta-analyses for studies examining ADHD in PTSD and PTSD in ADHD using a random-effects model and meta-analytic regression. We assessed for heterogeneity and publication bias and adjusted for intrastudy clustering. We identified 402 articles; 29 met the criteria for inclusion (14 with adult subjects and 15 with child subjects). The relative risk (RR) for PTSD in individuals with ADHD was 2.9 (p < 0.0005). In samples using only normal controls, the RR was 3.7 (p = 0.001), and in samples using trauma-exposed controls, the RR was 1.6 (p = 0.003). The RR for ADHD in individuals with PTSD was 1.7 (p < 0.0005), and in samples using trauma-exposed controls, the RR was 2.1 (p < 0.0005). All 6 studies examining the temporality of each disorder found earlier ADHD onset than PTSD. All 6 studies examining the correlation between ADHD and PTSD symptoms found a positive and significant correlation. Results indicate a bidirectional association between ADHD and PTSD, suggesting clinical implications and highlighting the need for neurobiological research examining the mechanisms underlying this connection.

Climate-context congruence: Examining context as a boundary condition for climate-performance relationships.

Organizational climates are instrumental in guiding patterns of worker behavior across varied domains; yet it is noteworthy that climates do not exist in vacuums. Rather, climates are embedded within broader contexts with which they are not always congruent or harmonious. Incongruence between a climate and its context can occur when a climate emerges from strategic values that are divergent from meaningful features of the group or organization's environment. We propose, based on congruence theory, that when climates are incongruent with their context, they are less able to affect group performance. We tested a general hypothesis of climate-context congruence (CCC) by considering both the nature of the work performed by group members (CCC-work) and the predominant societal culture values (CCC-culture) as contextual boundary conditions for climate-performance associations. Using the competing values framework to conceptually distinguish climates based on their underlying values, we examined the extent to which CCC-work and CCC-culture explain variance in climate-performance relationships using meta-analytic regression. Our meta-analyses support the congruence hypothesis in several instances for both CCC-work and CCC-culture but also support a divergent compensatory perspective in others, where climate-context incongruence appears to provide offsetting performance benefits in some cases. We elaborate on the implications of these findings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Meta-analytic five-factor model personality intercorrelations: Eeny, meeny, miney, moe, how, which, why, and where to go.

Meta-analysis is frequently combined with multiple regression or path analysis to examine how the Big Five/Five-Factor Model (FFM) personality traits relate to work outcomes. A common approach in such studies is to construct a synthetic correlation matrix by combining new meta-analyses of FFM-criterion correlations with previously published meta-analytic FFM intercorrelations. Many meta-analytic FFM intercorrelation matrices exist in the literature, with 3 matrices being frequently used in industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology and related fields (i.e., Mount, Barrick, Scullen, & Rounds, 2005; Ones, 1993; van der Linden, te Nijenhuis, & Bakker, 2010). However, it is unknown how the choice of FFM matrix influences study conclusions, why we observe such differences in the matrices, and which matrix researchers and practitioners should use for their specific studies. We conducted 3 studies to answer these questions. In Study 1, we demonstrate that researchers' choice of FFM matrix can substantively alter conclusions from meta-analytic regressions or path analyses. In Study 2, we present a new meta-analysis of FFM intercorrelations using measures explicitly constructed around the FFM and based on employee samples. In Study 3, we systematically explore the sources of differences in FFM intercorrelations using second-order meta-analyses of 44 meta-analytic FFM matrices. We find that personality rating source (self vs. other) and inventory-specific substantive and methodological features are the primary moderators of meta-analytic FFM intercorrelations. Based on the findings from these studies, we provide a framework to guide future researchers in choosing a meta-analytic FFM matrix that is most appropriate for their specific studies, research questions, and contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Conflict and performance in channels: a meta-analysis.

Conflict between channel members is of great interest to marketers given its presumed negative impact on the channel’s business performance. In a comprehensive meta-analysis of the empirical literature spanning six decades between 1960 and 2020, we observe channel performance is indeed negatively linked to channel conflict. However, we find that this conflict–performance link has evolved significantly over time, roughly in keeping with the growth and maturing of e-commerce technologies. Further, the damage caused by conflict appears to be more pronounced for channels with international operations, and for channels with greater dependency between channel members. Additionally, businesses in North America seem to suffer the consequences of channel conflict more than others. Our results also show several study characteristics related to measurement and sampling significantly impact the empirical conflict–performance links reported in the literature. We base our conclusions on correlational analyses, two-stage meta-analytic structural equation modeling (TSSEM), and meta-analytic regression analyses (MARA).Supplementary InformationThe online version of this article (10.1007/s11747-020-00751-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Commercial viability of locating pelagic longline branchline weights at the hook to reduce seabird bycatch

Bycatch in pelagic longline fisheries threatens the viability of some seabird populations and reduces fishing efficiency. The mass of a branchline fishing weight and its distance from the hook significantly explain seabird catch risk during setting and hauling. We surveyed Hawaii tuna longline fishers to obtain their perspectives on the practicality, safety and economic viability of alternative designs which place weights adjacent to hooks instead of conventional designs with weighted swivels attached 0.6 m from the hook. We conducted experimental fishing to explore the commercial viability of a combination weighted swivel attached to the eye of the hook. We used a Bayesian random effects meta-analytic regression modeling approach to estimate pooled expected species-specific log relative risk of capture on conventional, as opposed to experimental, branchlines. There were significant decreases in catch rates on experimental branchlines of 54% (95% highest posterior density interval [HDI]: 34.3 to 73.8) for retained species and 28% (95% HDI: -7.5 to 93.3) for discarded species. For about 10% of experimental weighted hooks, the point of the hook tangled on the swivel, likely contributing to lower catch rates and making it more difficult for crew to coil branchlines. We identify possible factors explaining why the experimental gear reduced catch rates. The study demonstrates the benefits of stakeholder scoping to determine bycatch mitigation options with the highest promise for practicality, economic viability and safety, as well as benefits of conducting a pilot study to assess commercial viability to determine if a full experiment to assess bycatch mitigation efficacy is warranted.

Effect of pelagic longline bait type on species selectivity: a global synthesis of evidence

Fisheries can profoundly affect bycatch species with ‘slow’ life history traits. Managing bait type offers one tool to control species selectivity. Different species and sizes of marine predators have different prey, and hence bait, preferences. This preference is a function of a bait’s chemical, visual, acoustic and textural characteristics and size, and for seabirds the effect on hook sink rate is also important. We conducted a global meta-analysis of existing estimates of the relative risk of capture on different pelagic longline baits. We applied a Bayesian random effects meta-analytic regression modelling approach to estimate overall expected bait-specific catch rates. For blue shark and marine turtles, there were 34% (95% HDI: 4–59%) and 60% (95% HDI: 44–76%) significantly lower relative risks of capture on forage fish bait than squid bait, respectively. Overall estimates of bait-specific relative risk were not significantly different for seven other assessed taxa. The lack of a significant overall estimate of relative capture risk for pelagic shark species combined but significant effect for blue sharks suggests there is species-specific variability in bait-specific catch risk within this group. A qualitative literature review suggests that tunas and istiophorid billfishes may have higher catch rates on squid than fish bait, which conflicts with reducing marine turtle and blue shark catch rates. The findings from this synthesis of quantitative and qualitative evidence support identifying economically viable bycatch management measures with acceptable tradeoffs when multispecies conflicts are unavoidable, and highlight research priorities for global pelagic longline fisheries.

Effects of Inequality on the Relationship Between Gender, Self- Efficacy, and Entrepreneurial Success

There is meta-analytic evidence that higher self-efficacy is associated with greater entrepreneurial success; however, there is unexplained variance in this relationship. We predict that higher levels of self- efficacy might not tend to translate as readily into entrepreneurial success for women as they do for men. To test this proposition, we performed a meta-analytic regression on studies (k=101) that assessed the relation of self-efficacy with entrepreneurial success. In line with social role theory, we find that the relation between self- efficacy and success in entrepreneurship tends to be lower for women in societies with high gender inequality.