Review Meta-analysis Research Articles

Early Surgery and High Dose Steroids in Treating Patients with Indirect Traumatic Optic Neuropathy: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

Introduction: Optic nerve injury is a devastating cause of permanent visual loss after blunt or penetrating injury occurring in up to 7% of head trauma cases. No single treatment strategy and timing of intervention has proved optimal. Timely and appropriate management is key to improving visual outcomes. We compared whether immediate surgical decompression or steroids would lead to improvement of visual outcomes in individuals with indirect traumatic optic neuropathy. Methods: We searched from several online databases and included studies of patients with direct Optic nerve injury, those who received combined treatment with surgery and steroids, and those with delayed initiation of treatment were excluded. Results: The final search yielded eleven eligible studies. Both interventions showed similar results in improvement of visual function (RR 2.35, 95% CI 0.87 to 6.34, p=0.09, I2 0%). Both early and late intervention also showed similar results in improvement of visual function (RR 1.72, 95% CI 0.89 to 3.35, p=0.11, I2 61%). Among patients who underwent early surgical decompression, the rate of visual acuity improvement was 73% with those who underwent transcranial surgery and 69% with those who underwent endoscopic surgery. Conclusion: This study shows that immediate surgical decompression and early high dose steroid administration are equally effective in improving visual function. Patients with no light perception (NLP) and light perception (LP) pre treatment resulted to better visual improvement with steroids while those with counting fingers (CF) and more than CF pre treatment, resulted to better visual improvement with surgical decompression.

A Meta-Analytic Review of Personality and Teacher-Student Relationships.

This meta-analysis provides the first comprehensive synthesis of associations between student and teacher personality traits and the quality of teacher-student relationships. Fifty-five studies met the eligibility criteria, contributing a total of 238 effect sizes. We used multivariate meta-analysis with robust variance estimation (RVE) to model the dependency of effect sizes. Student prosocial behavior (ρ = 0.59) and proactive personality (ρ = 0.48) were the strongest predictors of positive teacher-student relationship quality. All Big Five traits of students, except neuroticism, showed significant positive associations, with all correlations exceeding 0.4 when holding constant with all other moderators. Teacher agreeableness (ρ = 0.31) and conscientiousness (ρ = 0.29) yielded modest associations. Students with less emotional stability or aggressive behaviors were more likely to experience negative teacher-student relationships, such as conflict and dependency. Our findings highlight the critical role of student personality in explaining the quality of teacher-student interactions. Multiple traits appear equally important, as indicated by comparable effect sizes. The literature is relatively limited when it comes to teacher personality. We were unable to examine teacher traits in relation to teacher-student conflict and dependency, but, overall, agreeable and conscientious teacher behaviors appeared to be important for favorable interactions, whereas teacher neuroticism may undermine the quality of such interactions.

Challenges and possibilities in adolescent loneliness interventions

Abstract Researchers typically associate the high prevalence of loneliness during adolescence with evolving dynamics and changes in relationships, both familial and peer-related. Consequently, transient feelings of loneliness are anticipated and considered part of the normative developmental process. While many adolescents naturally navigate through periods of loneliness by reconnecting with peers, a subset experiences prolonged feelings of loneliness. This group faces an increased risk of additional mental health issues and potential adverse health consequences. Such findings underscore the importance of effective and scalable interventions. This presentation draws upon a comprehensive meta-analytical review of loneliness interventions and a dedicated chapter in the upcoming Cambridge Handbook of Loneliness. focusing on interventions for adolescents. It will offer a brief overview of contemporary loneliness interventions and intervention strategies. Furthermore, it will discuss the unique considerations required when addressing loneliness in adolescents compared to other age groups. This includes the critical importance of loneliness prevention for adolescents, particularly within the school environment. Furthermore, the presentation will discuss the potential of community-based interventions aimed at tackling adolescent loneliness, showcasing the ongoing Danish community-based intervention ‘More Together.’ ‘More Together’ is a large-scale, complex, multi-component and multi-level intervention for community change that aims to reduce loneliness among young and elderly people. The intervention is rooted in an extensive cross-sector partnership. The presentation will highlight potentials and pitfalls encountered when addressing adolescent loneliness within a community setting.

The Long-Term Consequences of Family Violence Victimization: An Umbrella Review of Longitudinal Meta-Analyses on Child Maltreatment and Intimate Partner Violence

The Long-Term Consequences of Family Violence Victimization: An Umbrella Review of Longitudinal Meta-Analyses on Child Maltreatment and Intimate Partner Violence

Indicators of Cultural Ecosystem Services for Peri-Urban Agricultural and Natural Areas at an Intermediate Scale: A Case Study of Arequipa, Peru

The evaluation of management in peri-urban agricultural and natural areas (PANAs) constitutes a complex topic, particularly when considering its scale in cities where landscape planning is a priority. Therefore, indicators are required to assess the non-material well-being, biodiversity, and quality of life of society, which are criteria of cultural ecosystem services (CESs). This research develops identification and subclassification CESs and tangible and intangible indicators that facilitate the management of the PANA landscape, using the city of Arequipa as a case study—a dynamic cultural city with a declared cultural heritage, in turn located in an artificial oasis in the Atacama Desert. Therefore, the results will enable the selection of indicators that are practically applicable to planning instruments, serving as support systems for decision-making regarding interventions in PANAs. The methodology began with a systematic and meta-analytic (PRISMA) review, identifying 25 articles containing 230 indicators across 19 subclassifications. Using the Multiscale Indicators Framework (MSIF), the literature was integrated with a participatory workshop to validate these findings. The level of impact was assessed for 115 indicators across 13 subclassifications, applying criteria such as diversity, sustainable management, quality of life, and scalability—factors necessary to comply with urban sustainability policies.

Prevalence of spin reporting bias in hip labrum reconstruction: a qualitative assessment of systematic reviews and meta-analyses

Hip labral reconstruction is an evolving technique to treat labral pathology. Spin is a recent concept that is defined as a reporting bias that misrepresents research. The purpose of this study is to identify the prevalence of spin in meta-analysis and systematic review abstracts regarding acetabular labral reconstruction. Electronic libraries were queried for meta-analyses and systematic reviews regarding hip labrum reconstruction. The nine most severe types of spin found in abstracts were used as an evaluation tool. Two reviewers each performed a blinded assessment of each article for spin. A third reviewer was used to address any discrepancies between the original reviewers. Other variables evaluated include number of citations, journal impact factor, reported conflicts of interest (COI), adherence to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and methodologic quality according to a measurement tool to assess systematic reviews (AMSTAR-2). The electronic database search resulted in 1,148 articles, of which 10 met inclusion criteria. Of these 10 articles, 70% (7/10) were found to have at least one form of spin present, 20% (2/10) contained 3 different types of spin, 30% (3/10) contained 2 different types of spin, and 20% (2/10) contained 1 type of spin. The most common type of spin found was type 5, “conclusion claims the beneficial effect of the experimental treatment despite high risk of bias in the primary studies,” which was found in 60% (6/10) of the articles. When assessing AMSTAR-2 score, 90% (9/10) of the articles were found to be ‘low quality’ or ‘critically low quality.’ Spin was present in 70% of the abstracts of meta-analyses and systematic reviews pertaining to hip labrum reconstruction. Recognition of spin is crucial for orthopaedic surgeons. Improved guidelines should be considered to reduce the prevalence of spin in orthopaedic literature.

Association of cataract surgery with risk of dementia: a meta-analysis and systematic review of cohort studies with 720,075 participants

Association of cataract surgery with risk of dementia: a meta-analysis and systematic review of cohort studies with 720,075 participants

Infraclavicular versus supraclavicular nerve block for upper limb surgeries: A meta-analysis.

The impact of infraclavicular versus supraclavicular nerve block on the analgesia for upper limb surgeries is unclear. This meta-analysis and systematic review aims to study the analgesic efficacy of infraclavicular versus supraclavicular nerve block for upper limb surgeries. We searched several databases including PubMed, EMbase, Web of science, EBSCO and Cochrane library databases from inception to December 2023, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effect of infraclavicular versus supraclavicular nerve block for upper limb surgeries were included. We excluded studies reporting other nerve block approaches. The methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated by the modified Jadad scale. Standard mean difference with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to assess continuous outcomes. This meta-analysis was conducted by the fixed-effect model or random-effect model based on the heterogeneity. Eight RCTs and 725 patients were included in this meta-analysis. Compared with supraclavicular nerve block for upper limb surgeries, infraclavicular nerve block was able to significantly increase duration of motor block (SMD = 0.34; 95% CI = 0.12 to 0.56) and decrease readiness for surgery (SMD = -0.43; 95% CI = -0.77 to -0.10), but showed similar duration of sensory block (SMD = 0.17; 95% CI = -0.05 to 0.39), block performance time (SMD = -0.14; 95% CI = -0.51 to 0.22), onset of sensory blockade (SMD = -0.13; 95% CI = -0.59 to 0.33) and onset of motor blockade (SMD = -0.17; 95% CI = -0.26 to 0.12). No high heterogeneity was seen among the included studies. Infraclavicular nerve block may be superior to control the analgesia for upper limb surgeries than supraclavicular nerve block.

Impact of Extent of Resection on Overall Survival in Glioblastomas: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses

(1) Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor in adults. Due to a lack of level 1 evidence, there is no clear consensus on the optimal extent of resection to improve overall survival. This umbrella review aggregates existing meta-analyses (MAs) to assess overall survival in patients undergoing subtotal resection (STR) versus gross total resection (GTR). (2) Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science identified 441 studies, with four MAs meeting inclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using the metaumbrella R package, focusing on overall survival. Quality was assessed using AMSTAR2, with scores ranging from 0 to 11. The Ioannidis criteria were applied to evaluate the credibility of the evidence. (3) Results: The quality assessment rated all four studies highly, with a mean AMSTAR2 score of 10.25. The pooled analysis revealed a significant survival advantage for GTR over STR. However, the Ioannidis classification graded the evidence as Class III, indicating weak credibility. (4) Conclusions: GTR offers a slight survival benefit over STR in GBM patients, but the credibility of the evidence is weak, highlighting the need for further research.

Meta-analysis and systematic review of factors predicting conversion to radical nephrectomy following robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy in renal cancer patients.

Evaluating the risk factors for the conversion from robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) to radical nephrectomy (RN). Through a comprehensive database search encompassing PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, we identified pertinent English-language research published by June 2024. We utilized the NOS scale for quality assessment. The aggregate effect was quantified via the odds ratio (OR), alongside a 95% confidence interval (CI). Sensitivity analyses were conducted using both fixed-effects and random-effects models to evaluate reliability. The meta-analytical process was facilitated by the Stata 18 software suite. Our meta-analysis encompassed a total of 8 retrospective studies and 3 prospective studies, totaling 4056 patients. We found that increasing patient age (OR: 1.04; 95% CI 1.00-1.08; P = 0.005), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) scores (3 or above) (OR: 2.74; 95% CI 1.52-4.93; P = 0.001), elevated R.E.N.A.L. scores (7 or above) (OR: 2.49; 95% CI 1.57-3.95; P < 0.001), and the use of off-clamp RAPN (OR: 7.21; 95% CI 2.60-19.93; P < 0.001) significantly raised the odds of surgical conversion. On the other hand, male sex (OR: 1.04; 95% CI 0.67-1.62; P = 0.858), the side of the tumor (OR: 0.97; 95% CI 0.48-1.95; P = 0.936), tumor size (OR: 3.43; 95% CI 0.57-20.55; P = 0.177), body mass index (BMI) (OR: 1.03; 95% CI 0.96-1.11; P = 0.426), clinical stage (OR: 3.78; 95% CI 0.46-30.70; P = 0.214), and the use of single-port RAPN (OR: 0.54; 95% CI 0.16-1.78; P = 0.31) did not show a statistically significant link to an increased conversion risk. This meta-analysis elucidates the critical risk factors for the conversion from robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy to radical nephrectomy, providing significant guidance for preoperative risk assessment and clinical decision-making. However, our findings necessitate validation through studies with larger sample sizes.

Comparison of different concentrations atropine in controlling children and adolescent myopia: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses

PurposeTo evaluate the myopia control effect of different concentrations atropine in children and adolescent.MethodsMeta-analyses and systematic reviews available in the Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases from the databases’ inception to August 2023 were searched to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of different concentrations’ atropine in controlling myopia progression. Overall effects were performed using random-effects model. AMSTAR 2 tool was used to assess the quality of included studies. Prespecified outcomes were weight mean difference (WMD) with 95% credible interval (95% CI) of annual spherical equivalent refraction (SER) changes and annual axial length (AL) changes.Results19 systematic reviews/meta-analyses of different atropine concentrations were included in the analysis. 14 studies reported SER changes, and 17 reported AL changes. In terms of the studies’ overall methodological quality level (measured using AMSTAR 2), 1 study was rated high, 7 moderate, 7 low, and 4 critically low. The 0.01% atropine was found to have statistically significance (annual SER change WMD 0.27 [95% CI 0.21 - 0.34] D/year; annual AL change WMD -0.09 [95% CI -0.1 to -0.07]) mm/year), 0.05% atropine was preferred considering efficacy and tolerability (annual SER change WMD 0.54 [95% CI 0.49 - 0.58] D/year; annual AL change WMD -0.21 [95% CI -0.12 to -0.02]) mm/year).ConclusionsDifferent atropine concentrations alleviated children and adolescent myopia progression. However, higher-quality evidence and further investigation are needed to clarify the dose–response relationship, and practical guidelines must be developed to determine myopia control efficacy.

Examining the Prevalence and Effects of Gender-based Violence in Academic Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses.

Gender-based violence (GBV) in the academic job sector is a critical issue that intersects with broader systemic and structural inequities, but research is limited. To study the prevalence, effects, and prevention measures of interpersonal GBV within the academic job sector, a meta-analysis and systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis protocol. Rigorous searches were conducted across the databases PubMed, OVID, Scopus, Web of Science, and CINAHL, using specific keywords related to GBV, workplace, and virtual work environments, identifying papers published between January 2013 and February 2023. Studies were evaluated based on the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes framework. Data from papers were extracted and grouped by reported instances, and prevalence data for interpersonal GBV were reported in university settings, including in-person, hybrid, and virtual environments, and among men, women, and those who identify as 2SLGBTQ+. A random effects meta-analysis of proportions was conducted to evaluate the reported point prevalence rates of interpersonal GBV in academia between 2012 and 2015. Subgroup analyses were performed for university staff only, females only, and males only. Out of the 1,290 records, 16 studies met the inclusion criteria. The types of violence identified include sexual harassment, workplace bullying and online harassment, which affects career advancement, and employee well-being. The meta-analyses, conducted with a 95% confidence interval [CI], identified that 51.4% (95% CI [39.9%, 63.0%]) of university staff members experience GBV, with females, 59.3% [38.1%, 80.5%], experiencing greater rates than males, 44% [28.1%, 44.1%]. The findings underscore the need for institutional interventions to address interpersonal GBV in academic workplaces.

Ultrasound- Versus Landmark-Guided Corticosteroid Injections in Patients With Shoulder Pain: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.

This meta-analysis evaluated the effects of ultrasound-guided (USG) and landmark-guided (LMG) injections of corticosteroids into the shoulder joint cavity of patients with shoulder pain. The PubMed database was searched for articles (January 1, 2004-December 31, 2023) comparing USG and LMG injections of corticosteroids for the treatment of adult shoulder pain. Two authors independently performed data extraction and appraisal. The outcome measures collected were visual analogue scale (VAS) score and VAS score change at 1 and 6 weeks postinjection and range of motion (ROM) at 6 weeks postinjection. Thirteen studies including 656 patients were reviewed (USG and LMG groups, 328 patients each). The VAS score at 1 week postinjection and the ROM in abduction at 6 weeks postinjection were statistically different, but there were no statistically significant differences in other outcomes. This meta-analysis indicated that USG corticosteroid injection may have a better effect than LMG corticosteroid injection for early-stage shoulder pain and abduction in the mid- to long-term, but does not affect later shoulder pain or other ROMs.

Nutrition nurturers: Empowering primary school children through innovative dietary education and parental engagement

Purpose: This research aims to examine effective pedagogical methods for promoting healthy dietary practices among elementary students. By reviewing the literature, the study will identify key factors influencing children's eating habits, assess treatment impacts on eating patterns and metabolism in obese children, and explore how breakfast quality affects the health of children and teenagers. Method: This study analyses pertinent literature on encouraging healthy eating habits in primary school students using a systematic review and meta-analysis methodology. Comprehensive searches of electronic databases, such as PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science, are part of the systematic review process to find pertinent research published in peer-reviewed journals. The inclusion criteria cover research on instructional methods, tactics, and interventions intended to encourage primary school students to eat healthily. Result: The outcomes of the meta-analysis and systematic review point to several successful instructional methods and tactics for encouraging primary school students to eat healthily. Children's eating habits are influenced by several factors, and treatments that focus on diet and metabolic responses, especially in obese kids, seem to be working well. The study also emphasizes how important a healthy breakfast is to kids' and teens' overall health and well-being. Conclusions: The study concludes that raising lifelong good eating habits in primary school students requires comprehensive strategies incorporating nutritional education, parental involvement, and community support. The results have significant ramifications for educators, legislators, and medical professionals who work to encourage children to adopt healthy habits. To investigate the long-term impacts of interventions and create specialized tactics for a range of populations, more study is necessary.

Association between maximal urethral length preservation and postoperative continence after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: a meta-analysis and systematic review.

Urinary incontinence is a common complication following robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). Urethral length has been identified as a factor affecting postoperative continence recovery. In this meta-analysis, we examined the association between use of the maximal urethral length preservation (MULP) technique and postoperative urinary continence in patients undergoing RARP. We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library up to December 31, 2023. The quality of the literature was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to synthesize data and calculate the odds ratio (OR) from eligible studies on continence and MULP. Six studies involving 1869 patients met the eligibility criteria. MULP was positively associated with both early continence (1 month after RARP; Z = 3.62, P = 0.003, OR = 3.10, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.68-5.73) and late continence (12 months after RARP; Z = 2.34, P = 0.019, OR = 2.10, 95% CI: 1.13-3.90). Oncological outcomes indicated that MULP did not increase the overall positive surgical margin rate or the positive surgical margin status at the prostate apex (both P > 0.05). In conclusion, the use of the MULP technique in RARP significantly improved both early and late postoperative continence outcomes without compromising oncological outcomes.

Associations between people experiencing homelessness (PEH) and neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs): A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Homelessness represents a widespread social issue globally, yet the risk of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) associated with people experiencing homelessness (PEH) has not received sufficient attention. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the risk of NDDs among PEH and its variation across countries and regions through meta-analysis and systematic review. Searching from databases such as PubMed and Web of Science, relevant research articles on PEH and NDDs were identified. After multiple screening, eight articles were selected for meta-analysis. Statistical methods and models were used to evaluate the association between PEH and NDDs, stratified by disease type and country. We found that PEH had a 51% higher risk of NDDs (OR = 1.51 (95% CI: 1.21, 1.89)) compared with those with stable housing. Specifically, PEH had a significantly higher risk of developing multiple sclerosis (OR = 4.64 (95% CI: 1.96, 10.98)). Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) (OR = 1.93 (95% CI: 1.34, 2.77)), dementia (OR = 1.69 (95% CI: 1.26, 2.27)), and cognitive impairment (OR = 1.07 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.16)) were all at higher risk. Furthermore, country and regional differences were observed, with countries such as Iran (OR = 4.64 (95% CI: 1.96, 10.98)), the Netherlands (OR = 2.14 (95% CI: 1.23, 3.73)), the United States (OR = 1.66 (95% CI: 1.25, 2.22)), and Canada (OR = 1.06 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.10)) showing a higher risk of NDDs among the PEH. The study emphasizes the significant NDD risks among PEH, providing novel perspectives on this issue and shedding light on national disparities influenced by variations in healthcare systems and social environments. This will be beneficial for academia and government to prioritize the health of PEH with NDDs, aiming to mitigate disease incidence and economic burdens while preserving social stability and upholding basic human rights.

A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Foreign Language Anxiety Interventions Among Students

Foreign language anxiety is an emotional reaction toward learning and using a foreign language, which may negatively influence individuals’ self-perceptions, beliefs, emotions, and behaviors. To explore how to mitigate the potential detrimental effect of foreign language anxiety, this meta-analysis and systematic review included 37 primary articles on interventions targeting relieving foreign language anxiety. The results revealed the overall efficacy of these interventions ( ES = −0.61, p = .03) in reducing anxiety . Age was the only significant moderator despite seven moderators being included. The qualitative section of the systematic review examined intervention types, publication patterns, and research designs in the 37 analyzed articles. A notable increase in publications on this topic was observed over time, with approximately equal numbers of studies utilizing direct versus indirect interventions. This review offers implications for both future researchers and practical applications in addressing foreign language anxiety.

Estimation of prevalence of CIAF‐based undernutrition among under‐six children of India: A systematic and meta analytical review

AbstractUndernutrition is a silent emergency resulting from a combination of various social, economic, educational, demographic, and morbidity factors. This systematic and meta‐analytical review assessed the pooled prevalence of Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF)–based undernutrition among under‐six years children in India. Articles were searched using Publish and Perish software and through reference exploration. The random effect model with the inverse method estimated the pooled prevalence (at 95% confidence interval, CI). Heterogeneity was tested through the I2 value and Q chi‐square. Subgroup analysis considered the National Food Security Act (NFSA), zonal distribution of studies, study location, and sample size. The pooled prevalence of CIAF‐based undernutrition among Indian under‐six children was 58% (95% CI: 0.54–0.62). After the implementation of the NFSA, the prevalence significantly dropped from 63% (95% CI: 0.58–0.67) to 56% (95% CI: 0.51–0.61). Undernutrition was higher in central and southern India (64%) but showed no significant difference between urban (58%) and rural (57%) areas (χ2 = 0.10; p = .76). The high I2 value (75%) indicated significant variation. Undernutrition remains a critical public health issue in India, particularly in central and southern regions. Enhanced screening, implementation, and monitoring of interventions are recommended.

Comorbid health outcomes in patients with schizophrenia: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

There is no comprehensive umbrella review exploring the connection between schizophrenia and various health outcomes. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review existing meta-analyses about schizophrenia-associated comorbid health outcomes and validate the evidence levels. We performed an umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies to explore comorbid health outcomes in individuals with schizophrenia. Searches were conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, ClinicalKey, and Google Scholar up to September 5, 2023, targeting meta-analyses of observational studies related to comorbid health outcomes in individuals with schizophrenia. We applied AMSTAR2 for data extraction and quality assessment, adhering to PRISMA guidelines. Evidence credibility was evaluated and categorized by evidence quality. Our protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024498833). Risk and protective factors were analyzed and presented through equivalent odds ratios (eRR). In this umbrella review, we analyzed 9 meta-analyses, including 88 original articles, covering 21 comorbid health outcomes with over 66 million participants across 19 countries. Patients with schizophrenia showed significant associations with multiple health outcomes, including asthma (eRR, 1.71 [95% CI, 1.05-2.78], class and quality of evidence [CE] = non-significant), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1.73 [1.25-2.37], CE = weak), pneumonia (2.63 [1.11-6.23], CE = weak), breast cancer of female patients (1.31 [1.04-1.65], CE = weak), cardiovascular disease (1.53 [1.12-2.11], CE = weak), stroke (1.71 [1.30-2.25], CE = weak), congestive heart failure (1.81 [1.21-2.69], CE = weak), sexual dysfunction (2.30 [1.75-3.04], CE = weak), fracture (1.63 [1.10-2.40], CE = weak), dementia (2.29 [1.19-4.39], CE = weak), and psoriasis (1.83 [1.18-2.83] CE = weak). Our study underscores the imperative for an integrated treatment approach to schizophrenia, highlighting its broad impact across respiratory, cardiovascular, sexual, neurological, and dermatological health domains. Given the predominantly non-significant to weak evidence levels, further studies are needed to reinforce our understanding.

Prognostic value of inflammatory markers NLR, PLR, LMR, dNLR, ANC in melanoma patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a meta-analysis and systematic review

Prognostic value of inflammatory markers NLR, PLR, LMR, dNLR, ANC in melanoma patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a meta-analysis and systematic review