Message Queuing Telemetry Transport Broker Research Articles

An Elasticity Framework for Distributed Message Queuing Telemetry Transport Brokers

An Elasticity Framework for Distributed Message Queuing Telemetry Transport Brokers

Perancangan Alat Pemberi Pakan Ikan Otomatis Menggunakan Arduino Berbasis Android (Studi Kasus : Toko Arapaima Aquarium)

Feeding fish is the most important thing in raising fish, with regular feeding to fish the fish will be able to continue to breed, In general, the process of feeding still requires human resources that are still manual, so that it will be difficult and disrupt human activity itself, if the process carried out must spread the food in the aquarium when someone is not in place, Therefore, currently IOT (Internet of Thing) technology has been developed which can facilitate human activities with remote control systems. The process of feeding with a remote control system is done using android, so as to simplify and save someone's time in the process of feeding without having to be in place. The control system used is Arduino ESP8266 as a single board micro controller platform, so that the control device can function to connect the WI-FI network. The process of connecting an Arduino ESP8266 device with a smartphone is done using the broker as hosting, the broker used was MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport), MQTT is a protocol that runs on the TCP / IP stack and is designed specifically for machine to machine that does not have a specific address. MQTT broker's working system is to implement publish as data sender, subcribe as data recipient, and topic as hosting data broker.

SlowTT: A Slow Denial of Service against IoT Networks

The security of Internet of Things environments is a critical and trending topic, due to the nature of the networks and the sensitivity of the exchanged information. In this paper, we investigate the security of the Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol, widely adopted in IoT infrastructures. We exploit two specific weaknesses of MQTT, identified during our research activities, allowing the client to configure the KeepAlive parameter and MQTT packets to execute an innovative cyber threat against the MQTT broker. In order to validate the exploitation of such vulnerabilities, we propose SlowTT, a novel “Slow” denial of service attack aimed at targeting MQTT through low-rate techniques, characterized by minimum attack bandwidth and computational power requirements. We validate SlowTT against real MQTT services, by considering both plaintext and encrypted communications and by comparing the effects of the attack when targeting different application daemons and protocol versions. Results show that SlowTT is extremely successful, and it can exploit the identified vulnerability to execute a denial of service against the IoT network by keeping the connection alive for a long time.

A Scalable and Secure Publish/Subscribe-Based Framework for Industrial IoT

In the emerging industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) scenario, machine-to-machine communication is a key technology to set up environments, wherein sensors, actuators, and controllers can exchange information autonomously. However, many current communication frameworks do not provide enough dynamic interoperability and security. Hence, in this article, we propose a novel communication framework based on Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) broker bridging, which, in an IIoT scenario, can foster dynamic interoperability across different production lines or industrial sites, guaranteeing, at the same time, a higher degree of isolation and control over the information flows, thereby increasing the overall security of the whole scenario. The solution we propose also supports dynamic authentication and authorization and has been practically implemented and evaluated in a proper small-scale IIoT testbed, encompassing PLCs, IIoT gateways, and MQTT brokers with novel and extended capabilities. The evaluation results demonstrate a linear time complexity for all the considered implementations and bridging modes of the extended brokers. Moreover, all considered access token encapsulation techniques demonstrate a minimum overhead in comparison with standard MQTT brokers.

Sub-Linear Scalability of MQTT Clusters in Topic-Based Publish-Subscribe Applications

Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is a widespread protocol for topic-based publish-subscribe architectures supporting IoT and social networks applications. MQTT brokers are logical entities that couple publishers and subscribers and play a critical role in such architectures. MQTT brokers can be implemented either as standalone servers or in a cluster configuration. Clusters of brokers increase reliability, availability and overall performance, since operations can be highly parallelized among the brokers that form the cluster. The load-balancing strategy in a cluster usually consists in connecting an incoming client to a randomly selected broker. This random-attach strategy, it is very simple, but generates a significant amount of inter-broker traffic, as we demonstrate through theoretical and experimental evaluations. Inter-broker traffic is an overhead for the system and it increases the CPU load of the brokers, compromising the scaling behavior of the whole cluster. Indeed, we found that a linear increase of the number of brokers forming a cluster does not necessarily provide an equivalent linear gain in performance, and such a scaling penalty can be surprisingly significant, in the order of 40%. To solve this issue and improve performance, we propose a novel load-balancing strategy that envisages the use of multiple MQTT sessions per client to reduce inter-broker traffic and that can be implemented by means of a greedy algorithm. We show feasibility and effectiveness of our strategy for IoT and social-network applications by means of simulations and real measurements. The resulting scaling penalty is reduced to 10%.

Denial of service attack detection through machine learning for the IoT

ABSTRACT Sustained Internet of Things (IoT) deployment and functioning are heavily reliant on the use of effective data communication protocols. In the IoT landscape, the publish/subscribe-based Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol is popular. Cyber security threats against the MQTT protocol are anticipated to increase at par with its increasing use by IoT manufacturers. In particular, IoT is vulnerable to protocol-based Application layer Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, which have been known to cause widespread service disruption in legacy systems. In this paper, we propose an Application layer DoS attack detection framework for the MQTT protocol and test the scheme on legitimate and protocol compliant DoS attack scenarios. To protect the MQTT message brokers from such attacks, we propose a machine learning-based detection framework developed for the MQTT protocol. Through experiments, we demonstrate the impact of such attacks on various MQTT brokers and evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed framework to detect these malicious attacks. The results obtained indicate that the attackers can overwhelm the server resources even when legitimate access was denied to MQTT brokers and resources have been restricted. In addition, the MQTT features we have identified showed high attack detection accuracy. The field size and length-based features drastically reduced the false-positive rates and are suitable in detecting IoT based attacks.

Internet of Things (IoT) for Smart Precision Agriculture

The scarcity of clean water resources around the globe has generated a need for their optimum utilization. Internet of Things (IoT) solutions, based on the application-specific sensors’ data acquisition and intelligent processing, are bridging the gaps between the cyber and physical worlds. IoT based smart irrigation management systems can help in achieving optimum water-resource utilization in the precision farming landscape. This paper presents an open-source technology-based smart system to predict the irrigation requirements of a field using the sensing of ground parameters like soil moisture, soil temperature, and environmental conditions along with the weather forecast data from the Internet. The sensing nodes, involved in the ground and environmental sensing, consider soil moisture, air temperature, and relative humidity of the crop field. This mainly focused on wastage of water, which is a major concern of the modern era. It is also time-saving, allows a user to monitor environmental data for agriculture using a web browser and Email, cost-effectiveness, environmental protection, low maintenance and operating cost and efficient irrigation service. The proposed system is made up of two parts: hardware and software. The hardware consists of a Base Station Unit (BSU) and several Terminal Nodes (TNs). The software is made up of the programming of the Wi-Fi network and the system protocol. In this paper, an MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transportation) broker was built on the BSU and TU board.

Security Architecture and Protocols for Secure MQTT-SN

Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is a de facto standard for various Internet of Things (IoT) and industrial IoT applications. The data produced by a publisher are delivered to several subscribers via an MQTT broker. However, the MQTT standard lacks security-related functionalities, such as mutual authentication, access control, control message security, and end-to-end security. According to a recent report, many security threats and flaws associated with MQTT have been identified worldwide. This paper proposes security architecture and protocols to bootstrap MQTT security in the wireless sensor network. Security bootstrapping for MQTT includes security credential generation and distribution; registration protocol for joining MQTT entities such as publishers, subscribers, and brokers to the security controller; and rekeying protocol for group membership management. Special attention is given to the end-to-end security between the publishers and subscribers because the data from the publishers should not be corrupted by, and exposed to, the compromised broker. Both security analysis and performance evaluation show that our proposed security architecture and protocols for secure MQTT can be a viable solution to enhance MQTT security.

Secure IoT Resources with Access Control over RESTful Web Services

With the Internet of Things (IoT), the number of connected devices on the internet has increased to billions, and this number is expected to grow exponentially in the coming years. Services and applications based on the IoT are expected to expand to cover more areas in the near future. Performance, connectivity and security are very important aspects of such an expansive environment. In order to enhance the performance and security of the IoT, a secure and cost-effective model for IoT applications that is based on Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is proposed. This model addresses the IoT security challenges primarily by moving access control and data management from the MQTT broker to a fog server. The performance of the proposed model is validated by multiple metrics; and the obtained results show that it can be deployed successfully in the implementation of IoT applications to enhance both the IoT’s security and performance.

Design and implementation of a low-cost, open source IoT-based SCADA system using ESP32 with OLED, ThingsBoard and MQTT protocol

Distributed assets, such as hybrid power system components, require reliable, timely, and secure coordinated data monitoring and control systems. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) is a technology for the coordinated monitoring and control of such assets. However, SCADA system designs and implementations have largely been proprietary, mostly pricey and therefore economically unjustifiable for smaller applications. With proprietary SCADA systems, there is also the problem of interoperability with the existing components such as power electronic converters, energy storage systems, and communication systems since these components are usually from multiple vendors. Therefore, an open source SCADA system represents the most flexible and most cost-effective SCADA option for such assets. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a low-cost, open source SCADA system based on the most recent SCADA architecture, the Internet of Things (IoT). The proposed SCADA system consists of current and voltage sensors for data collection, an ESP32 micro-controller with organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display, for receiving and processing the sensor data, and ThingsBoard IoT server for historic data storage and human machine interactions. For the sensor data transfer from the ESP32 to the ThingsBoard IoT server, Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol is implemented for data transfer over a local Wi-Fi connection with the MQTT Client configured on the ESP32, and the ThingsBoard server node serving as the MQTT Broker. The ThingsBoard IoT server is locally installed with PostgreSQL database on a Raspberry Pi single-board computer and hosted locally on MUN Network for data integrity and security. To test the performance of the developed open source SCADA system solution, it was setup to acquire and process the current, voltage and power of a standalone solar photovoltaic system for remote monitoring and supervisory control. The overall system design procedures and testing, as well as the created dashboards and alarms on the ThingsBoard IoT server platform are presented in the paper.

WSN and IoT based smart city model using the MQTT protocol

The Internet of things in integration with wireless sensor networks changed the world exponentially by connecting a huge number of devices and providing the ability to control them remotely and globally. This research work is emphasized on proposing the smart city model and implementation that model based on IoT using MQTT protocol. The comparison is done with HTTP protocol. HTTP is used for transferring the information using request and response model so require control packets overhead. To handle the limitation of HTTP, MQTT is proposed. It uses publish/subscribe model, reduces control packets overhead and suitable for IoT. It uses “Named based routing” and prevents IP address in IoT data transfer. The smart city model is proposed and developed using Network Simulation Software (Cisco Packet Tracer v7.2).Cisco introduces IoT and MQTT feature in version 7.1. Here Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol is used which gives fast and reliable performance for IoT devices. A network model is developed with multiple sensors and IoT Devices which acts as MQTT client. Here a data center is created which has multiple Servers (MQTT Broker). Using the MQTT broker all the IoT devices can be monitored by just logging in to the broker. A prototype model is implemented and tested in real time using Node MCU. The devices are remotely monitored from anywhere in the world which fulfill the requirement of smart city model. Future aspects include the integration of machine learning algorithms in the protocols developed for IoT for quick smart decisions in monitoring the critical applications.

Design of various Image Compression Methods in Wireless Sensor Networks

The processing capacity and power of nodes in a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) are restricted. The quality of the images is deficient, and the contents of the images may vary after decoding when we apply image compression algorithms in WSN. Various compression algorithms are compared in this paper. An Image Compression method based on Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM), Auto encoders and Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF), Least Square Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (LSNMF), Projective Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (PNMF) network are proposed in this paper. For the WSN, we have used a Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol. We have used a three Raspberry Pi’s to build a WSN; Publisher, Broker, Subscriber. A Publisher, where it can trigger the camera and captures the images then compress it and send it to another raspberry pi which is a MQTT broker. The PSNR values for those image compression methods were analyzed and compared against each other for images evaluated from the MNIST dataset. Along with the simulation results, all these compression methods are implemented using hardware implementation. Raspberry Pi, a single-board computer with in-built Wi-Fi capabilities, was used in establishing a WSN. Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol was used for transmitting the compressed images across the WSN, that offers fast and reliable transmission.

Internet of Things–based smart home system using a virtualized cloud server and mobile phone app

This article proposes an Internet of Things–based smart home system composed of a virtualized cloud server and a mobile phone app. The smart Internet of Things–based system includes a sensing network, which is developed with the ZigBee wireless communication protocol, a message queuing telemetry transport, a virtualized cloud server and a mobile phone app. A Raspberry Pi development board is used to receive packet information from the terminal sensors using ZigBee wireless communication. Then, the message queuing telemetry transport broker not only completes transmission of the message but also publishes it to the virtualized cloud server. The transmission can then be viewed through the website using a mobile phone. The designed app combines the application of the virtualized cloud server, client sensors and the database. Verification experiments revealed the measured average response time and throughput of approximately 4.0 s and 6069 requests per second, respectively, for the virtualized web server and approximately 0.144 s and 8866 packets per second, respectively, for the message queuing telemetry transport broker. The designed functions of the mobile phone app are a global positioning system home monitoring, family memo, medical care and near-field communication key. Both interlinkage and handler methods are proposed to facilitate a powerful function without delay in displaying information. The proposed system integrates with software and hardware to complete the data analysis and information management quickly and correctly. It can cater to user needs with superior ease and convenience.

Message Queuing Telemetry Transport dalam Internet of Things menggunakan ESP-32

Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is a connectivity protocol between machines or now better known as the Internet of Things (IoT). This protocol recognizes two basic functions of M2M communication, namely publish and subscribe (pub/sub). The MQTT protocol is designed as a very simple and very lightweight message delivery protocol, designed for devices that are limited and with low bandwidth capacity, high latency or on an unreliable network. The design principles are to minimize bandwidth requirements and device resource requirements, and keep trying to ensure reliability and guaranteed delivery rates. In this paper, VerneMQ performance reliability is tested - one of the MQTT brokers, with several stressing levels using ESP-32 as a publisher and notebook with the python application as a subscriber.

Design and Built IoT Home Panic Button for Smart City

Smart City is a concept where a city or regional region adopts Internet of Things (IoT) and Internet communication technologies (ICTs) to help manage infrastructure. A home security system to the public security is essential in Smart City to help provide a warning in case of unfortunate disaster in the home. so security officers can quickly take action. This paper aims to create a design one form of Smart City for the security system is IoT home Panic Button which gives warning to the security in case of emergency that requires help. Panic Button is made using a NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller that connects to a home Wi-Fi network. Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is a communication system used, with the condition if the panic button is being pressed it will send a message to the MQTT broker and continue the message to subscriber. The subscriber is a web that notifies warning alarm and a map of the area covered that will be placed on the public security. In this way, a secure, flexible and reliable system is developed to the solve above mentioned.

A Benchmarking Tool for Elastic MQTT Brokers in IoT Applications

Cloud computing is an evolution in IT consumption and delivery which makes available self-management on the Internet with a flexible, pay-as-you-go business model. Within the context of Internet of Things, the MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) protocol that is implemented broadly by the applications of “Publish-Subscribe” paradigm has a vital role. However, MQTT brokers are saturated easily if they have to cope with huge and speedy data generated by IoT “chatty” devices. With capability of provisioning/deprovisioning granular virtual resources, Cloud computing empowered MQTT brokers by enabling its elasticity feature. Elasticity helps the brokers deal with a very large variety of data integrated into the IoT every single day. However, there was lack of sturdy benchmarking tools that judge all the aspects of MQTT brokers in order to advocate correct elastic decision-making. This article focuses on the work of benchmarking MQTT by introducing a new developed tool called MQTTBrokerBench. With this tool, users not only can benchmark MQTT brokers but also can specify saturation points where the IoT load makes the brokers be saturated. Those saturation points can be used to set thresholds for elastic decision-making. Furthermore, the article also demonstrates the results acquired by this tool through the experiments on Windows Azure Cloud Platform.

Message Queue Telemetry Transport Broker with Priority Support for Emergency Events in Internet of Things

Message Queue Telemetry Transport Broker with Priority Support for Emergency Events in Internet of Things

Wireless Heart Rate Monitoring System Using MQTT

This paper presents the heart rate monitoring system using ESP8266 Wi-Fi module on the Arduino microcontroller and Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) for messaging protocol that designed for lightweight communications. The developed system is intended to remotely monitor the real-time heart rate of a patient. This design use simple infrared light and photo detector to detect and pick up the rate of heart beat signal and send measured data wirelessly to the MQTT broker where running on a Raspberry pi, a low-cost, credit-card sized computer. The preliminary result demonstrated that the system provides useful information and helpful for nursing related health care tasks.