Identical Messages Research Articles

Revisiting the Information Capacity of Neural Network Watermarks: Upper Bound Estimation and Beyond

To trace the copyright of deep neural networks, an owner can embed its identity information into its model as a watermark. The capacity of the watermark quantify the maximal volume of information that can be verified from the watermarked model. Current studies on capacity focus on the ownership verification accuracy under ordinary removal attacks and fail to capture the relationship between robustness and fidelity. This paper studies the capacity of deep neural network watermarks from an information theoretical perspective. We propose a new definition of deep neural network watermark capacity analogous to channel capacity, analyze its properties, and design an algorithm that yields a tight estimation of its upper bound under adversarial overwriting. We also propose a universal non-invasive method to secure the transmission of the identity message beyond capacity by multiple rounds of ownership verification. Our observations provide evidence for neural network owners and defenders that are curious about the tradeoff between the integrity of their ownership and the performance degradation of their products.

Text vs Patient Portal Messaging to Improve Influenza Vaccination Coverage

Increasing influenza vaccination rates is a public health priority. One method recommended by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and others is for health systems to send reminders nudging patients to be vaccinated. To evaluate and compare the effect of electronic health record (EHR)-based patient portal reminders vs text message reminders on influenza vaccination rates across a health system. This 3-arm randomized clinical trial was conducted from September 7, 2022, to April 30, 2023, among primary care patients within the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) health system. Arm 1 received standard of care. The health system sent monthly reminder messages to patients due for an influenza vaccine by portal (arm 2) or text (arm 3). Arm 2 had a 2 × 2 nested design, with fixed vs responsive monthly reminders and preappointment vs no preappointment reminders. Arm 3 had 1 × 2 design, with preappointment vs no preappointment reminders. Preappointment reminders for eligible patients were sent 24 and 48 hours before scheduled primary care visits. Fixed reminders (in October, November, and December) involved identical messages via portal or text. Responsive portal reminders involved a September message asking patients about their plans for vaccination, with a follow-up reminder if the response was affirmative but the patient was not yet vaccinated. The primary outcome was influenza vaccination by April 30, 2023, obtained from the UCLA EHR, including vaccination from pharmacies and other sources. A total of 262 085 patients (mean [SD] age, 45.1 [20.7] years; 237 404 [90.6%] adults; 24 681 [9.4%] children; 149 349 [57.0%] women) in 79 primary care practices were included (87 257 in arm 1, 87 478 in arm 2, and 87 350 in arm 3). At the entire primary care population level, none of the interventions improved influenza vaccination rates. All groups had rates of approximately 47%. There was no statistical or clinically significant improvement following portal vs text, preappointment reminders vs no preappointment reminders (portal and text reminders combined), or responsive vs fixed monthly portal reminders. At the population level, neither portal nor text reminders for influenza vaccination were effective. Given that vaccine hesitancy may be a major reason for the lack of impact of portal or text reminders, more intensive interventions by health systems are needed to raise influenza vaccination coverage levels. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05525494.

The Identity of Islamic Women in Online Media: A Study Confirming The Message of The Digital Identity of Progressive Women in Suara ’Aisyiyah

The message that conveyed in the redaction determines the identity that is carried in a media. Suara 'Aisyiyah is an organizational magazine that has been managed for 96 years by the central board of of 'Aisyiyah with the tagline The Inspiration of Progressive Women. Suara ‘Aisyiyah Magazine, the main preference for the audience to know Aisyiyah as a women's religious organization needs to emphasize the identity that is carried through what has been written in the contents of the writing contained in the media. The website as a reflection of the Aisyiyah organization with the motto of progressive women. The purpose of this study is to know the identity message of progressive women through the messages that are delivered in Suara 'Aisyiyah's online media like website and Instagram.This study is descriptive qualitative research using narrative content analysis of media texts interpreted by directed content analysis and literature study. Data collection techniques were conducted by interviewing and observing the appearance and redaction. This study shows that the digital identity of Suara 'Aisyiyah refers to the 'Aisyiyah organizational view. The identity of the progressive women is confirmed through the display of writing rubric that are showed on the website including The News Rubric, Studies, Sakinah Family, Insights, Lifestyle, Youth Inspiration and infographics display on Instagram with an emphasis on the message of equal rights between men and women and freeing the human gender discrimination and content knowledge.

Promoting COVID-19 vaccine confidence through public responses to misinformation: The joint influence of message source and message content

ObjectiveDuring the pandemic healthcare professionals and political leaders routinely used traditional and new media outlets to publicly respond to COVID-19 myths and inaccuracies. We examine how variations in the sources and messaging strategies of these public statements affect respondents’ beliefs about the safety of COVID-19 vaccines. MethodsWe analyzed the results of an experiment embedded within a multi-wave survey deployed to US and UK respondents in January–February 2022 to examine these effects. We employ a test-retest between-subjects experimental protocol with a control group. Respondents were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions reflecting discrete pairings of message source (political authorities vs. healthcare professionals) and messaging strategy (debunking misinformation vs. discrediting mis-informants) or a control condition. We use linear regression to compare the effects of exposure to treatment conditions on changes in respondent beliefs about the potential risks associated with COVID-19 vaccination. ResultsIn the UK sample, we observe a statistically significant decrease in beliefs about the risks of COVID-19 vaccines among respondents exposed to debunking messages by healthcare professionals. We observe a similar relationship in the US sample, but the effect was weaker and not significant. Identical messages from political authorities had no effect on respondents’ beliefs about vaccine risks in either sample. Discrediting messages critical of mis-informants likewise had no influence on respondent beliefs, regardless of the actor to which they were attributed. Political ideology moderated the influence of debunking statements by healthcare professionals on respondent vaccine attitudes in the US sample, such that the treatment was more effective among liberals and moderates than among conservatives. ConclusionsBrief exposure to public statements refuting anti-vaccine misinformation can help promote vaccine confidence among some populations. The results underscore the joint importance of message source and messaging strategy in determining the effectiveness of responses to misinformation.

Beamforming Optimization for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface With Power Splitting Aided Broadcasting Networks

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has emerged as a promising technology for the 6G networks. In this article, we study a RIS with power splitting aided broadcasting network where one access point (AP) transmits identical messages to multiple users. The RIS is capable of reflecting a part of the incident signals to assist the AP and harvesting energy from the other part to achieve power self-sustainability by controlling reflect amplitude coefficients. We aim at minimizing the AP transmit power while ensuring the quality of service at users and the self-sustainability of the RIS by optimizing the AP transmit beamforming vector and the RIS reflect beamforming matrix which involves the reflect amplitude and phase shift coefficients. To tackle the beamforming optimization problem which is non-convex, an algorithm is proposed by employing the block coordinate descent, convex approximation and alternating direction method of multipliers techniques. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Information-Containing Adversarial Perturbation for Combating Facial Manipulation Systems

With the development of deep learning technology, the facial manipulation system has become powerful and easy to use. Such systems can modify the attributes of the given facial images, such as hair color, gender, and age. Malicious applications of such systems pose a serious threat to individuals’ privacy and reputation. Existing studies have proposed various approaches to protect images against facial manipulations. Passive defense methods aim to detect whether the face is real or fake, which works for posterior forensics but can not prevent malicious manipulation. Initiative defense methods protect images upfront by injecting adversarial perturbations into images to disrupt facial manipulation systems but can not identify whether the image is fake. To address the limitation of existing methods, we propose a novel two-tier protection method named Information-containing Adversarial Perturbation (IAP), which provides more comprehensive protection for facial images. We use an encoder to map a facial image and its identity message to a cross-model adversarial example which can disrupt multiple facial manipulation systems to achieve initiative protection. Recovering the message in adversarial examples with a decoder serves passive protection, contributing to provenance tracking and fake image detection. We introduce a feature-level correlation measurement that is more suitable to measure the difference between the facial images than the commonly used mean squared error. Moreover, we propose a spectral diffusion method to spread messages to different frequency channels, thereby improving the robustness of the message against facial manipulation. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that our proposed IAP can recover the messages from the adversarial examples with high average accuracy and effectively disrupt the facial manipulation systems.

Malevolent Information Crawling Mechanism for Forming Structured Illegal Organisations in Hidden Networks

Terrorist groups like ISIS have made considerable use of the dark web (DW) to carry out their malicious objectives such as spreading propaganda, recruiting and radicalizing new recruits, and secretly raising finances. Al-Hayat Media Center, an ISIS media agency, released a link on their forum describing how to access their DW website. It also sent out the identical message over Telegram, which included links to a Tor service with a “.onion” address. This study develops an analytical framework for scraping and analyzing the DW on the internet. The authors successfully tested a web crawler to collect account information for thousands of merchants and their related marketplace listings using a case study marketplace. The paper explains how to scrape DW marketplaces in the most viable and effective way possible. The findings of the case study support the validity of the proposed analytical framework, which is useful for academics researching this emerging phenomena as well as investigators looking into illegal behavior on the DW.

Who can nudge for sustainable development? How nudge source renders dynamic norms (in-)effective in eliciting sustainable behavior

Although communicating so-called ‘dynamic norms’ may promote sustainable consumption behavior, the present study challenges the assumption that their impact is inevitably positive. On the contrary, it seeks to expand current research by establishing when and why sources with vested motives may result in a backfiring effect of dynamic norms. Our experiment (N=352) investigates consumers' intentions to reduce their meat consumption after reading norm messages from different sources (i.e., a researcher, vegan activist, company representative). In line with the predictions, dynamic norm messages from a researcher led to more sustainable consumption choices than identical messages communicated by a vegan activist or company representative while controlling for gender. Concerning the underlying theoretical mechanisms, a perceived moral superiority and ensuing psychological reactance sequentially explained the backfiring effect for the vegan activist. The backfiring effect for the company representative was mediated by a perceived pro-self-motivation that again resulted in elevated consumer reactance. Overall, the present findings establish the crucial importance of a nudge's source that either fosters or undermines the effectiveness of a dynamic norm message in eliciting sustainable behavior. The results not only contribute to the academic debate on nudging, but can also inform practitioners to choose the most powerful sender (e.g. academics) when designing sustainable norm interventions.

MoNA: A Forensic Analysis Platform for Mobile Communication

Mobile communication devices are a popular means of planning, commissioning and carrying out criminal offenses. In particular, data from messengers such as WhatsApp or Telegram often contain conclusive information. Organized crime also usually involves many devices, but not all of them contain the full history of communication. Rather, it is heavily fragmented due to individual deletions of messages or different joining times to groups. A singular evaluation of individual devices is therefore often not expedient, since important relationships cannot be recognized. Furthermore, communication is often distributed across different channels and modalities and can only be fully and correctly understood through a joint semantic analysis. The linking of related communications of different devices enables an almost complete reconstruction of the communication with a simultaneous reduction in reading effort by merging identical messages. Grouping coherent messages into conversations enables efficient comparison with a knowledge model. Building such a model is complex, but can be supported by a term recommender system. In this paper, MoNA is presented as a platform that implements these approaches and enables an assisted analysis of mobile communications.

The Messenger Matters: Religious Leaders and Overcoming COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy

ABSTRACTExperts agree that vaccination is the most effective way to bring the COVID-19 pandemic under control. Nevertheless, vaccination rates have slowed nationwide and substantial segments of the population report an unwillingness to get vaccinated. We conducted an online survey experiment to investigate whether endorsement messages from various types of leaders can encourage the unvaccinated population to receive the vaccine. We surveyed 709 unvaccinated registered voters in South Dakota in April 2021 and presented them with identical messages endorsing vaccination from a political, religious, or medical leader. Our results show that messaging from a religious leader had a positive and statistically significant effect on interest in getting vaccinated, whereas messages from a political or medical leader had no statistically significant effect. These results strongly suggest that religious leaders are more effective messengers than other potential messengers and that public health officials would be well served to coordinate their efforts with leaders in faith communities.

Beyond vaccination: messaging from religious leaders can help increase adherence to COVID-19 mitigation guidelines following vaccination. A research note

ABSTRACT Despite the progress in vaccination, the COVID-19 pandemic is far from over in the United States. Due to lingering questions about the virus transmissivity and the emergence of new highly infectious strands, experts believe even fully vaccinated people should continue to adhere to mitigation guidelines, such as mask wearing. We conducted a survey experiment to investigate if messages from different leaders could encourage the already vaccinated population to continue following mitigation guidelines. In April, 2021, we surveyed 2,135 vaccinated registered voters in South Dakota and presented them with identical messages encouraging continued adherence to COVID-19 mitigation guidelines from a political, religious, or medical leader. Results from statistical analyses show that messaging from a religious leader was more effective than messages from either political or medical leaders. The results underscore both the effectiveness of religious leaders as public health messengers and limitations of political and medical leaders as messengers, and suggest that public health professionals and officials might find it beneficial to coordinate their efforts with leaders in faith communities.

SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF LOGOS AS A MARKETING PROMOTION TOOL FOR BLOOD SERVICE ENTERPRISES

The article conducted a comparative analysis of the blood services’ logos, identified the features of their constituent elements for the new logo’s development or existing logo’s rebranding, and suggested ways to increase their efficiency. It was found 100 logos of various blood service establishments on the Internet, in particular on the official websites of the establishments and official pages on social networks, 43 of them – Europe (12 of them – Ukraine), 13 – Asia, 19 – South and North America, 15 – Africa, 10 – Australia and Oceania. There were explored the following aspects: symbolic and font elements in the logo, the colors used and their quantity, the main messages of identity, and regional differences. There were used general scientific analytical methods and analogies and prototypes to obtain practical results during the study. This study indicates that most blood establishments in the region are characterized by combined compositions in logos – a combination of the font with a visual component but with a fairly direct connotation. The most popular colors in the blood service are red, blue, black, and white font. Logos most often use 2 colors (except white), less often 1 or 3. The following blood service symbols are most often used: a drop of blood, heart, cross, person, and hands. There is also a circle, a crescent moon, a pelican, a star, and a butterfly. They stimulate a certain type of behavior and affect feelings. The results of this research allow to create a good separation from competitors and several times increase the marketing performance of the newly formed organization or existing. Blood service institutions can use this study’s results to rebrand the organization and organizations’ owners to develop the future brand’s identity.

Do Anti-Corruption Messages Improve Public Service Delivery? Insights from a Lab-in-the-Field Experiment in Burundi

This paper explores the effects of anti-corruption sensitisation messages on bribe-taking and public service delivery. In a novel lab-in-the-field experiment in Burundi, 527 public servants were asked to allocate rationed vouchers between anonymous citizens; some of these citizens attempted to bribe the public servants to obtain more vouchers than entitled. Two groups of public servants were randomly exposed to similar short messages that called to either the idea of good governance or professional values of integrity. Public servants exposed to the professional identity message behaved in a more equitable manner than those not exposed to any message. We hypothesise that reflecting upon professional values increases moral costs and prompts fairer service delivery. Bribe-taking was not impacted by the messages and bribe-taking and service delivery appear to be distinct dimensions, correlated to different variables. The experiment provides new insights into the design of public service improvement and anti-corruption strategies.

Stepped‐Wedge Randomized Clinical Trial of Social Marketing Strategies to Improve Adherence to Remote Monitoring Among Veterans with Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter‐Defibrillators

Research ObjectiveRemote monitoring of pacemakers and implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators (ICDs) is a Class 1, Level of Evidence A professional society recommendation and considered standard‐of‐care because it is associated with reduced hospitalizations, death, and need for in‐person pacemaker and ICD checks. However, only 2/3 of patients are adherent to remote monitoring; non‐adherent patients do not receive any benefits of remote monitoring. We sought to compare the effect of two social marketing implementation strategies (protect/warn vs encourage/reward) on improving adherence to remote monitoring among Veterans with pacemakers and ICDs who were non‐adherent to remote monitoring.Study DesignFirst, we designed two informational postcards: 1) a protect/warn postcard describing risks of non‐adherence to remote monitoring (such as delayed notification of heart problems and increased risk of death) and 2) an encourage/reward postcard that framed the same content with a positive/beneficial message. Both postcards contained patient instructions on how to send remote monitoring transmissions. We then conducted a stepped‐wedge randomized controlled trial (RCT). In the first wave, patients were randomized to be mailed a postcard with either one of two messages (protect/warn vs encourage/reward) or no postcard. In the second wave, all patients were mailed a postcard with one of the two messages. In both waves, patients who did not transmit within 1 month were mailed a second postcard with the identical message approximately 1 month later. The primary outcome was the proportion of Veterans who sent a remote monitoring transmission at 10 weeks.Population StudiedWe included Veterans with pacemakers and ICDs who had sent at least one remote monitoring transmission within the past 2 years, but who had missed their last transmission by at least 10 days.Principal FindingsThere were 6331 patients randomized to be mailed a postcard (3166 to a protect/warn message and 3165 to an encourage/reward message) and 2400 controls who were not mailed a postcard (first wave only). The mean age was 73.3 years (standard deviation, 10.3), 98% were men, 76% were White, and 17% were Black or African‐American. Roughly one‐third (37%) had a pacemaker and two‐thirds (62%) had an ICD. A total of 324 postcards (5.1%) were returned as undeliverable. Overall, 2974 patients (49.5%) who received a postcard sent a remote monitoring transmission at 70 days, compared to 565 patients (23.5%) who did not receive a postcard (absolute difference 26.0%, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in transmission rates between patients randomized to the protect/warn versus the encourage/ reward message (p = 0.51). Twenty‐six percent of patients who sent a transmission did so only after the second postcard was mailed.ConclusionsThis stepped‐wedge RCT found that informational postcards can significantly improve adherence to remote monitoring among patients with pacemakers and ICDs. There was no difference between a protect/warn and encourage/reward social marketing implementation strategy.Implications for Policy or PracticeMailing informational postcards to patients with pacemakers or ICDs who are non‐adherent with remote monitoring can improve adherence. This intervention could improve patient outcomes and reduce the need for avoidable in‐person visits, which is particularly important during the COVID‐19 pandemic.Primary Funding SourceDepartment of Veterans Affairs.

Does Talking at the End of Life Matter?: Exploring the Associations between Final Conversations (Fcs) and Coping Strategies

ABSTRACT The purpose of this investigation was to quantitatively examine associations between retrospectively recalled final conversations (FCs) with the outcome of coping strategies. Two-hundred thirty-six individuals participated in an online survey. Correlations revealed significant, positive associations between the FCs factors with coping strategies. Moreover, multiple regressions revealed the following: messages of identity significantly predicted positive reappraisal and cognitive monitoring; difficult relationship talk significantly predicted self and other distancing; and, messages of spirituality significantly predicted the use of faith as a coping tool. Overall, results suggest that retrospectively recalled engagement in FCs are associated with coping strategies after the death of a relational partner. Theoretical and practical implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.

Standardisation Versus Cultural Adaptation: The Case of Language of Advertisements in Turkish and German

In the course of globalization, there are more and more companies that sell their products internationally. In particular international branded products have achieved a major upturn in the Turkish and German markets in recent years. A functioning international advertising is one domain where it is significant to distinguish between standardized - formally and content wise identical - and differentiated -adapted to the respective country. On the other hand, it is questionable whether standardization can be successfully implemented in all countries. Numerous factors with regard to country-specific characteristics - such as culture, underlying values and the form of society - play an important role here. The foundation of standardization is formed by an identical core message in all countries and has the goal of addressing and indirectly influencing the audience. Thus, an advertising message represents the decision-maker about the (in) efficiency of the advertisement or (non-) consumption of the product. Today, the product is attached to less functional, but mainly subjective characteristics that are supposed to cause emotions. This is especially true for branded products, as they try to build trust and build a bond with the consumer. Nevertheless, since often formal and content elements of the commercial - depending on the culture - can cause different interpretations and emotions, special attention must be paid to country-specific features and differences, especially when designing standardized commercials. However, it is possible to circumvent these cultural peculiarities by resorting to universal appeals. With this viewpoint, the present study aims to find out to what extent commercials are standardized or culturally adapted within the context of international comparison between Turkey and Germany.

Introduction to the Special Issue on Reframing Confederate Monuments: Memory, Power, and Identity

ObjectiveThis article highlights the contours of the Confederate monument debate, frames the contributions to the special issue, and underscores important emergent themes from the collection as a whole.MethodBy way of introduction, we articulate and examine the issue of Confederate monument contestation in terms of three concurrent debates and then provide theoretical synthesis across the various scholarly contributions presented in this special issue.ResultsSeveral themes emerge. Memorials are rhetorical and evocative by design, articulating messages of memory, identity, and power. They are part of a broader living narrative giving cultural shape to the city and its inhabitants. Contesting them is part of a transitional justice process required of a society moving from racial oppression and marginalization toward racial equality and social justice.ConclusionsThe contemporary debate over Confederate monuments holds deep theoretical implications for scholars across the disciplines of the arts, social sciences, and humanities. Consequently, the academy is significantly positioned to speak to this debate through its various avenues of community engagement.

Developmental disability vs. neurodiverse identity: how cognitive lens affects the general public’s perceptions of autism

Participants read a very brief educational message describing Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) as a developmental disability or neurodiverse identity. Participants who read the neurodiverse identity message were significantly more likely to endorse an entity/fixed mindset about autistic individuals, perceiving them as less likely to change over time. Educational message did not significantly affect social distance towards individuals with ASD, perceived importance of workplace accommodations for individuals with ASD, or perceived ability of individuals with ASD to possess or learn employability skills. These results suggest that the neurodiversity framework could be at risk for misinterpretation by the general population. Future research should carefully consider how to design public education campaigns that promote respect and appreciation for autistic differences, without potentially triggering an entity/fixed mindset about autistic capabilities. Points of interest In this study, participants read a very brief message describing Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) as a developmental disability or a neurodiversity. Participants who read the neurodiversity message were more likely to perceive autistic individuals as being fixed or unlikely to change over time. The type of message didn’t affect participants’ willingness to interact with individuals with ASD, the degree to which they viewed workplace accommodations to be important for individuals with ASD, or their perceptions that individuals with ASD had or could learn new employability skills. Public education campaigns should aim to promote respect and appreciation for autistic individuals, while also encouraging a mindset of growth and development for all individuals.

Battling ingroup bias with effective intergroup leadership.

Intergroup conflict and bias often occur between subgroups nested within a superordinate group. In these situations, the leader of the superordinate group plays a key role, as an intergroup leader, in reducing conflict. To be effective, an intergroup leader should avoid (1) threatening the subgroups' distinctive identities, and (2) being viewed by one or both groups as ‘one of them’ rather than ‘one of us’. Intergroup leadership theory (Acad Manag Rev, 37, 2012a, 232) posits intergroup leaders can improve subgroup relations by promoting an intergroup relational identity. Two studies (Ns = 178 and 223) tested whether an out‐subgroup or in‐subgroup leader could improve intergroup attitudes, even among strong subgroup identifiers, by promoting either an intergroup relational identity or a collective identity. We hypothesized an interaction of these variables demonstrating the effectiveness of an intergroup relational identity message for an out‐subgroup leader in lessening ingroup bias, especially among strong subgroup identification. Our results, and a meta‐analytic summary across both studies (N = 401), supported our hypothesis and intergroup leadership theory, demonstrating an intergroup relational identity is an effective strategy for improving intergroup relations.

Efficient All-or-Nothing Public Key Encryption With Authenticated Equality Test

Public key encryption with equality test (PKEET for short) is a new cryptographic primitive which allows a proxy to check whether two ciphertexts encrypted under different public keys are of the same plaintext. PKEET has become a prospective candidate for various application scenarios, such as data management on encrypted databases, personal health record systems, spam filtering in encrypted email systems. In this paper, we propose an efficient all-or-nothing public key encryption scheme with authenticated equality test (AoN-PKEAET for short). In comparison with the existing PKEET schemes, the proposed scheme provides a new feature of ciphertext authentication before the plaintext equality test. It ensures that no misjudgement occurs when testing the equality between ciphertexts. Specially, the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathsf {Test}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> algorithm in the proposed scheme first authenticates the compared ciphertexts and the equality test is fulfilled only if the ciphertexts are authenticated as valid. With this new feature, the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathsf {Test}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> algorithm cannot output 0 (which means that the encrypted messages are different) when the two input ciphertexts are of an identical message, or it cannot output 1 (which means that the encrypted messages are identical) when the two input ciphertexts are of different messages. Under a redefined security model for AoN-PKEAET, we give the detailed security proof of the proposed scheme.