Message Reception Research Articles

SCHOM. A tool for communication and collaborative e-learning

Emerging technologies cause changes in education. These changes result in new human learning processes that evolve to collaborative e-learning approach, where social and mobile networks take a great relevance.In this paper we introduce SCHOM (SCHOlar Messaging). We have developed this tool for communication and collaborative e-learning in wired and wireless environments. SCHOM, a SaaS (Software as a Service) in the cloud, allows the exchange of information between members of a domain intra and/or inter academic. SCHOM can be used in different communication channels such as e-mail, instant messaging, chats, discussion boards or microblogging. Besides, it supports different devices: smartphones, tablets or computers.One of the main advantages of this tool is that it ensures the digital anonymous. For instance, one user could send a message to other one knowing his identity. Nevertheless the user will not know the communication channel used to send the message. Each user selects the channels whereby he wants to receive his messages.Registered users on the system are organized in groups (or organizational units) by forming relationships n:m. Groups in turn can be nested to build hierarchical structures that can simulate real work environments, for example, a faculty with its degrades, courses and subjects, … A group (each member regardless of the nesting level) can also be receiver of messages.

Beyond the Literal: Teaching Visual Literacy in the 21st Century Classroom

Visual imagery and composition inherently have the power to shape comprehension and interpretation beyond the literal. Today's students increasingly inundated with a steady stream of imagery from multimedia platforms including the Internet (i.e., social media – Facebook, Instagram, Twitter), television, film and advertisements (White, 2012) are global consumers of media in their everyday lives yet they often lack the skills necessary to move beyond passive receivers of visual media messages. Visual literacy is vital for 21st Century learners and those who teach. Classrooms can become spaces for students to effectively communicate in and contribute to analytical and global dialogue for discussions of race and diversity, multicultural life and history thus encouraging students to become active deconstructionists of visual grammar.

An Experimental Comparison between Self- and Third-Party Evaluations

How to pick up the true meaning of messages exchanged in the laboratory is an important issue for experimental research. The present study investigates, by experimentally comparing self- and third-party evaluations, to what extent self-evaluations by message receivers can be relied on. After standard public-good game, subjects receive a free-form written message evaluating their decision and self-evaluate its content from their counterparts. Third-party evaluators also evaluate the content independently. A comparison between both evaluations shows that a significant proportion of them agree. Firm evidence of a self-serving bias cannot be found.

Event-Triggered Decision Propagation in Proximity Networks

This paper proposes a novel event-triggered formulation as an extension of the recently develo- ped generalized gossip algorithm for decision/awareness propagation in mobile sensor networks modeled as proximity networks. The key idea is to expend energy for communication (message transmission and reception) only when there is any event of interest in the region of surveillance. The idea is implemented by using an agent’s belief about presence of a hotspot as feedback to change its probability of (communication) activity. In the original formulation, the evolution of network topology and the dynamics of decision propagation were completely decoupled which is no longer the case as a consequence of this feedback policy. Analytical results and numeri- cal experiments are presented to show a significant gain in energy savings with no change in the first moment characteristics of decision propagation. However, numerical experiments show that the second moment characteristics may change and theoretical results are provided for upper and lower bounds for second moment characteristics. Effects of false alarms on network formation and communication activity are also investigated.

A lossy channel aware parameterisation of a novel security protocol for wireless IP-enabled sensors

IP-enabled sensors can be globally addressable by any Internet-connected entity, and therefore, their protection presents different challenges than that of traditional sensors, as they are subject to any potential attacker in the Internet. For this reason, specific security protocols must be developed to address the security requirements of IP-enabled sensors. An interesting approach to achieve this aim is the Ladon security protocol, which allows resource-deprived devices to efficiently implement end-to-end authentication, authorisation and key establishment mechanisms. However, in so limited environments such as sensor networks, not only efficient protocols must be defined, but they must also be optimally parameterised. This paper constitutes a step forward in this direction. First, a state transition model of the Ladon protocol is presented to analytically describe its behaviour. Then, this model is used to select the most effective parameterisation of the protocol in terms of message retransmissions and execution of cryptographic operations. The obtained results show that the selected parameterisation allows maximising the probability of a successful secure session establishment, while keeping the overhead introduced by the protocol low. Additionally, the performance comparison carried out shows that Ladon outperforms alternative approaches to achieve the same objective in terms of message transmission and reception operations.

Meta-Analysis of Counterattitudinal Advocacy Data: Evidence for an Additive Cues Model

The meta-analysis combines 230 investigations of counterattitudinal advocacy (CAA). The results indicate that CAA efforts are effective . Effect sizes varied little across four different methods of CAA induction (choice, task commitment, publicity, argument source). However, an additive cues model (ACM) demonstrates that as the number of elements increases, so does the size of the change in attitude. The results support the effectiveness of counterattitudinal message generation tasks and compare favorably to traditional persuasive message reception investigations.

A New Sender-Side Public-Key Deniable Encryption Scheme with Fast Decryption

Deniable encryption, introduced in 1997 by Canetti, Dwork, Naor, and Ostrovsky, guarantees that the sender or the receiver of a secret message is able to “fake” the message encrypted in a specific ciphertext in the presence of a coercing adversary, without the adversary detecting that he was not given the real message. Sender - side deniable encryption scheme is considered to be one of the classification of deniable encryption technique which defined as resilient against coercing the sender. M. H. Ibrahim presented a sender ? side deniable encryption scheme which based on public key and uncertainty of Jacobi Symbol [6]. This scheme has several problems; (1) it can’t be able to derive the fake message M f that belongs to a valid message set, (2) it is not secure against Quadratic Residue Problem (QRP), and (3) the decryption process is very slow because it is based dramatically on square root computation until reach the message as a Quadratic Non Residue (QNR). The first problem is solved by J. Howlader and S. Basu’s scheme [7]; they presented a sender side encryption scheme that allows the sender to present a fake message M f from a valid message set, but it still suffers from the last two mentioned problems. In this paper we present a new sender-side deniable public-key encryption scheme with fast decryption by which the sender is able to lie about the encrypted message to a coercer and hence escape coercion. While the receiver is able to decrypt for the true message, the sender has the ability to open a fake message of his choice to the coercer which, when verified, gives the same ciphertext as the true message. Compared with both Ibrahim’s scheme and J. Howlader and S. Basu’s scheme, our scheme enjoys nice two features which solved the mentioned problems: (1) It is semantically secure against Quadratic Residue Problem; (2) It is as fast, in the decryption process, as other schemes. Finally, applying the proposed deniable encryption, we originally give a coercion resistant internet voting model without physical assumptions.

Instructional Crisis Communication: Connecting Ethnicity and Sex in the Assessment of Receiver-Oriented Message Effectiveness

This study explored the responses of receivers of risk messages that included all elements of the Internalization-Distribution-Explanation-Action (IDEA) learning cycle model to determine if culture, sex, and socio-economic status had any impact on receptivity and behavioral intention. Using a pre- and post-measures experimental design, 746 participants from different geographic areas within the United States watched prepared news clips. Participants identified their learning styles, the perceived message effectiveness, and their behavioral intentions following their observation. Results suggest that messages addressing all elements of the IDEA model were perceived as more effective by participants. Ethnicity and sex of participants in some cases made a difference regarding perception of message effectiveness.

Get Real: How Current Behavior Influences Perceptions of Realism and Behavioral Intent for Public Service Announcements

This research examined how realism and current behavior influence message reception and processing for public service announcements (PSAs) designed to help parents with meal planning. Findings from 19 in-depth interviews revealed that the perceived realism of the message, the similarity, and the wishful identification with informants’ lives influenced message acceptance, in line with the Message Interpretation Process (MIP) model. Results of an online survey with mothers show that realism matters more for those individuals who already engage in the featured behavior. In line with theory, “experts” (meal planners) show increased behavioral intent of the featured behaviors when viewing the more realistic PSA.

Anonymous encryption with partial‐order subset delegation and its application in privacy email systems

In privacy-carrying email systems, the authors should guarantee that the email content is confidential and sometimes the sender/receiver identities are hidden. Also, they require that the key generation is flexible and manageable. In this study, first, they propose an anonymous encryption scheme that supports a partial-order subset delegatable ability. The proposed scheme achieves the security properties of confidentiality against adaptive chosen-plaintext attacks, anonymity against adaptive chosen-subset attacks and computational delegation indistinguishability. Secondly, they provide a deployment application of their anonymous encryption in an interdisciplinary group email management system with flexible and fine-grained key delegation. The deployment can achieve the privacy of message confidentiality, receiver anonymity and delegation obliviousness, which has fine-grained security in secure email systems. Finally, they provide an extension for the chosen-ciphertext secure scheme, and discuss the efficiency for decryption and the security level.

A quantitative study of Cooperative Awareness Messages in production VANETs

In Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), vehicles gather Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAMs) sent from other vehicles via wireless broadcast. Each received message has to be processed by an in-vehicle system. In series implementations, such an in-vehicle system needs to cope with limited resources whose capacity is not yet defined. Therefore, information about the received CAM rate is a crucial input for the development of series VANET products. CAMs from distant vehicles are less likely to be received than those of nearby vehicles. Designers of applications leveraging CAM information are interested in the frequency of received CAMs originating from vehicles depending on their distance. In this paper, we study future CAM rates depending on various parameters. We set up a road traffic simulation for selected highway scenarios. We estimate the rates of generated CAMs and introduce the notion of relative channel load. We present a new approximative channel model to determine a vehicle’s message reception probability. That model is used to simulate the rates of received CAMs for each vehicle. Moreover, we investigate the origin of received CAMs and times between consecutive CAMs received from the same sender (inter-reception times) depending on distance. Most results depend on the penetration rate of VANET technology that will increase in the near future. We derive approximative formulae and use them to validate our simulation results. They are quite accurate, and so they may also serve for simple forecasts. The results from our analysis show that the rates of generated and received CAMs lead to several challenges for the design of an efficient and robust VANET implementation.

Teaching Grammar in an Integrated-interactive Framework: Some Pedagogical Applications

always remains one of the central goals in ESL/EFL teaching. If communication is our major objective as language teachers, then i.e. reception and expression of messages, must be present from the first encounter with the language in the class. In the backdrop of Rivers' [1] premise, that Communication derives essentially from interaction, this paper argues that grammar needs to be taught in an integrated-interactive framework through what Ellis [2] calls a natural developmental route in the theory of second language acquisition. This involves both instruction and natural exposure to target language and its use in communicative situations. In view of this, an attempt is made to illustrate some functional pedagogical applications of a grammar point of using conditionals in a contextual integrated framework.

무선네트워크에서 노드의 에너지를 고려한 종단간 안정성 있는 메시지 전송 프로토콜

ABSTRACT In multi-hop wireless networks, a message transmission path is set up on demand by a route discovery step, where a shortest path is used in general. The shortest path, however, normally uses the nodes near the center area, which causes a high traffic load in that area and reduces the message transmission reliability. We propose a stable routing protocol considering the remaining energy of nodes. Our protocol uses ETX as a link performance estimator and tries to avoid the nodes with smaller energy. By doing this, we can reduce the route failure probability and packet loss. We have evaluated the performance of the proposed protocol using QualNet and compared with AODV and MRFR protocols. The simulation result shows that our protocol has a similar performance as MRFR in terms of end-to-end message reception ratio, average message delay and delay jitter, but outperforms MRFR in terms of traffic load distribution. 키워드 : 무선네트워크, 안정성 있는 메시지 전송, 링크성능평가척도, 부하균등 프로토콜 Key word : Wireless networks, Stable message transmission, Link performance estimator, Load-distribution protocolsJournal of the Korea Institute of Information andCommunication Engineering

Joint Congestion Control Strategy During V2V Communication Among Authentic Vehicles in VANET

The wireless access in vehicular environment system is developed for enhancing the driving safety and comfort of automotive users. However, such system suffers from quality of service degradation for safety applications caused by the channel congestion in scenarios with high vehicle density. In the present work channel congestion is controlled jointly by road side unit, and vehicle. The present work supports vehicle to vehicle communication of authentic safe messages among authentic vehicles only. The road side unit reduces channel congestion by allowing only the authentic vehicles to participate in vehicle to vehicle communication, and by discarding unauthentic messages from the network. It revokes vehicles which are not authentic, and vehicles which are communicating unauthentic messages. Each vehicle also participates in the reduction of channel congestion by varying the size of beacon message dynamically, by removing the duplicate messages from message queue, and also by controlling the transmission power, and transmission range of a message during transmission. It further reduces the channel congestion by controlling the message generation rate using message generation rate control algorithm. Two different message generation rate control algorithm are proposed in the present work. In the first approach it maintains the channel load to an estimated initial value whereas the second approach increases the channel load till the percentage of message loss lies below a predefined threshold. The performance of the proposed scheme is studied on the basis of percentage of successful message reception, and percentage of message loss. The performance of the two message generation rate control algorithms are also compared in the present work.

Cross-layer congestion control model for urban vehicular environments

Congestion control in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) is challenging due to limited bandwidth, dynamic topology and lack of central coordination. Unlike previous works which focus on congestion control with a fixed channel load threshold that causes bandwidth wastage, this paper presents a cross-layer congestion control model which consists of two modules to alleviate congestion in the congestion detection center. In first module, the event-driven messages are prioritized when an imminent danger or abnormal situation is detected on the road. Then in second module, the channel load threshold is assigned dynamically based on beaconing load and transmit power properties which results a satisfaction level of maximum load beaconing. As a result, it alleviates congestion problems and improves bandwidth usage in VANETs. Experimental results on different data-sets including various vehicle densities, distances and road maps with and without obstacles (e.g. walls and buildings) show that the proposed method outperforms existing methods in terms of the average delivery ratio, message reception probability and average delay of time. Moreover, the results prove that the performance of all approaches degraded significantly in realistic scenarios (i.e. scenario with obstacles) compared to unrealistic scenario (i.e. scenario without obstacles) due to wireless signal attenuation and absorption.

Model Looks, Motives, and Affective Outcomes

Highly attractive models are intended to impact psychologically on message receivers and improve awareness, expectations, attitudes, beliefs, and advertising effectiveness; however, benefits accrue in only particular situations. This study examines how advertising triggers affect when comparison motive is paired with a particular model beauty type. Qualitative work preceded empirical study, which involved use of three types of model beauty (classic, sexual, and cute), two comparison motives (self-evaluation headline and self-improvement headline), and two product contexts (problem-solving and enhancement). Female university students ( N = 1,170) were surveyed with findings indicating that viewers do react differently depending on the beauty type, with evidence of an interaction between beauty type and comparison motive.

차량 간 통신에서 주기적 메시지를 위한 속도 기반의 자가 구성형 시분할 브로드캐스팅 방법

차량 간 통신을 이용한 안전 서비스 제공을 위해서 차량 간에 서로의 위치정보 획득이 중요한 이슈가 되고 있다. 이를 위해서 주기적으로 메시지를 발생 시키고 주변 차량의 위치 변화를 감지하여 운전자에게 안전 서비스를 제공한다. 하지만 차량의 밀도가 높은 환경에서 주기적인 위치정보 메시지의 잦은 발생으로 인해 네트워크 채널이 포화 상태가 되어 송/수신에 문제가 발생한다. 본 논문은 시분할 슬롯을 이용하여 브로드캐스팅하며 차량의 속도를 이용하여 도로 위 차량 밀도를 예측하여 시분할 슬롯의 수, 전파세기를 조절하여 향상된 통신 상태를 만드는 방법을 제안한다. 네트워크 시뮬레이터를 통한 성능 평가 결과, 기존의 경쟁 모드에서 브로드캐스팅 했을 때 보다 수신율은 약 40%의 향상 보여주었고 채널 접근 시간은 10ms에서 0.23ms 로 감소한 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. For vehicle safety-related services using wireless communications, reliable collection of various driving informations transmitted periodically by neighbor vehicles is the most important. Every host vehicle analyses them to estimate a potential dangerous situation in a very short time and warns drivers to prevent an accident. However tremendous amount of periodic messages can cause the wireless communication in chaos and the services not in safe. In this paper, we propose a time-division broadcasting protocol to mitigate the communication congestion. It utilizes the received information of vehicle velocity and location, i.e. vehicle traffic density on a road to adjust the number of time slots in a given broadcasting period, and transmission power. The simulation results show that message reception ratio is changed to approximately 40% and channel access time also decreased from 10ms to 0.23ms.

$\hbox{QB}^{2}\hbox{IC}$: A QoS-Based Broadcast Protocol Under Blind Information for Multihop Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks

Broadcasting is an important operation in wireless networks where control information is usually propagated as broadcasts for the realization of most networking protocols. In traditional ad hoc networks, broadcasts are conducted on a common channel, which is shared by all nodes in the network. However, in cognitive radio (CR) ad hoc networks, unlicensed users may observe heterogeneous spectrum availability, which is unknown to other unlicensed users before the control information was broadcast. Thus, it is extremely challenging that broadcasts can be successfully conducted without knowing the spectrum availability information in advance. In addition, since broadcast collisions (i.e., simultaneous reception of broadcast messages at the same node) often lead to the waste of network resources, they should be efficiently mitigated in multihop scenarios. In this paper, a quality-of-service (QoS)-based broadcast protocol under Blind Information for multihop CR ad hoc networks, i.e., QB2IC, is proposed with the aim of having a high success rate and short broadcast delay. In our design, we do not assume that unlicensed users are aware of the network topology, the spectrum availability information, and time synchronization information. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that investigates the broadcast issue in multihop CR ad hoc networks under blind information. Simulation results show that our proposed QB2IC protocol outperforms other broadcast schemes in terms of a higher success rate and shorter average broadcast delay.

Cigarette warning labels: graphics, framing, and identity

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test the effects of cigarette warning labels that used text-only or text-plus relevant graphics. The labels were framed in terms of either the negative consequences of smoking (loss frame) or the benefits of not smoking (gain frame). The role of smoking identity – the centrality of being a smoker to one's self-concept – in the effects of the warning labels was also examined. Design/methodology/approach – An experiment was conducted online with 132 college smokers. Participants were randomly assigned to viewing either graphic or text-only labels that were either gain or loss framed. Smoking identity was measure prior to viewing. Message evaluations and smoking intentions were assessed after exposure as dependent measures. Findings – A consistent interaction between graphics and framing emerged across a number of dependent measures. For graphic warning labels, the loss frame was more advantageous than the gain frame. For text-only warning labels, framing did not make any difference. This two-way interaction was further qualified by smoking identity for some, but not all, dependent measures. Practical implications – Findings from this study support the use of graphic warning labels that focus on the negative health consequences of smoking. Originality/value – Experimental research on graphic cigarette warning labels is limited and rarely considers the roles of framing and smoking identity. This study offered an initial test of the complex interaction among these message and audience variables as they jointly influence message reception and smoking intentions.

Insights into the reception and acceptance of risk messages: nuclear emergency communication

The objective of this paper is to test whether the effect of variables such as knowledge, attitudes, trust, risk perception, and psychometric risk characteristics changes in the different stages of risk-related information processing. To address this question, a distinction is made between two information-processing steps, reception (measured as a person’s ability to retain the information communicated) and acceptance (measured as a person’s level of agreement with the communicated information). An empirical study was conducted, using a radiological accident (2008) in Belgium as a communication case study. Face-to-face interviews were conducted on a large sample of Belgian population representative with respect to province, region, level of urbanization, gender, age, and professionally active status (N = 1031) and among the population living in vicinity of the accident (N = 104). All factors were measured on reliable scales (Cronbach’s α > .75). The reception–acceptance model was used to produce new insights into risk communication. The results demonstrate that knowledge was the driving factor only for the reception of risk messages, while heuristic predictors such as psychometric risk characteristics, attitudes, and trust were most influential for the acceptance of risk messages. It is discussed how the results will facilitate a more thorough understanding of information processing and how they could be used to design more focused risk communication strategies.