Communication Messages Research Articles

QuicSDN: Transitioning from TCP to QUIC for southbound communication in software-defined networks

In Software-Defined Networks (SDNs), the control plane and data plane communicate for various purposes such as applying configurations and collecting statistical data. While various methods have been proposed to reduce the overhead and enhance the scalability of SDNs, the impact of the transport layer protocol used for southbound communication has not been investigated. Existing SDNs rely on Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) to enforce reliability. In this paper, we show that the use of TCP imposes a considerable overhead on southbound communication, identify the causes of this overhead, and demonstrate how replacing TCP with Quick UDP Internet Connection (QUIC) protocol can enhance the performance of this communication. We introduce the quicSDN architecture to enable southbound communication in SDNs via the QUIC protocol. We present a reference architecture based on the standard, most widely-used protocols by the SDN community and show how the controller and switch are revamped to facilitate this transition. We compare, both analytically and empirically, the performance of quicSDN versus the traditional SDN architecture and confirm the superior performance of quicSDN. Our empirical evaluations in different settings demonstrate that quicSDN lowers communication overhead and message delivery delay by up to 82% and 45%, respectively, compared to SDNs using TCP for their southbound communication.

Overview of Communication Activities and a Plan to Improve Public Perception of Food Additives

Food additives are considered a high-risk factor by the EU and Slovenian consumers, although they are strictly regulated by the authorities and pose a low risk to consumers. However, risk communication about food additives is challenging and involves the interactive exchange of information about hazards, taking into account the risk perception of the target groups. A plan for communication activities aimed at improving public perception of food additives was structured based on the review of scientific literature and the overview of previous communication efforts communicated by various information sources to raise awareness among the Slovenian public from January 2015 to January 2022. The overview included governmental and nongovernmental organizations that are credible sources of information on food safety for Slovenian consumers at the national and EU level. The objective was to develop an effective communication plan on food additives with defined objectives, target groups, key communication messages, communication activities, tools, and channels. The proposed plan can serve as a good basis for launching an effective awareness campaign on food additives to reduce public concern and improve the knowledge of averageconsumers about the use of additives in food.

Condensed DNA Nanosphere for DNA Origami Cryptography

Maintaining the confidentiality and integrity of the messages during a transmission is one of the most important aims of encrypted communication systems. Many achievements were made using biomolecules to improve the quality of the messages in communication. At the same time, it is still a challenge to construct cooperative communications based on the interactions between biomolecules to achieve the confidentiality and integrity of the transmitted messages. DNA-based encrypted communications have been developed, and in particular, DNA-origami-based message encryption can combine steganography and pattern encryption and exhibits extremely high confidentiality. Nevertheless, limited by biological characteristics, encrypted messages based on DNA require a strict storage environment in the process of transmission. The integrity of the message encoded in the DNA may be damaged when the DNA is in an unfriendly and hard environment. Therefore, it is particularly significant to improve the stability of DNA when it is exposed to a harsh environment during transmission. Here, we encoded the information into the DNA strands that were condensed for encryption to form a nanosphere covered with a shell of SiO2, which brings high-density messages and exhibits higher stability than separated DNA. The solid shell of SiO2 could prevent DNA from contacting the harsh environment, thereby protecting the DNA structure and maintaining the integrity of the information. At the same time, DNA nanospheres can achieve high throughput input and higher storage density per unit volume, which contribute to confusing the message strand (M-strand) with the interference strand in the stored information. Condensing DNA into the nanosphere that is used for DNA origami cryptography has the potential to be used in harsh conditions with higher confidentiality and integrity for the transmitted messages.

Incorporation of patient and public involvement in statistical methodology research: development of an animation

BackgroundPatient and Public Involvement and Engagement (PPIE) is important to all aspects of health research. However, there are few examples of successful PPIE in statistical methodology research. One of the reasons for this relates to challenges in the identification of individuals interested in statistical methodology research projects, and ambiguities over the importance of PPIE to these projects.MethodsThis project was conducted between August 2022 and August 2023. The aim is to report the process of the development of an accessible animation to describe what statistical methodology is and the importance of PPIE in statistical methodology research projects. For this, we combined storyboarding and scriptwriting with feedback from PPIE members and researchers.ResultsAfter three stages that incorporated feedback from the relevant stakeholders, we produced a final animation about PPIE in statistical methodology. The resulting animation used minimal text, simple animation techniques and was of short duration (< 3 min) to optimise the communication of the key messages clearly and effectively.ConclusionsThe resulting animation provides a starting point for members of the public to learn about PPIE in statistical methodology research and for methodologists who wish to conduct PPIE. We recommend further work to explore ways in which members of the public can be more meaningfully involved in methodology research.

Communicating Off-Record Politeness by Use of Non-Usual Stress in Kiswahili Language

The interpretation of meaning as intended is a major factor to be borne in mind by interlocutors in a communicative event. Though speakers choose strategies that enable communication messages in well-interpreted manner, thereby eliminating ambiguity, the same is not the case in the use of unusual stress, which is normally contrasted. Unusual stress communicates off record by giving out hints. This paper discusses unusual stress as an off-record politeness strategy with particular reference to Kiswahili language that is spoken in Kenya. Bi. Msafwari’s topical discussion from the Swahili community laid the basis for analysis. YouTube files of Mawaidha na Bi. Msafwari (Bi. Msafwari’s topical discussions) were the sources of data. Analysis shows that unusual stress functions as an indirect politeness strategy through its characteristic use of free stress. It changes the intonation of the word in use thereby giving a basis for more than one interpretation of meaning. The non-usual emphasis is a hint that the speaker deliberately conveys to the listener in a given context. This paper concludes that determining the meaning intended in unusual stress is complex. This is because unusual stress has opposing functions within the same statement. It is therefore recommended that detection of the presuppositions in unusual stress can reduce ambiguity and direct the listener’s interpretation toward the intended meaning.

Development and feasibility testing of an artificially intelligent chatbot to answer immunization-related queries of caregivers in Pakistan: A mixed-methods study

BackgroundGaps in information access impede immunization uptake, especially in low-resource settings where cutting-edge and innovative digital interventions are limited given the digital inequity. Our objective was to develop an Artificially Intelligent (AI) chatbot to respond to caregiver’s immunization-related queries in Pakistan and investigate its feasibility and acceptability in a low-resource, low-literacy setting. MethodsWe developed Bablibot (Babybot), a local language immunization chatbot, using Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Machine Learning (ML) technologies with Human in the Loop feature. We evaluated the bot through a sequential mixed-methods study. We enrolled caregivers visiting the 12 selected immunization centers for routine childhood vaccines. Additional caregivers were reached through targeted text message communication. We assessed Bablibot’s feasibility and acceptability by tracking user engagement and technological metrics, and through thematic analysis of in-depth interviews with 20 caregivers. FindingsBetween March 9, 2020, and April 15, 2021, 2,202 caregivers were enrolled in the study, of which, 677 (30.7%) interacted with Bablibot (users). Bablibot responded to 1,877 messages through 874 conversations. Conversation topics included vaccination due dates (32.4%; 283/874), side-effect management (15.7%;137/874), or delaying vaccination due to child’s illness or COVID-lockdown (16.8%;147/874). Over 90% (277/307) of responses to text-based exit surveys indicated satisfaction with Bablibot. Qualitative analysis showed caregivers appreciated Bablibot’s usefulness and provided feedback for further improvement of the system. ConclusionOur results demonstrate the feasibility and acceptability of local-language NLP chatbots in providing real-time immunization information in low-resource settings. Text-based chatbots canminimize the workload on helpline operators, in addition to instantaneously resolving caregiver queries that otherwise lead to delay or default.

Building a Client Resource and Communication Platform for Community-Based Organizations to Address Health and Social Needs: Co-Design Study.

Connecting individuals to existing community resources is critical to addressing social needs and improving population health. While there is much ongoing informatics work embedding social needs screening and referrals into health care systems and their electronic health records, there has been less focus on the digital ecosystem and needs of community-based organizations (CBOs) providing or connecting individuals to these resources. We used human-centered design to develop a digital platform for CBOs, focused on identification of health and social resources and communication with their clients. Centered in the Develop phase of the design process, we conducted in-depth interviews in 2 phases with community-based organizational leadership and staff to create and iterate on the platform. We elicited and mapped participant feedback to theory-informed domains from the Technology Acceptance Model, such as Usefulness and Ease of Use, to build the final product and summarized all major design decisions as the platform development proceeded. Overall, we completed 22 interviews with 18 community-based organizational leadership and staff in 2 consecutive Develop phases. After coding of the interview transcripts, there were 4 major themes related to usability, relevance, and external factors impacting use. Specifically, CBOs expressed an interest in a customer relationship management software to manage their client interactions and communications, and they needed specific additional features to address the scope of their everyday work, namely (1) digital and SMS text messaging communication with clients and (2) easy ways to identify relevant community resources based on diverse client needs and various program eligibility criteria. Finally, clear implementation needs emerged, such as digital training and support for staff using new platforms. The final platform, titled "Mapping to Enhance the Vitality of Engaged Neighborhoods (MAVEN)," was completed in the Salesforce environment in 2022, and it included features and functions directly mapped to the design process. Engaging community organizations in user-centered design of a health and social resource platform was essential to tapping into their deep expertise in serving local communities and neighborhoods. Design methods informed by behavioral theory can be similarly employed in other informatics research. Moving forward, much more work will be necessary to support the implementation of platforms specific to CBOs' needs, especially given the resources, training, and customization needed in these settings.

What triggers tourists’ anxiety? The differential impacts of crisis information source types in social media on tourists’ cross-border travel anxiety

ObjetivoEste estudio pretende revelar el mecanismo desencadenante y las condiciones límite de la ansiedad de los turistas ante los viajes transfronterizos (CBTA) a partir de diferentes fuentes de información sobre crisis (CIS).Diseño/metodología/enfoqueBasándose en el modelo heurístico-sistemático (HSM), este estudio construye una vía teórica de formación de la CBTA de los turistas. A partir de las crisis basadas en la competencia y en la moral, se examinaron las hipótesis mediante tres experimentos situacionales, dirigidos a turistas potenciales chinos y malayos.ResultadosLa información sobre crisis difundida por organizaciones desencadena una mayor CBTA de los turistas que la gubernamental, con la incertidumbre percibida como mediadora. Los recursos de los mensajes de comunicación de crisis (CCMA) (racionales frente a emocionales) moderan negativamente las relaciones anteriores. Los CCMA racionales funcionan para la comunicación de crisis gubernamental, mientras que los CCMA emocionales para las organizativas.Implicaciones prácticasLos resultados proponen que las organizaciones de gestión de destinos (OGD) deberían considerar estrategias heurísticas a la hora de difundir información sobre crisis turísticas transfronterizas. Prestar atención al efecto diferencial de las CCMA ayuda a prevenir crisis secundarias.Originalidad/valorEste estudio reexamina la causa-efecto y los mecanismos de intervención de las reacciones de los turistas a la información sobre crisis, lo que amplía la investigación sobre la gestión de crisis turísticas transfronterizas y la aplicación de la HSM en dicho contexto.

Prophetic Communication in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: Efforts to Convey Comprehensive Islamic Messages

The study essentially aims to analyze the changes occurring within the practice of dakwah as a form of communicating Islamic messages in the era of digital technology and artificial intelligence. The practice of dakwah must retain its prophetic communication dimension even as it adjusts to new communication formats brought about by the digital era and artificial intelligence. This study employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical method. This method was chosen for its capacity to provide a profound understanding of complex phenomena within their contexts, aligned with the research objective to analyze the changes in communication patterns and their effects on dakwah practices. Data is gathered through documentation and observation of dakwah practices across various platforms and digital media. The study indicates that the shifts in dakwah communication patterns in the digital era and the advancement of artificial intelligence have significant and intricate impacts on the comprehensive communication of Islamic prophetic messages. Key points include: (1) Changes in the meaning and practice of dakwah depict a shift in focus from the spiritual and moral aspects to the dissemination of Islamic messages through technological platforms; (2) Changes in dakwah communication formats and platforms reflect the adaptation of preachers to digital trends and audience preferences; (3) The influence of social media in dakwah practices opens broad avenues for disseminating Islamic messages; (4) Artificial intelligence (AI) has notably contributed to presenting dakwah content to the public; (5) Normative dynamics in digital-era dakwah communication reveal the challenges in maintaining a balance between popularity and the integrity of religious teachings; (6) Ethical challenges and controversies in digital dakwah underscore the need to uphold moral and ethical values in religious communication; and (7) Education and supervision emerge as pivotal in addressing the challenges of digital dakwah. Content creators, preachers, and society at large must be equipped with a proper understanding of technology usage aligned with scholarly and ethical responsibility, ensuring that the conveyance of religious messages remains accurate, substantial, and consistent with Islamic values.

Flexoelectrically augmented triboelectrification enabled self-power wireless smart home control system

With the rapid development of the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence, smart home has emerged to fulfill the security, convenience, and energy-saving issues of modern life. Self-power, multifunctional, and sensitive sensors are one of the key components for the popularization of smart home systems. Herein, a flexoelectric mica crystal is shown to augment the finger touch-driven triboelectric output enough to operate a wireless and multichannel smart home controller. The smart home controller consists of concave mica films, a hand-grip-type vertical mouse, and an Arduino controller. Strain-gradient-dependent contact potential difference measurement and density functional theory calculation show that flexoelectric charge shifts the workfunction and concave bending reduces the effective electron mass in a mica. A portable hand-grip-type flexoelectrically augmented triboelectric nanogenerator (Flexo-TENG) demonstrates the wireless communication of message in real time and the selective operation of home appliances with various functions via a simple finger touch. This work provides important ingredients for the enhanced triboelectric output via flexoelectricity, and for the realization of a convenient, multifunctional, cost-effective, and adaptable smart home control system without batteries.

파라텍스트로써의 앨범커버 연구

This study focuses on the implicit and metaphorical communication of musical messages on album covers and discusses the ultimate role of album covers: the visual communication of music. For this purpose, first of all, the album cover is examined from the point of view of music and listener's interface, and the function of the album cover as paratext is examined. Album covers have the effect of creating a new experience for the listener, drawing attention to the shared properties of music and image through the image on the cover. In this sense, the album cover acts as a paratextual representation of a text as another text, creating a place for new interpretations to emerge. Based on this, I analyze the changes in the Beatles' musical style reflected in their album covers in relation to their genres and works. Through this study, it is expected that new musical thinking will be established through convergence with visuals, recognizing that album covers, which are visual materials, are also important materials that make up music.

자기선물 구매동기가 심리적 웰빙과 재구매의도에 미치는 영향

This study aims to investigate the impact of consumers’ self-gift purchase motivation on their psychological well-being and repurchase intention in the context of the consumption trend of pursuing self-healing and small happiness for themselves and to verify whether there are differences in the relationship between these research concepts by product type. To this end, hypotheses and research models were derived from the theoretical background, and a survey was conducted among Chinese consumers who had purchased utilitarian or hedonic products as self-gifts, and the results were tested using a structural equation model. The research findings are summarized as follows. First, the investment motive, consolation motive, and imitation motive of self-gifting had a positive effect on psychological well-being after self-gifting, and the investment motive had a positive impact on the repurchase intention of self-gifting. Second, psychological well-being after self-gift purchase positively affected repurchase intention. Third, the moderating effect of product type was significant in the relationship between all consumption motives and psychological well-being except for the self-gift imitation motive. In particular, psychological well-being had a positive effect on repurchase intentions after self-gifting hedonic products for reward and comfort motives, and psychological well-being had a positive effect on repurchase intentions after self-gifting utilitarian products for investment motives. These results suggest that companies should focus on consumers’ preferences for self-gifting, develop differentiated products, and establish differentiated marketing strategies based on consumers’ purchase motives, such as developing communication messages appropriate to their product types.

The Effectiveness of Communication Messages in Politics

As social creatures, every person who lives in a community group, in carrying out his daily activities from the time he wakes up in the morning until he goes back to sleep at night, is always involved in communication activities. This journal aims to find out how effective interpersonal communication messages are in a communication context. This journal uses types of research in the form of literature and reflective studies. Communication is said to be effective if what is communicated is understood and carried out by the communicant as desired by the communicator. Barriers to the communication process, small obstacles may be ignored, but too many obstacles can disrupt or disrupt the message from achieving its goal. The effectiveness of communication in politics is very important because it can influence the success of a government program or policy. Effective political communication can increase public participation in the political process.

Theme Song Partai sebagai Komunikasi Politik: Analisis pada Lagu "PAN PAN PAN"

Partai Amanat Nasional (PAN) released a video for a song entitled "PAN..PAN..PAN" via the PAN TV YouTube account. The PAN song is a promotion and outreach within the framework of the 2024 General Election. The song, which was first released on YouTube PAN TV, has become a viral and trending topic on social media, even getting various comments from netizens and the public. Against the background of the phenomena and problems regarding the PAN song, the study aims to analyze the PAN song using a political communication approach and study. This study specifically aims to reveal more deeply about the following two entities, namely: (1) Forms of Political Communication in PAN Songs; (2) Political Communication Messages in PAN Songs. The analysis of this PAN song is based on the theory of the Bandwagon Effect and The Communicative Function Model. This study was conducted using a qualitative descriptive analysis method. Based on the results of analysis and data mining, two main findings were obtained in this study, namely: (1) The form of political communication in PAN songs includes political communication techniques in the form of the bandwagon effect which has three main effects on audiences, namely conformity, interpersonal influence and seeking status; (2) Political communication messages in the PAN song technically use the communicative function campaign model which consists of four stages, namely surfacing, primary, nomination and election.

Boundless Classrooms and Touchless Bodies: Teaching Physical Education Online

This qualitative study explored the PE teachers’ experiences in teaching online during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines. Using the phenomenological approach, it investigated the pedagogical practices, the educational theories that guided the participants, and their reflections and insights on teaching PE online. In order to describe the PE teachers’ pedagogical practices and perspectives regarding online teaching, the following research questions guided the study: (1) What are the daily instructional practices of the participating online PE teachers?; (2) What educational theories guided these participants in teaching online?; and (3) What are the perspectives and reflections of the participants in teaching PE online? Data collection methods for this case study included 1) interviews with online PE teachers, 2) virtual classroom observations and field notes, and 3) text messaging and e-mail communications between the researcher and the participants. Content and thematic analyses were used to interpret the results of the study. Results showed that teachers provided demonstration classes and allowed students to be creative in submitting their outputs. They practiced differentiated instruction, challenged the creativity of students and developed innovative ways of teaching PE online. They implicitly ascribed to Gardner’s multiple intelligence theory and Bandura’s Social Learning Theory. The results of this study supported the premise that online college PE can be taught online and is workable this time of pandemic.

Early Detection and Surveillance of the SARS-CoV-2 Variant BA.2.86 - Worldwide, July-October 2023.

Early detection of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants is critical to guiding rapid risk assessments, providing clear and timely communication messages, and coordinating public health action. CDC identifies and monitors novel SARS-CoV-2 variants through diverse surveillance approaches, including genomic, wastewater, traveler-based, and digital public health surveillance (e.g., global data repositories, news, and social media). The SARS-CoV-2 variant BA.2.86 was first sequenced in Israel and reported on August 13, 2023. The first U.S. COVID-19 case caused by this variant was reported on August 17, 2023, after a patient received testing for SARS-CoV-2 at a health care facility on August 3. In the following month, eight additional U.S. states detected BA.2.86 across various surveillance systems, including specimens from health care settings, wastewater surveillance, and traveler-based genomic surveillance. As of October 23, 2023, sequences have been reported from at least 32 countries. Continued variant tracking and further evidence are needed to evaluate the full public health impact of BA.2.86. Timely genomic sequence submissions to global public databases aided early detection of BA.2.86 despite the decline in the number of specimens being sequenced during the past year. This report describes how multicomponent surveillance and genomic sequencing were used in real time to track the emergence and transmission of the BA.2.86 variant. This surveillance approach provides valuable information regarding implementing and sustaining comprehensive surveillance not only for novel SARS-CoV-2 variants but also for future pathogen threats.

Preventing Zoonoses: Testing an Intervention to Change Attitudes and Behaviors toward More Protective Actions.

Zoonotic outbreaks are considered one of the most important threats to public health. Therefore, it is important to educate people on how to prevent zoonotic infections. The purpose of this research was to investigate an intervention aimed at changing people's attitudes and behaviors toward more protective actions. In two studies (NStudy1 = 402; NStudy2 = 706), participants received an intervention based on previous literature in which knowledge about zoonoses, protective actions they could take, and a fear appeal were provided. In the control condition, no intervention was given. Subsequently, we measured participants' risk knowledge, attitudes and behavioral intentions to reduce zoonotic risks, and fear. The results showed that the intervention heightened participants' zoonotic knowledge and affected their attitudes and behavioral intentions (Studies 1 and 2) and a behavioral decision (Study 2) to reduce zoonotic risks. Moreover, our designed intervention proved more effective than the World Health Organization informative message on zoonoses (Study 2). In terms of theory, this is the first experimental demonstration that a general zoonotic risk communication message changed attitudes and behaviors toward more protective actions. In terms of policy, this research showed that a basic information message for the broader public has the potential to reduce zoonotic risks.

An Evaluation of Preschool Children’s Books with Respect to the Principle of Appropriateness for Children

This study aims to determine the suitability of the books to the principle of appropriateness for children. The research database, modelled in the form of case study, one of the qualitative methods, consists of a selection of 60 books that were randomly selected among the most read preschool children’s books, targeting an audience aged 0 to 6 years. The data, which were organized using descriptive analysis, underwent a thorough examination through content analysis. Educational messages in the books presented explicitly and implicitly were also identified using the document analysis method, analyzed through the descriptive analysis method, and evaluated in terms of children’s education and development. The cases in which the texts of pre-school children’s books can be characterized as conflicting with the principle of appropriateness for children can be categorized as follows: errors in language and expression (spelling and punctuation mistakes; non-adherence to textuality criteria; inadequate attention to consistency; selection of words unsuited to children’s cognitive development; and translation errors), errors related to images (image-text mismatch, or inconsistency between images), and errors concerning children’s universe of meaning (explicit and implicit messages that diverge from values-oriented education). The results of the study were discussed in detail, supported by the relevant literature. As a result, to mitigate the potential adverse effects arising from errors in children’s books, it becomes essential to follow the basic principles of children’s literature as to the communication of explicit and implicit messages, to review books in detail before they are presented to children, and to organize the content accordingly.

Indore: the cleanliness turnaround

Learning outcomes After completion of this case study, the students will be able to comprehend the importance of communication in managing change, examine the role of processes and systems in implementing change management initiatives at a large scale, assess the effectiveness of various strategies in mitigating resistance to change and recognise optimal strategies for communication processes and messages with respect to different audience and contexts. Case overview/synopsis This case study discusses decisions and strategies that led to Indore (a city in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India) becoming India’s cleanest city for the sixth time in a row. The case explores if the various strategies used by the commissioner of Indore Municipal Corporation would continue to succeed in mitigating resistance to change from the citizens of Indore or if the change management strategies needed to be revised. Amidst intensely rising competition from other cities, especially Surat (a city in the state of Gujarat, India), the case delves into the commissioner’s efforts to defend Indore’s claim of being India’s cleanest city for the sixth consecutive time. Complexity academic level This case study is suitable for use in executive modules and management development programs. It can be used for the following courses: ■ In change management course, this case study can cover critical aspects of strategies to mitigate resistance to change and bring about lasting behavioural changes in followers.■ In communication courses, this case study can cover key aspects of communicating the change vision of a leader to a large audience. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 7: Management science

Development of a community-informed communication toolkit to prevent spread of viral illness in schools, including SARS-COV-2.

Schools were uniquely impacted during the COVID-19 (SARS-COV-2) pandemic. We sought to elucidate how parents/guardians of elementary and middle school students in Maryland navigated the return to in-person school following remote instruction. We also sought to understand how they perceived communication about school-based COVID-19 mitigation strategies and their preferences for the content and format of public health communication about COVID-19 mitigation in schools. We engaged a community advisory board comprised of key partners and implemented a survey and focus groups. Results indicated that parents/guardians wanted clearer communication about COVID-19 mitigation policies in schools and were experiencing fatigue and confusion. These insights informed the development of a tailorable communication toolkit. The toolkit was designed to (1) inform parents/guardians about the importance and effectiveness of mitigation strategies for preventing viral spread to keep children in school, (2) promote a sense of community and support, and (3) help school communication teams effectively communicate information about mitigation strategies being implemented. We describe a process for leveraging schools as a trusted messenger, engaging school communities in the development of communication messages, and utilizing a tailorable communication toolkit in the context of shifting public health guidance and local needs. The toolkit development and dissemination process offers a model for targeting public health messaging to parents/guardians in school settings.