Message Structure Research Articles

Message exchange on base of a blockchain-based layered architecture

Abstract In this article, we propose an architecture that allows to exchange messages or data via a blockchain solution, while keeping the business process independent from the concrete blockchain. The project is the consequence of a need to have fast development of a blockchain based proof of concept that shows the feasibility of a business process, while knowing that in a future step the underlying blockchain solution has to be replaced for reasons of licensing or maximal data throughput. This is done by providing an architecture on base of layers, similar to the OSI-model, and encapsulates the used blockchain within a wrapper layer that covers all blockchain specific properties and only provides a transparent view on the reading or writing from and to the blockchain. The higher layers re-implement point-to-point communication and introduce confidentiality by the use of encryption techniques. The architecture has been tested and proven by implementing two different blockchain solutions that are shielded by specific wrapper layer implementations. This wrapper layer is responsible for the fragmentation of the sent data and their encapsulation into the concrete blockchain solution. The reconstruction of the data takes care of the data fragments being sent potentially out of order or being incomplete. A payload layer is introduced to provide point-to-point communication and to embed the main message inside a message structure. In collaboration with underlying layer it identifies for which message one is not the addressee and allow the underling layer to stop collecting unnecessary data. A crypto-layer finally provides ways of encrypting messages for one or many recipients. Having fixed layers not only allows to replace the underlying blockchain solution but also to extend or replace the other layers in case new security features or optimized protocols need to embedded. The proposed solution does not allow to use specific features like smart contracts and only provides undeniable tamper-proofed existence of a sent message.

Persuasi, Perilaku Merokok, dan Preferensi Anak Muda terhadap Pesan Kampanye Berhenti Merokok

This research attempts to revisit the research on the youth preferences on several quit-smoking Public Service Advertisements (PSA). These preferences are including several factors, such as different form, structure, and content of persuasive messages. The objective of this research is to test the possibility of the linkage between the smoking behaviors and smokers’ preferences on various quit-smoking advertisements, with 104 university students who labeled themselves as smokers took part in the survey. The results show that respondents are mostly heavy smokers and they tend to have both the negative and positive attitudes towards smoking. On the other hand, all respondents have seen at least one quit-smoking PSA. This shows that quit-smoking PSAs are solely not adequately effective to change smoking behaviors. The respondents tend to favor the PSAs with less fear-appeal, more rational messages with statistics, and in the form of audio-visual.

Cryptanalysis of ultralightweight mutual authentication protocol for radio frequency identification enabled Internet of Things networks

Internet of Things is one of the most important components of modern technological systems. It allows the real time synchronization and connectivity of devices with each other and with the rest of the world. The radio frequency identification system is used as node identification mechanism in the Internet of Thing networks. Since Internet of Things involve wireless channel for communication that is open for all types of malicious adversaries, therefore many security protocols have been proposed to ensure encryption over wireless channel. To reduce the overall cost of radio frequency identification enabled Internet of Thing network security, the researchers use simple bitwise logical operations such as XOR, AND, OR, and Rot and have proposed many ultralightweight mutual authentication protocols. However, almost all the previously proposed protocols were later found to be vulnerable against several attack models. Recently, a new ultralightweight mutual authentication protocol has been proposed which involves only XOR and Rotation functions in its design and claimed to be robust against all possible attack models. In this article, we have performed cryptanalysis of this recently proposed ultralightweight mutual authentication protocol and found many pitfalls and vulnerabilities in the protocol design. We have exploited weak structure of the protocol messages and proposed three attacks against the said protocol: one desynchronization and two full disclosure attacks.

Audience Design and Context Discrepancy: How Online Debates Lead to Opinion Polarization

This article examines how the technical layout of some online platforms shapes the way individuals engage in public debate online. To do so, the research studies an empirical case of how public debating on Weibo—China's equivalent to Twitter—leads to opinion polarization. The technical layout of Weibo strongly influences how users debate with others. The thread‐based message structure fragments the interactional context, preventing users from gaining a clear picture about other discussants and the ongoing conversation. Weibo's technical design, which enables simultaneous interactions with multiple audiences (of which many users are unaware), further complicates the debates. Consequently, users become confused about their audience and where their replies are targeted, and subsequent interpersonal tension sparks as they adopt interactive strategies (sharing personal experiences, adding situational elaborations, and seeking solidarity through opinion) to reduce this confusion. Ironically, these strategies often serve to further polarize opinions. A video abstract is available at https://youtu.be/U5qdm6eiQ1M.

Тизерная реклама медикаментозных средств и пробуждение интереса у потенциальных потребителей (Teaser Advertising of Drugs and the Awakening of Interest Among Potential Users)

Russian Abstract: Рассматриваются культурологические основания, семиотическая структура и коммуникативные функции тизерного рекламного сообщения. English Abstract: Cultural grounds, semiotic structure and communicative functions of a teaser-advertising message are considered.

Semiotics as an Instrumental Analysis System in the Communication Practice of Premium Brands

The article reviews fundamentally new processes in the field of premium branding which formed under the influence of the global trend of instrumentalization of art. As the consumer community becomes more and more targeted, the mass market model and traditional channels of communication are not sufficient in modern conditions; brands need to develop such communication models that would consistently affect all target audiences, but at the same time point to the specific audience loyal to the brand. There is a need to create new specific communication technologies that develop the brand in the context of the intangible economy and provide an emotional component in relations with the audience groups, bring a symbolic value. In this connection the research of this article is based on the new phenomenon ALBC (Arts-Luxury Brand Collaborations) - which is new in the premium sphere, and expressed in the cooperation of premium brands with contemporary artists in creating both a new luxury product and a creative platform for positioning. In order to gain an insight into the essence of the specific language of the ALBC communication model and read the coded messages - whether it be an advertising mini-movie, a store, a showcase, a collection, a separate model, etc. - it is necessary to determine its essence and understand the internal structure. The new model of communication involves defining new parameters for the brand. The article uses the traditional methods used in semiotics which are presented in the works of F. de Saussure, C. Moriss, C. Pearce, J. Lotman, etc. The purpose of the article is to analyze the ALBC media-communication model in premium brands promoting using some theoretical and methodological fundamentals of semiotics, and to offer an instrumental model of the ALBC code as an integrated model. According to the hypothesis of this article which formed on the theory of connotative and denotative messages of R. Barth, the ALBC model seems to be an independent discourse that incorporates elements from other discourses, in particular from the discourse of art, and forms its code system. The method of "mediarcheological excavations", actively used in media studies, helped to analyze the structure of the ALBC model, to illustrate and analyze the process of discursive layering of historical realities in the context of the proposed model, as well as to shape the author's definition of the ALBC code. There is a conclusion that the ALBC code represents a complex structure of a connotative message based on an unmotivated symbolic sign, has the character of polysemy and possesses such system characteristics as a migratory character, an evolutionary form; is formed owing to discursive layering of historical realities; the goal of creating a new code is an outspoken marketing interest - to attract the consumer, to interest the young audience, to immerse in the brand's atmosphere.

Structuring of Unstructured SNS Messages on Rail Services using Deep Learning Techniques

Structuring of Unstructured SNS Messages on Rail Services using Deep Learning Techniques

Method of representation of the surface structure of messages on the restricted natural language of the operators of automated air traffic сontrol system

Method of representation of the surface structure of messages on the restricted natural language of the operators of automated air traffic сontrol system

HL7 Terminology Management for Disease Surveillance

Objective: The objective of this abstract is to illustrate how the Utah Department of Health processes a high volume of electronic data. We do this by translating what reporters send within an HL7 message into "epidemiologist" language for consumption into our disease surveillance system.Introduction: In 2013, the Utah Department of Health (UDOH) began working with hospital and reference laboratories to implement electronic laboratory reporting (ELR) of reportable communicable disease data. Laboratories utilize HL7 message structure and standard terminologies such as LOINC and SNOMED to send data to UDOH. These messages must be evaluated for validity, translated, and entered into Utah’s communicable disease surveillance system (UT-NEDSS), where they can be accessed by local and state investigators and epidemiologists. Despite the development and use of standardized terminologies, reporters may use different, outdated versions of these terminologies, may not use the appropriate codes, or may send local, home-grown terminologies. These variations cause problems when trying to interpret test results and automate data processing. UDOH has developed a two-step translation process that allows us to first standardize and clean incoming messages, and then translate them for consumption by UT-NEDSS. These processes allow us to efficiently manage several different terminologies and helps to standardize incoming data, maintain data quality, and streamline the data entry process.Methods: UDOH uses the Electronic Message Staging Area (EMSA) to receive ELR messages, manage terminologies such as LOINC and SNOMED, translate messages, and automatically enter laboratory data into UT-NEDSS. LOINCs and other terms, such as facility name, sent by reporting facilities in an HL7 message are considered child terms. All child terms are mapped to a master LOINC or term and each master LOINC or term is mapped to a specific value within UT-NEDSS. In EMSA, the rules engine used for automated processing of electronic data is set to run at the master level and these rules will determine how the message is processed. No rules are set up or run on child terms.Results: As of 09/20/2017, EMSA contains 2,613 unique child LOINCs that are mapped to 906 master LOINCs. Those 906 master LOINCs are mapped to 179 UT-NEDSS test types and 2003 child facility names are mapped to 1043 master facility namesConclusions: Mapping child terminologies from an HL7 message to a master vocabulary helps us to standardize incoming data, allows us to accept non-standard terminologies and correct reporting errors. Translating this data into a format that is understandable to epidemiologists and investigators enables UT-NEDSS to work effectively in identifying outbreaks and improving health outcomes. This framework is working for ELR and will continue to grow and accept more data and the different terminologies that come with that.

Improving Syndromic Data Quality through Implementation of Error Capture Module

Objective: To streamline emergency department data processing in Oregon ESSENCE (Oregon’s statewide syndromic surveillance) by systematically and efficiently addressing data quality issues among submitting hospital systems.Introduction: Oregon Public Health Division (OPHD), in collaboration with The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, implemented Oregon ESSENCE in 2011. ESSENCE is an automated, electronic syndromic surveillance system that captures emergency department data from hospitals across Oregon. While each hospital system sends HL7 2.5.1-formatted messages, each uses a uniquely configured interface to capture, extract, and send data. Consequently, ESSENCE receives messages that vary greatly in content and structure. Emergency department data are ingested using the Rhapsody Integration Engine 6.2.1 (Orion Health, Auckland, NZ), which standardizes messages before entering ESSENCE. Mechanisms in the ingestion route (error-handling filters) identify messages that do not completely match accepted standards for submission. A sub-set of these previously-identified messages with errors are corrected within the route as they emerge.Existence of errors does not preclude a message’s insertion into ESSENCE. However, the quality and quantity of errors determine the quality of the data that ESSENCE uses. Unchecked, error accumulation also can cause strain to the integration engine. Despite ad-hoc processes to address errors, backlogs accrue. With no meta-data to assess the importance and source of backlogged errors, the ESSENCE team had no guide with which to mitigate errors. The ESSENCE team needed a way to determine which errors could be fixed by updating the Rhapsody Integration Engine and which required consultation with partner health systems and their data vendors. To formally address these issues, the ESSENCE team developed an error-capture module within Rhapsody to identify and quantify all errors identified in syndromic messages and to use as a guide to prioritize fixing new errors.Methods: Members of OPHD’s informatics team and the Oregon ESSENCE team met to brainstorm solutions to error accumulation and message-processing inefficiencies. The team agreed that existing infrastructure and resources were sufficient to accomplish this project. Using Rhapsody, the team created filters that generated error messages each time an HL7 message failed to validate pre-determined message parameters (a standard HL7 2.5.1 syndromic message definition). In order to capture information about errors that were currently being fixed by the ingestion route, two filters were inserted into the processing route: one before and one after previously-existing error-fixing message-modifiers. The team created a FileMaker database to collect information about each error identified, including submitter, location of error (segment, field, component), type of error (too long for field, not in value set, doesn’t adhere to correct message structure). The team enabled error-capture for 81 days (June 16 – September 5, 2017) at which point they evaluated error data so as to guide repair of message modifying filters within the integration engine.Results: The module captured 16,273,963 error messages over 81 days. The two error capture filters (before and after existing modifiers) each generated 50% of the error messages. The module identified errors across seven HL7 message segments (DG1, EVN, OBX, PID, PR1, PV1, PV2). One submitter produced 87% of the error messages. Of those, 93% were errors in two fields in the PID segment. Based on the results, ESSENCE team members contacted this submitter and resolved this error, greatly reducing the ingestion and error assessment burden of Rhapsody and the development team. Currently the ESSENCE team is still analyzing the rest of the errors, applying fixes and contacting submitting facilities as needed. Once completed, the ESSENCE team will enable the error capture module bi-annually to continue refinement of its system strategically guide data quality work.Conclusions: Oregon ESSENCE developed a tool to evaluate errors in emergency department HL7 messages it receives for syndromic surveillance. Its quick development and reusability make it a cost-effective and sustainable data quality solution for focusing effort in regional installations of syndromic surveillance.

O9.2. IDENTIFYING PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS AND PREDICTING RELAPSE THROUGH SOCIAL MEDIA

BackgroundThe internet and social media provide an unprecedented opportunity to transform early psychosis intervention services. This study aimed to capture concerning patterns of social media activity associated with the onset and persistence of psychotic symptoms.MethodsFacebook and Twitter archives were extracted from over 150 participants with psychotic disorders, mood disorders and healthy controls. Machine learning was used to build classifiers aiming to identify patterns and distinguish between groups.ResultsLinguistic analysis of Twitter commentary identified significantly increased use of interpersonal pronouns (p < 0.001), decreased emphasis on friendship (p < 0.001) and increased emphasis on health (p < 0.001) in individuals with psychosis. Preliminary classifiers correctly recognized participants with psychotic disorders (n=62) from healthy controls (n=24) with an average accuracy of 80% and distinguished participants with psychosis from those with mood disorders (n=39) with an average accuracy of 70%. Further analysis identified shifts in language use of participants with psychosis who experience a relapse (n=18) including significant increases in the use of swearing (p<0.05), first-person pronouns (p<0.05) and negations (p<0.05). We additionally identified significant differences in the profile pictures (p<0.005) and structure of messages posted (p<0.005) by youth with psychosis who experienced a psychotic relapse.DiscussionIdentifying markers in social media activity associated with worsening psychotic symptoms offers the prospect that social media may be a clinically useful tool to identify patients in the earliest phases of relapse.

Fit4YAMs: Structuring a Lifestyle Intervention for Rural Overweight and Obese Young Adult Males Using Participatory Design

PurposeYoung adult males (YAMs) are understudied with respect to lifestyle interventions to address overweight and obesity in this group. This study reports on the participatory design of the structure and delivery of the Fit4YAMs text message–based lifestyle intervention for 18- to 25-year-old rural YAMs in Australia. MethodsTwo semi-structured focus group discussions were held with six overweight or obese YAMs. Sessions explored their preferences for the structure and delivery of a weight loss intervention. Focus groups were recorded, and the contents transcribed verbatim for thematic analysis. ResultsThe YAMs were unanimous in their preference for a highly personalized intervention program, complete with personalized goal setting, personalized motivation and engagement strategies, and personalized text message content. A text message frequency of three–four messages per week was deemed optimal for this group. Minimal direct contact by the intervention team was requested, but with clear guidelines and reminders of key contacts whom they could contact should they require help and guidance. The YAMs also agreed that a comprehensive goal setting session and personalization session prior to commencement of the intervention would be best. ConclusionsTo engage rural YAMs in lifestyle interventions, a high degree of personalization of the program appears important. Although initially more time and resource intensive than a less personalized approach, it is essential to identify strategies to prevent and reverse weight gain in this hard to engage group. Maximizing their engagement using a more personalized approach could be the key to promoting long-term health outcomes in this group.

Developing a Communication Satisfaction Scale for Internal Marketing

The rising notion of internal branding has stimulated the researchers to explore the relationship dimensions in the context of organizational climate. Literatures have revealed internal communication as one of the pivotal dimensions of employee relationship management. But literature remained inconclusive regarding development of a comprehensive measurement instrument to capture the impact of internal communication. Downs and Hazen (1977) developed a scale considering the communication style and quality, but ignored a number of variables. Implication of internal communication is no longer restricted within the paradigms of organizational transparency, but has been apprehended to be influential in employee brand outcomes too. Therefore, variables, namely communication climate, information flow, message structure, media quality, relationship to supervisor etc. are likely to shape internal communication. This paper focuses on developing a measurement instrument for internal communication satisfaction by incorporating additional dimensions in Downs-Hazen scale. Empirical study was conducted following appropriate research design and methodology. The study was carried out in banking environment where internal flow of communication is an integral part of its strategic mobility. The scale was tested for its reliability and validity and was found to be acceptable, with the expanded dimensions, in terms of standard norms. Future extrapolations of the study can be done by studying its impact on employees’ brand behaviour.

Analysis of the deep semiotic structure of Korea's propaganda messages

espanolEste estudio exploratorio analiza y compara la propaganda en carteles de Surcorea y Norcorea. Para ello se utilizo el metodo de Elementos para una Teoria Comunicacional de la propaganda, un modelo de analisis semiotico, formulado por Pineda (2006), centrandonos en los propagados y propagandemas. Se encontro que la propaganda de Corea del Norte responde a la necesidad de defender el Estado; la exaltacion al lider; y la influencia de China y la URSS. Por su parte, Corea del Sur basa su propaganda en la exaltacion de los candidatos, la importancia del pueblo y en el marketing politico de EEUU. EnglishThe following exploratory study analyzes and compares the propaganda of South Korea and North Korea. To do so, we used the Elements for a Communication Theory of Propaganda model, which is a semiothic analysis model developed by Pineda (2006). We will be focusing on propagados and propagandemas. We found that North Korea's propaganda met the goals of defending the State, exalting the leader, and the influence of China and the Sovietic Union. South Korea, on the other hand, based their propaganda in USA's political marketing model and on exalting political candidates, as well as the importance of the people.

МОДУСИ РИТУАЛІЗАЦІЇ В АНГЛОМОВНИХ КОМУНІКАТИВНИХ ПРАКТИКАХ (НА МАТЕРІАЛІ ВІТАНЬ З НАГОДИ ДНЯ НАРОДЖЕННЯ)

The article is devoted to the analysis of the linguistic and pragmatic features of the modal organization of ritualized communicative practices. Modern research of modality (J. L. Bybee, R. Perkins, W. Pagliuca, F. R Palmer, J. Nuyts, A. Kratzer, I. Depraetere, J. van der Auwera, V. Plungian, Huddleston R. et al.) shows its all-embracing and complex nature, as well as the need of its further study considering a linguopragmatic dimension, which, in particular, comprises the ritual as a complex cultural phenomenon (E. Durkheim, A. van Gennep, B. Malinowski, V. Turner, M. Douglas, W. L. Warner, A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, R. A. Rappaport, R. Collins, R. L. Grimes, C. Bell). In this article, the ritual is considered as a complex system of construction and modeling of a special reality (transreality), the creation of which occurs through the transition from everyday reality to the "possible" worlds that arise in the ritualized interaction. Ritualization moduses form a complex structure in which temporal, modal (imperative, optative, deontic, possibilistic) and evaluative components are in interaction. The main direction of modalization is the modification of the field of human possibilities, primarily through its expansion, narrowing, adaptation and regulation. In the ritualized practices, if viewed from the communicative and discursive perspective, occurs the creation of a certain communicative situation and its fixation as a culturally determined event. Such prototype rituals of an event construction include a birthday celebration, which forms a complex structure, which embraces several basic elements that belong to the spheres of being and its time structure, honoring and giving, superagency, time and space allocation. The main linguopragmatic differences of the modal structure of English-language greeting messages have been revealed in their two varieties – secular and religious.

An Ontology-Based Approach for Detecting SOAP Message Attacks

An ontology-based detection approach aiming to check SOAP messages for XML rewriting attacks is presented. The approach comprises a SOAP message ontology and a set of policy filters. The ontology is used in preserving the message structure including its constituent elements and their relationships. The policy filters check if the message complies with denial-of-service vulnerability restrictions. Message integrity is preserved using the ontology-based checker, which checks that the message has not been modified during the transmission process. Message confidentiality is preserved by encrypting a copy of the message in a log file combined with the message. Time efficiency is achieved by executing the policy filters in a concurrent manner.

Inter-country relationship and mass media

Abstract This study aims to research mass media communication and multipolar relationships in public diplomacy by using announcement of China Air Defense Identification Zone (CADIZ) in November 2013 as a case. Based on importance of mass mediated public diplomacy, to examine wording and message structure, language analysis program of semantic and ego network is applied. In addition, considering the environment of Korean media, newspapers from democratic and conservative are selected. The CADIZ issue takes place in Northeast Asian region but reactions and the relations of the USA are mainly dealt with. The USA is closely connected to China and Korea and has an important influence as a consultant in the given situation. Moreover, Korean media keep monitoring Japan’s response to refer Korea’s response strategy. Semantic and ego network seem to be powerful when analyzing international conflicts. This research shows that international relationship can be a significant asset to public diplomacy. In short, analyzing multipolar relations seems essential to understand construction of related countries and seek to solve diplomatic conflicts.

Asymmetric Persuasive Effects of Gain- and Loss-related Messages in Electronic Word of Mouth

This study examines the aggregate effect of electronic word mouth (eWOM) communications containing multiple messages of different type on brand attitude. It focuses on the moderating role of individuals’ regulatory focus and message proportion in influencing the extent to which consumers respond to gain- and loss-related messages. We develop some hypotheses regarding the interplay between the constructs, and test them through two web-based experimental studies on online product reviews. In study 1, we examine the persuasiveness of four different reviews composed of several combinations of gain- and loss-related messages. In study 2, we modify the proportion of positive and negative messages to examine how the impact of eWOM is affected by disproportionate message structure. The results reveal that different combinations of message types lead to different evaluation of the focal brand. Furthermore, subjects with different regulatory focus exhibit different attitudes toward the focal brand when exposed to the same message combination. In addition, the moderating effects of regulatory focus appear to be altered by eWOM message proportion. Theoretical and managerial implications of this study are discussed.

The Obesity Epidemic: The Effect of Pre-existing Lifestyle on Attitude to the Ad, Attitude to the Brand, and Purchase Intention

The worldwide obesity epidemic has prompted governments, NGO's, and companies to explore the use of advertising to promote healthy eating habits. The effect of product or issue involvement often moderates the effects of advertising on brand image. Advertising that involves a sensitive topic, namely a person's weight, runs the risk of a consumer backlash that may tarnish a brand's image. Previous research by the authors who investigated message structure in advertising to promote healthy eating found there was no significant difference between one-sided and two-sided messages on Attitude to the Ad (Aad) and Attitude to the Brand (Ab). The present study assesses the effect of pre-existing eating habits on attitudes toward healthy eating after exposure to advertising. The research offers evidence that advertising disclosure can promote healthier eating. However, the effects are not straightforward. When the information confirms previous perceptions, consumers will pay more attention to it. However, consumers who have a healthy life style may not be as positively affected by the information as those whose lifestyle is less healthy and have an interest in improving it.

Practical reasoning in corporate communication with multiple audiences

AbstractCorporate strategic communication has to be designed by considering multiple audiences of stakeholders. In this paper, we study the connection between the audience structure of corporate messages and the structure of the practical argumentation advanced to persuasively justify a business proposal. To this purpose, we combine a conceptual and analytical framework for the reconstruction of multiple audiences – theText Stakeholdersmodel (Palmieri &amp; Mazzali 2016), with a conceptual and analytical framework for the reconstruction of argument schemes – theArgumentum Model of Topics(Rigotti &amp; Greco Morasso 2010). A takeover proposal made by Ryanair for Aer Lingus is examined as an illustrative case in which this integrated framework is applied. We focus our analysis on Ryanair’s offer document to show how the particular structure of the audience is reflected in the selection of specific value and goal premises (endoxa) and in the activation of specific inferential relations (maxims) of practical reasoning.